Factors Affecting Toxic and Essential Trace Element Concentrations in Cow's Milk Produced in the State of Pernambuco, Brazil.

The aim of this study was to provide information on the levels of toxic (Cd and Pb) and essential (Cu, Fe, and Zn) elements in cow's milk produced in the State of Pernambuco (Brazil). A total of 142 samples of raw milk were collected, and the concentrations of essential and toxic elements were determined using inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry. In almost 30% of the samples analyzed, the Pb content exceeded the maximum level established in the Brazilian legislation (0.05 mg/L). By contrast, in all the samples, the Cd content was below the maximum allowable level (0.02 mg/L). The essential trace elements Cu, Fe, and Zn were generally present at lower concentrations than reported in other studies and can be considered within the deficient range for cow's milk. Statistical and chemometric procedures were used to evaluate the main factors influencing the metal concentrations (proximity to major roads, presence of effluents, and milking method). The study findings demonstrate that the proximity of the farms to major roads influences the concentrations of Cd, Pb, and Cu and that this is the main factor explaining the Pb content of milk. In addition, the presence of effluents influenced the concentrations of Cu, while no relationship between the metal content and the milking method was observed. Thus, in accordance with the study findings, the consumption of cow's milk produced in the region can be considered a risk to public health due to the high concentrations of Pb and the low concentrations of other essential minerals such as Cu, Zn, and Fe in some of the milk samples.

Concentrations of Essential Trace and Toxic Elements Associated with Production and Manufacturing Processes in Galician Cheese.

The objective of this study was to determine the trace element composition and the toxic metal residues in Galician cow's milk cheese produced in different systems (artisan, industrial, and organic). Fourteen elements (As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, I, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Se, and Zn) were determined in 58 representative samples of Galician cheeses by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. The toxic elements were present at low concentrations, similar to those reported for other unpolluted geographical areas. The essential elements were also within the normal range in cheeses. There were no statistically significant differences between smoked and unsmoked cheeses for any of the elements. Chemometric analyses (principal component analysis and cluster analysis) revealed that the industrial cheeses produced in Galicia using the milk from intensive dairy farms were different, in terms of elemental content, from artisan and organic cheeses, in which the elemental contents were similar.

Heavy Metal Concentrations in Free-Living Southern Caracaras (Caracara plancus) in the Northeast Region of Brazil

Background: With the continuously increasing release of heavy metals in the environment, mostly from anthropogenic sources, there is a need to find ways of evaluating and managing the issuance of these contaminants and correct its damages. The birds being at the top of some food chains reflect the presence of metals in the environment, keeping this in perspective, raptors have been successfully used for heavy metals biomonitoring studies in the past. The purpose of this study was to identify and quantify cadmium (Cd), mercury (Hg), lead (Pb), copper (Cu), and chromium (Cr) in the feathers and livers of free-living southern caracaras, live and dead, from Recife, Pernambuco state, Northeast of Brazil.Material, Methods & Results: Sixty-two feathers from live and dead southern caracaras and 21 livers from dead southern caracaras were analyzed by atomic absorption spectrometry for Hg and by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry for Cd, Cr, Pb, and Cu. Concentrations of Cr and Cu elements were detected in all feather and liver samples analyzed from live and dead caracaras. There was no difference in the concentration of metals between feathers of dead and live caracaras: Pb (P = 0.3576), Cd (P = 0.0792), Cr (P = 0.5475), and Cu (P = 0.3603), but significant variation was observed for Hg (P = 0.0459). The highest concentrations of Pb (P 0.0001) and Cr (P &l

Heavy Metal Concentrations in Free-Living Southern Caracaras (Caracara plancus) in the Northeast Region of Brazil

Background: With the continuously increasing release of heavy metals in the environment, mostly from anthropogenic sources, there is a need to find ways of evaluating and managing the issuance of these contaminants and correct its damages. The birds being at the top of some food chains reflect the presence of metals in the environment, keeping this in perspective, raptors have been successfully used for heavy metals biomonitoring studies in the past. The purpose of this study was to identify and quantify cadmium (Cd), mercury (Hg), lead (Pb), copper (Cu), and chromium (Cr) in the feathers and livers of free-living southern caracaras, live and dead, from Recife, Pernambuco state, Northeast of Brazil.Material, Methods & Results: Sixty-two feathers from live and dead southern caracaras and 21 livers from dead southern caracaras were analyzed by atomic absorption spectrometry for Hg and by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry for Cd, Cr, Pb, and Cu. Concentrations of Cr and Cu elements were detected in all feather and liver samples analyzed from live and dead caracaras. There was no difference in the concentration of metals between feathers of dead and live caracaras: Pb (P = 0.3576), Cd (P = 0.0792), Cr (P = 0.5475), and Cu (P = 0.3603), but significant variation was observed for Hg (P = 0.0459). The highest concentrations of Pb (P 0.0001) and Cr (P &l

Heavy Metal Concentrations in Free-Living Southern Caracaras (Caracara plancus) in the Northeast Region of Brazil

Background: With the continuously increasing release of heavy metals in the environment, mostly from anthropogenic sources, there is a need to find ways of evaluating and managing the issuance of these contaminants and correct its damages. The birds being at the top of some food chains reflect the presence of metals in the environment, keeping this in perspective, raptors have been successfully used for heavy metals biomonitoring studies in the past. The purpose of this study was to identify and quantify cadmium (Cd), mercury (Hg), lead (Pb), copper (Cu), and chromium (Cr) in the feathers and livers of free-living southern caracaras, live and dead, from Recife, Pernambuco state, Northeast of Brazil.Material, Methods & Results: Sixty-two feathers from live and dead southern caracaras and 21 livers from dead southern caracaras were analyzed by atomic absorption spectrometry for Hg and by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry for Cd, Cr, Pb, and Cu. Concentrations of Cr and Cu elements were detected in all feather and liver samples analyzed from live and dead caracaras. There was no difference in the concentration of metals between feathers of dead and live caracaras: Pb (P = 0.3576), Cd (P = 0.0792), Cr (P = 0.5475), and Cu (P = 0.3603), but significant variation was observed for Hg (P = 0.0459). The highest concentrations of Pb (P 0.0001) and Cr (P &l

Heavy Metal Concentrations in Free-Living Southern Caracaras (Caracara plancus) in the Northeast Region of Brazil

Background: With the continuously increasing release of heavy metals in the environment, mostly from anthropogenic sources, there is a need to find ways of evaluating and managing the issuance of these contaminants and correct its damages. The birds being at the top of some food chains reflect the presence of metals in the environment, keeping this in perspective, raptors have been successfully used for heavy metals biomonitoring studies in the past. The purpose of this study was to identify and quantify cadmium (Cd), mercury (Hg), lead (Pb), copper (Cu), and chromium (Cr) in the feathers and livers of free-living southern caracaras, live and dead, from Recife, Pernambuco state, Northeast of Brazil.Material, Methods & Results: Sixty-two feathers from live and dead southern caracaras and 21 livers from dead southern caracaras were analyzed by atomic absorption spectrometry for Hg and by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry for Cd, Cr, Pb, and Cu. Concentrations of Cr and Cu elements were detected in all feather and liver samples analyzed from live and dead caracaras. There was no difference in the concentration of metals between feathers of dead and live caracaras: Pb (P = 0.3576), Cd (P = 0.0792), Cr (P = 0.5475), and Cu (P = 0.3603), but significant variation was observed for Hg (P = 0.0459). The highest concentrations of Pb (P 0.0001) and Cr (P &l

Heavy Metal Concentrations in Free-Living Southern Caracaras (Caracara plancus) in the Northeast Region of Brazil

Background: With the continuously increasing release of heavy metals in the environment, mostly from anthropogenic sources, there is a need to find ways of evaluating and managing the issuance of these contaminants and correct its damages. The birds being at the top of some food chains reflect the presence of metals in the environment, keeping this in perspective, raptors have been successfully used for heavy metals biomonitoring studies in the past. The purpose of this study was to identify and quantify cadmium (Cd), mercury (Hg), lead (Pb), copper (Cu), and chromium (Cr) in the feathers and livers of free-living southern caracaras, live and dead, from Recife, Pernambuco state, Northeast of Brazil.Material, Methods & Results: Sixty-two feathers from live and dead southern caracaras and 21 livers from dead southern caracaras were analyzed by atomic absorption spectrometry for Hg and by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry for Cd, Cr, Pb, and Cu. Concentrations of Cr and Cu elements were detected in all feather and liver samples analyzed from live and dead caracaras. There was no difference in the concentration of metals between feathers of dead and live caracaras: Pb (P = 0.3576), Cd (P = 0.0792), Cr (P = 0.5475), and Cu (P = 0.3603), but significant variation was observed for Hg (P = 0.0459). The highest concentrations of Pb (P 0.0001) and Cr (P &l

Heavy Metal Concentrations in Free-Living Southern Caracaras (Caracara plancus) in the Northeast Region of Brazil

Background: With the continuously increasing release of heavy metals in the environment, mostly from anthropogenic sources, there is a need to find ways of evaluating and managing the issuance of these contaminants and correct its damages. The birds being at the top of some food chains reflect the presence of metals in the environment, keeping this in perspective, raptors have been successfully used for heavy metals biomonitoring studies in the past. The purpose of this study was to identify and quantify cadmium (Cd), mercury (Hg), lead (Pb), copper (Cu), and chromium (Cr) in the feathers and livers of free-living southern caracaras, live and dead, from Recife, Pernambuco state, Northeast of Brazil.Material, Methods & Results: Sixty-two feathers from live and dead southern caracaras and 21 livers from dead southern caracaras were analyzed by atomic absorption spectrometry for Hg and by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry for Cd, Cr, Pb, and Cu. Concentrations of Cr and Cu elements were detected in all feather and liver samples analyzed from live and dead caracaras. There was no difference in the concentration of metals between feathers of dead and live caracaras: Pb (P = 0.3576), Cd (P = 0.0792), Cr (P = 0.5475), and Cu (P = 0.3603), but significant variation was observed for Hg (P = 0.0459). The highest concentrations of Pb (P 0.0001) and Cr (P &l

Effect of water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) hay inclusion in the diets of sheep.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of replacing Tifton-85 hay (0, 20, 40, 60 and 80 % on a dry matter basis) with water hyacinth hay (Eichhornia crassipes) on intake and digestibility of nutrients, feeding behaviour, rumen and blood parameters of sheep. Five uncastrated male sheep, cannulated in the rumen, with an average body weight of 40 kg were assigned in a 5 × 5 Latin square design. The water hyacinth hay contained 870 g/kg dry matter (DM), 159 g/kg crude protein (CP), 547 g/kg neutral detergent fibre (NDF) and 461 g/kg total digestible nutrients (TDN). The DM intake and digestibility of NDF and non-fibre carbohydrates (NFC) were linearly reduced by replacing the Tifton-85 hay with water hyacinth hay. Similarly, there was a linear reduction of rumination time and efficiencies of feeding and rumination of DM and NDF. The concentrations of urea, glucose, AST and GGT in blood plasma were not changed by replacing the Tifton-85 hay with water hyacinth hay. Although water hyacinth hay reduced the intake and digestibility of some nutrients, the Tifton-85 hay replacement could be economically advantageous for sheep feeding.

Proteinograma de cabras com toxemia da prenhez

Os estudos sobre a toxemia da prenhez (TP) em caprinos, quando comparados aos ovinos, têm sido menos frequentes, não havendo relatos no Brasil sobre o proteinograma de cabras acometidas por casos clínicos naturais da doença. Assim, realizou-se o proteinograma de cabras com TP, visando avaliar o comportamento biológico das proteínas de fase aguda (PFA), além de indicadores bioquímicos e hormonais nesta enfermidade. Foram avaliadas 36 cabras diagnosticadas com TP, na Clínica de Bovinos - campus Garanhuns/UFRPE e em propriedades. Os animais foram submetidos ao exame clínico e ultrassonográfico, seguido de coleta de sangue e urina para exames laboratoriais. As cabras apresentaram sinais clínicos de TP, com valores de beta-hidroxibutirato (BHB) e ácidos graxos não esterificados (AGNE) elevados e glicose normal. Cetonúria foi observada em todos os animais. No proteinograma, houve aumento nos níveis séricos de haptoglobina. O perfil hormonal revelou níveis séricos elevados de cortisol e reduzidos de insulina. Em conclusão, o severo transtorno metabólico provocado pela TP em cabras provoca elevação dos níveis séricos de haptoglobina, além das alterações no perfil bioquímico e hormonal, refletindo marcantes modificações no metabolismo lipídico.

Proteinograma de cabras com toxemia da prenhez

Os estudos sobre a toxemia da prenhez (TP) em caprinos, quando comparados aos ovinos, têm sido menos frequentes, não havendo relatos no Brasil sobre o proteinograma de cabras acometidas por casos clínicos naturais da doença. Assim, realizou-se o proteinograma de cabras com TP, visando avaliar o comportamento biológico das proteínas de fase aguda (PFA), além de indicadores bioquímicos e hormonais nesta enfermidade. Foram avaliadas 36 cabras diagnosticadas com TP, na Clínica de Bovinos - campus Garanhuns/UFRPE e em propriedades. Os animais foram submetidos ao exame clínico e ultrassonográfico, seguido de coleta de sangue e urina para exames laboratoriais. As cabras apresentaram sinais clínicos de TP, com valores de beta-hidroxibutirato (BHB) e ácidos graxos não esterificados (AGNE) elevados e glicose normal. Cetonúria foi observada em todos os animais. No proteinograma, houve aumento nos níveis séricos de haptoglobina. O perfil hormonal revelou níveis séricos elevados de cortisol e reduzidos de insulina. Em conclusão, o severo transtorno metabólico provocado pela TP em cabras provoca elevação dos níveis séricos de haptoglobina, além das alterações no perfil bioquímico e hormonal, refletindo marcantes modificações no metabolismo lipídico.

Perfil de gases sanguíneos de ovinos intoxicados por cobre e tratados com tetratiomolibidato de amônio / Blood gas profile of copper-poisoned in sheep treated with ammonium tetrathiomolybdate

O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar o perfil de gases sanguineos em ovinos experimentalmente intoxicados com cobre (fases: pré-hemoltica, hemolitica e pós-hemolitica) tratados ou não com tetratiomolibidato de amônio (ATTM). Dez cordeiros da raça Santa Inês foram divididos em dois grupos:controle (tratados com solução fisiologica a 0,9%) e ATTM (tratados com 3,4 mg/kg de tetratiomolibidato de amonio). Os animais foram submetidos a doses crescentes de sulfato de cobre até a observação de hemoglobinúria macroscópica. Todos os animais do grupo controle morreram dentro de quatro dias após observação da hemoglobinúria, e um cordeiro do grupo ATTM morreu durante o tratamento. Não houve diferença nas varíaveis hemogasometricas entre os grupos durante o período experimental. Maiores valores da pCO2 foram observados nos dois grupos experimentais dutante a crise hemolitica (HC). O grupo controle exibiu valores mais elevados do hCO3 na HC e dois dias após a crise hemolitica em relação ao tempo 15 dias após a crise hemolitica. Os animais do grupo tratado com ATTM apresentaram, respectivamente, amenores e maiores valores do hCO3 sete dias antes da crise hemolitica e durante a crise hemolitica. Os dois grupos exibiram maiores valores da BE na crise hemolitica. A intoxicação por cobre gerou desordem no equilibrio ácido-base, caracterizada por alcalose metabolica e acidose respiratória. O trata

The aim of this study was to evaluate the blood gas profile of experimentally copper-poisoned sheep (in the pre-hemolytic, hemolytic and post-hemolytic phases) that have been treated or not treated with ammonium tetrathiomolybdate. Ten lambs of the Santa Ines breed were divided into two groups: control and ATTM (treated (ammonium tetrathiomolibydate). The animals were submitted to increasing doses of copper sulfate until macroscopic hemoglobinuria was detected.All of the control animals from died within four days of hemolytic crisis, and one sheep from ATTM died during the treatment. There was no difference in blood gas parameters between experimental groups. Higher values of pCO2 were observed during the hemolytic crisis (HC) in both groups. The control group had higher mean values of hCO3 in the times HC and 2 days after hemolytic crisis (dA) when compared with the time 15 before hemolytic crises (dB). The sheep that were treated with ATTM presented lower values of hCO3 at 7dB and higher levels at the HC. The control and ATTM groups exhibited higher values of BE during the HC. Poisoning resulted in disorder in the acid-base equilibrium, characterized by metabolic alkalosis and respiratory acidosis. Treatment with ATTM was able to reverse the changes in acid-base balance in copper poisoning sheep.

Risk factors related to te occurrence of foamy bloat in bovine reared in southern-central semi-arid region of pernambuco state, brazil / Fatores de risco relacionados à ocorrência do timpanismo espumoso em bovinos criados na região do agreste meridional do estado de pernambuco, brasil

With the aim of analyzing the effects of risk factors such as feed, raising system, season, lactation period, gender and animal age on the occurrence of foamy bloat in bovines, a retrospective study was carried out on 60 clinical cases of the illness in bovines treated at the Bovine Clinic of the Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Garanhuns Campus (Brazil), between January 1989 to December 2007. Epidemiologically, data on risk factors obtained from medical charts were related to the occurrence of foamy bloat. Among the 60 animals affected, 54 (90%) received diets with a high content of concentrates; palm was one of the ingredients in the diet of 41 animals. The raising system was semi-intensive to intensive for 48 (80%) animals. The majority of animals affected were females (57/60), 44 (84.08%) of which were in the lactation phase. A greater occurrence of cases of foamy bloat (62%) was recorded in summer. The ruminal fluid in these animals had a pH value that oscillated between 7 and 8, was of a foamy consistency and had a negative effect on the microbiota. The interrelation of risk factors such as diet rich in concentrate, intensive to semi-intensive production system, summer (dry season), the first and second lactation period, associated to the interaction of factors inherent to the individual animal and ruminal microbiota are important to the etiopathology of foamy bl

Com o objetivo de se analisar os principais fatores de riscos associados à ocorrência do timpanismo espumoso em bovinos, foi realizado um estudo retrospectivo de 60 casos clínicos da enfermidade, diagnosticados em bovinos atendidos na Clínica de Bovinos, Campus Garanhuns da Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, no período entre janeiro de 1989 a dezembro de 2007. Analisaram-se 60 fichas clínicas das quais foram resgatadas informações como alimentação, sistema de criação, época do ano, período de lactação, sexo e idade dos animais. Constatou-se que, dos 60 animais acometidos, 54 (90%) recebiam dietas com alto teor de concentrados e 41 (68,33%) possuíam a palma como um dos ingredientes alimentares. Para 48 (80%) animais, o sistema de criação verificado era de semi-intensivo a intensivo. A maioria dos animais acometidos era fêmea (57/60 95%); desses, 44 (84,08%) encontravam-se em lactação. A maior ocorrência (62%) dos casos de timpanismo espumoso foi registrada no período do verão. O fluido ruminal desses animais tinha o valor de pH que oscilava ente 7 e 8, a consistência era espumosa e havia comprometimento da fauna. Conclui-se que a associação de fatores como a oferta de dietas ricas em concentrados, durante o período de verão, para vacas nos dois primeiros trimestres de lactação, criadas num sistema semi-intensivo a intensivo de produção, devem ser considerados na etiopat

RISK FACTORS RELATED TO TE OCCURRENCE OF FOAMY BLOAT IN BOVINE REARED IN SOUTHERN-CENTRAL SEMI-ARID REGION OF PERNAMBUCO STATE, BRAZIL / FATORES DE RISCO RELACIONADOS À OCORRÊNCIA DO TIMPANISMO ESPUMOSO EM BOVINOS CRIADOS NA REGIÃO DO AGRESTE MERIDIONAL DO ESTADO DE PERNAMBUCO, BRASIL

With the aim of analyzing the effects of risk factors such as feed, raising system, season, lactation period, gender and animal age on the occurrence of foamy bloat in bovines, a retrospective study was carried out on 60 clinical cases of the illness in bovines treated at the Bovine Clinic of the Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Garanhuns Campus (Brazil), between January 1989 to December 2007. Epidemiologically, data on risk factors obtained from medical charts were related to the occurrence of foamy bloat. Among the 60 animals affected, 54 (90%) received diets with a high content of concentrates; palm was one of the ingredients in the diet of 41 animals. The raising system was semi-intensive to intensive for 48 (80%) animals. The majority of animals affected were females (57/60), 44 (84.08%) of which were in the lactation phase. A greater occurrence of cases of foamy bloat (62%) was recorded in summer. The ruminal fluid in these animals had a pH value that oscillated between 7 and 8, was of a foamy consistency and had a negative effect on the microbiota. The interrelation of risk factors such as diet rich in concentrate, intensive to semi-intensive production system, summer (dry season), the first and second lactation period, associated to the interaction of factors inherent to the individual animal and ruminal microbiota are important to the etiopathology of foamy bl

Com o objetivo de se analisar os principais fatores de riscos associados à ocorrência do timpanismo espumoso em bovinos, foi realizado um estudo retrospectivo de 60 casos clínicos da enfermidade, diagnosticados em bovinos atendidos na Clínica de Bovinos, Campus Garanhuns da Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, no período entre janeiro de 1989 a dezembro de 2007. Analisaram-se 60 fichas clínicas das quais foram resgatadas informações como alimentação, sistema de criação, época do ano, período de lactação, sexo e idade dos animais. Constatou-se que, dos 60 animais acometidos, 54 (90%) recebiam dietas com alto teor de concentrados e 41 (68,33%) possuíam a palma como um dos ingredientes alimentares. Para 48 (80%) animais, o sistema de criação verificado era de semi-intensivo a intensivo. A maioria dos animais acometidos era fêmea (57/60 95%); desses, 44 (84,08%) encontravam-se em lactação. A maior ocorrência (62%) dos casos de timpanismo espumoso foi registrada no período do verão. O fluido ruminal desses animais tinha o valor de pH que oscilava ente 7 e 8, a consistência era espumosa e havia comprometimento da fauna. Conclui-se que a associação de fatores como a oferta de dietas ricas em concentrados, durante o período de verão, para vacas nos dois primeiros trimestres de lactação, criadas num sistema semi-intensivo a intensivo de produção, devem ser considerados na etiopat

Perfil de gases sanguíneos de ovinos intoxicados por cobre e tratados com tetratiomolibidato de amônio / Blood gas profile of copper-poisoned in sheep treated with ammonium tetrathiomolybdate

O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar o perfil de gases sanguineos em ovinos experimentalmente intoxicados com cobre (fases: pré-hemoltica, hemolitica e pós-hemolitica) tratados ou não com tetratiomolibidato de amônio (ATTM). Dez cordeiros da raça Santa Inês foram divididos em dois grupos:controle (tratados com solução fisiologica a 0,9%) e ATTM (tratados com 3,4 mg/kg de tetratiomolibidato de amonio). Os animais foram submetidos a doses crescentes de sulfato de cobre até a observação de hemoglobinúria macroscópica. Todos os animais do grupo controle morreram dentro de quatro dias após observação da hemoglobinúria, e um cordeiro do grupo ATTM morreu durante o tratamento. Não houve diferença nas varíaveis hemogasometricas entre os grupos durante o período experimental. Maiores valores da pCO2 foram observados nos dois grupos experimentais dutante a crise hemolitica (HC). O grupo controle exibiu valores mais elevados do hCO3 na HC e dois dias após a crise hemolitica em relação ao tempo 15 dias após a crise hemolitica. Os animais do grupo tratado com ATTM apresentaram, respectivamente, amenores e maiores valores do hCO3 sete dias antes da crise hemolitica e durante a crise hemolitica. Os dois grupos exibiram maiores valores da BE na crise hemolitica. A intoxicação por cobre gerou desordem no equilibrio ácido-base, caracterizada por alcalose metabolica e acidose respiratória. O trata

The aim of this study was to evaluate the blood gas profile of experimentally copper-poisoned sheep (in the pre-hemolytic, hemolytic and post-hemolytic phases) that have been treated or not treated with ammonium tetrathiomolybdate. Ten lambs of the Santa Ines breed were divided into two groups: control and ATTM (treated (ammonium tetrathiomolibydate). The animals were submitted to increasing doses of copper sulfate until macroscopic hemoglobinuria was detected.All of the control animals from died within four days of hemolytic crisis, and one sheep from ATTM died during the treatment. There was no difference in blood gas parameters between experimental groups. Higher values of pCO2 were observed during the hemolytic crisis (HC) in both groups. The control group had higher mean values of hCO3 in the times HC and 2 days after hemolytic crisis (dA) when compared with the time 15 before hemolytic crises (dB). The sheep that were treated with ATTM presented lower values of hCO3 at 7dB and higher levels at the HC. The control and ATTM groups exhibited higher values of BE during the HC. Poisoning resulted in disorder in the acid-base equilibrium, characterized by metabolic alkalosis and respiratory acidosis. Treatment with ATTM was able to reverse the changes in acid-base balance in copper poisoning sheep.

Oxidative stress profile in goats supplemented or not with selenium and vitamin E and submitted to scrotal insulation / Perfil de marcadores do estresse oxidativo em caprinos suplementados ou não com selênio e vitamina E e submetidos à insulação escrotal

To evaluate the effect of supplementation with selenium and vitamin E in the diet of goats induced to scrotal insulation (SI) on the profile of biochemical markers of systemic oxidative metabolism 12 animals were randomly divided into two groups: G1 - no supplementation G2 - supplemented with selenium (0.1 mg / kg body weight of sodium selenite) and vitamin E (0.3 IU / kg body weight). At the end of the adjustment period of 30 days, the scrotal insulation (SI) was performed with the placement of plastic bags in the testes for 18 days. Supplementation with Se + vitamin E began 60 days before induction of SI and maintained for 42 days after the end of SI, corresponding to post-insulation (PSI). Blood samples were obtained by jugular venipuncture to obtain total blood for analysis of reduced glutathione (GSH) and plasma for analysis of thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) and determination of ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP). No effect of dietary supplementation with Se + vitamin E on the profile of all the variables studied, but there was systemic oxidative action understood by a significant decrease of GSH during the SI, with a gradual increase in the PSI period, as well as lower average of FRAP observed during the SI and the highest average in the period from PSI. It was concluded that analysis of the activity of reduced glutathione (GSH) and concentrations of

Para avaliar o efeito da suplementação com selênio e vitamina E na dieta de caprinos induzidos à insulação escrotal (IE) sobre o perfil de indicadores bioquímicos do metabolismo oxidativo sistêmico foram utilizados 12 animais, os quais foram distribuídos aleatoriamente em dois grupos: G1 - sem suplementação; G2 - suplementados com selênio (0,1 mg/Kg de peso vivo de selenito de sódio) e vitamina E (0,3 UI/Kg de peso vivo). Ao término do período de adaptação de 30 dias, realizou-se a indução da insulação escrotal (IE) com colocação de bolsas plásticas nos testículos por período de 18 dias. A suplementação com Se e Vitamina E teve início 60 dias antes da indução da IE e mantida durante 42 dias após o término da IE, correspondendo à fase pós-insulação (PIE). Amostras de sangue foram obtidas por venopunção jugular para obtenção de sangue total para análise de glutationa reduzida (GSH) e plasma para análise de substância reativa ao ácido tiobarbitúrico (TBARS) e determinação da habilidade de redução férrica plasmática (HRFP). Não houve efeito da suplementação dietética com Se e Vitamina E sobre o perfil do conjunto de variáveis estudadas, porém verificou-se ação oxidativa sistêmica compreendida pela diminuição significativa da GSH no período da IE, com aumento gradativo no período PIE, bem como menores valores médios da variável HRFP observados no período da IE e maiores médias no pe

Oxidative stress profile in goats supplemented or not with selenium and vitamin E and submitted to scrotal insulation / Perfil de marcadores do estresse oxidativo em caprinos suplementados ou não com selênio e vitamina E e submetidos à insulação escrotal

To evaluate the effect of supplementation with selenium and vitamin E in the diet of goats induced to scrotal insulation (SI) on the profile of biochemical markers of systemic oxidative metabolism 12 animals were randomly divided into two groups: G1 - no supplementation G2 - supplemented with selenium (0.1 mg / kg body weight of sodium selenite) and vitamin E (0.3 IU / kg body weight). At the end of the adjustment period of 30 days, the scrotal insulation (SI) was performed with the placement of plastic bags in the testes for 18 days. Supplementation with Se + vitamin E began 60 days before induction of SI and maintained for 42 days after the end of SI, corresponding to post-insulation (PSI). Blood samples were obtained by jugular venipuncture to obtain total blood for analysis of reduced glutathione (GSH) and plasma for analysis of thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) and determination of ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP). No effect of dietary supplementation with Se + vitamin E on the profile of all the variables studied, but there was systemic oxidative action understood by a significant decrease of GSH during the SI, with a gradual increase in the PSI period, as well as lower average of FRAP observed during the SI and the highest average in the period from PSI. It was concluded that analysis of the activity of reduced glutathione (GSH) and concentrations of

Para avaliar o efeito da suplementação com selênio e vitamina E na dieta de caprinos induzidos à insulação escrotal (IE) sobre o perfil de indicadores bioquímicos do metabolismo oxidativo sistêmico foram utilizados 12 animais, os quais foram distribuídos aleatoriamente em dois grupos: G1 - sem suplementação; G2 - suplementados com selênio (0,1 mg/Kg de peso vivo de selenito de sódio) e vitamina E (0,3 UI/Kg de peso vivo). Ao término do período de adaptação de 30 dias, realizou-se a indução da insulação escrotal (IE) com colocação de bolsas plásticas nos testículos por período de 18 dias. A suplementação com Se e Vitamina E teve início 60 dias antes da indução da IE e mantida durante 42 dias após o término da IE, correspondendo à fase pós-insulação (PIE). Amostras de sangue foram obtidas por venopunção jugular para obtenção de sangue total para análise de glutationa reduzida (GSH) e plasma para análise de substância reativa ao ácido tiobarbitúrico (TBARS) e determinação da habilidade de redução férrica plasmática (HRFP). Não houve efeito da suplementação dietética com Se e Vitamina E sobre o perfil do conjunto de variáveis estudadas, porém verificou-se ação oxidativa sistêmica compreendida pela diminuição significativa da GSH no período da IE, com aumento gradativo no período PIE, bem como menores valores médios da variável HRFP observados no período da IE e maiores médias no pe

Avaliação laboratorial do uso de solução salina hipertônica e isotônica e de furosemida no tratamento da intoxicação por amônia em bovinos

To test the efficiency of some treatments for ammonia poisoning in cattle, 25 steers were used. Ammonium chloride solution was infused intravenously (iv) in each steer until the onset of convulsive episode. Thereafter, the animals were distributed in one of the five different groups, as follows: 1) control: infusion (iv) of 300mL isotonic saline solution (ISS) throughout the following 4h; 2) infusion (iv) of ISS 30mL kg-1 BW throughout the following 4h and administration of 4L water (W) through stomach tube; 3) the same as group 2, plus a single dose (iv) 2g furosemide kg-1 BW (F); 4) injection of 5mL kg-1 BW hypertonic saline solution (HSS) (7.2%) (iv) throughout the first 30min, followed by 20mL kg-1 BW of ISS and 4L W.; 5) the same as group 4 and a single dose of F. For the next 4h after the convulsion, plasma concentration of ammonia and glucose, serum urea, creatinine, sodium and potassium, urine total volume and specific gravity, and urinary excretion of ammonium and urea were followed. At the convulsion, the ammonia blood levels were high and similar among the groups, but at the 120th min the animals treated with HSS+ISS+W (groups 4 and 5) had lower values than the control. Furosemide (groups 3 and 5) did not prevent an increase in the total excretion of urine. The therapy with HSS+ISS+W still increased the urinary volume and the total urinary excretion of urea and ammonium during the critical 1st h of treatment, while the use of ISS+W had intermediate results. The efficiency of the treatment with HSS+ISS+W or ISS+W was better than the control group. Although with lower efficiency as seen in the treatment with HSS+ISS+W, the ISS+W caused an improvement in the clinical picture and at the end of the experiment generated an adequate ammonia detoxification.

Para testar a eficiência de vários tratamentos de intoxicação por amônia em bovinos, foram utilizados 25 garrotes que receberam cloreto de amônio por infusão intravenosa (iv) até o surgimento de quadro convulsivo. Em seguida, os animais foram alocados em um dos cinco grupos experimentais e tratados da seguinte forma: 1) controle: infusão (iv) de 300mL de solução salina isotônica (SSI), no decorrer de 4h; 2) infusão (iv) de 30mL kg-1 PV de SSI no decorrer de 4h e administração de 4L de água intraruminal por meio de sonda esofágica (ASE); 3) mesmo tratamento do grupo 2 e dose única (iv) de furosemida (2mg kg-1 PV) (F); 4) injeção (iv) de 5mL kg-1 PV de solução salina hipertônica (SSH) 7,2% nos primeiros 30min, seguida de 20mL kg-1 PV de SSI e 4L de ASE; 5) mesmo tratamento do grupo 4 e dose única de F. No decorrer de 4h após a convulsão, foram determinados os teores plasmáticos de amônia e glicose, ureia, creatinina, potássio e sódio séricos, volume e gravidade específica da urina, e excreção urinária de amônio e ureia. No momento da convulsão, os teores de amônia plasmáticos foram muito altos e idênticos em todos os tratamentos, mas no 120°min, nos grupos tratados com associação de SSH+SSI+ASE (grupos 4 e 5), houve diminuição desse metabólito. O uso de furosemida (grupos 3 e 5) não aumentou a excreção total de urina. A terapia com associação de SSH+SSI+ASE aumentou ainda o volume urinário e a excreção percentual urinária de ureia e amônia durante o período crítico da 1ª hora de tratamento, mas o uso de SSI+ASE (grupos 2 e 3) teve resultados intermediários. A eficiência do tratamento com SSH+SSI+ASE ou SSI+ASE foi superior ao grupo controle. Embora com efeito menor que o observado com SSH+SSI+ASE, a SSI+ASE promoveu melhora no quadro clínico geral e, ao término do experimento, promoveu também uma adequada desintoxicação da amônia.

Avaliação laboratorial do uso de solução salina hipertônica e isotônica e de furosemida no tratamento da intoxicação por amônia em bovinos

To test the efficiency of some treatments for ammonia poisoning in cattle, 25 steers were used. Ammonium chloride solution was infused intravenously (iv) in each steer until the onset of convulsive episode. Thereafter, the animals were distributed in one of the five different groups, as follows: 1) control: infusion (iv) of 300mL isotonic saline solution (ISS) throughout the following 4h; 2) infusion (iv) of ISS 30mL kg-1 BW throughout the following 4h and administration of 4L water (W) through stomach tube; 3) the same as group 2, plus a single dose (iv) 2g furosemide kg-1 BW (F); 4) injection of 5mL kg-1 BW hypertonic saline solution (HSS) (7.2%) (iv) throughout the first 30min, followed by 20mL kg-1 BW of ISS and 4L W.; 5) the same as group 4 and a single dose of F. For the next 4h after the convulsion, plasma concentration of ammonia and glucose, serum urea, creatinine, sodium and potassium, urine total volume and specific gravity, and urinary excretion of ammonium and urea were followed. At the convulsion, the ammonia blood levels were high and similar among the groups, but at the 120th min the animals treated with HSS+ISS+W (groups 4 and 5) had lower values than the control. Furosemide (groups 3 and 5) did not prevent an increase in the total excretion of urine. The therapy with HSS+ISS+W still increased the urinary volume and the total urinary excretion of urea and ammonium during the critical 1st h of treatment, while the use of ISS+W had intermediate results. The efficiency of the treatment with HSS+ISS+W or ISS+W was better than the control group. Although with lower efficiency as seen in the treatment with HSS+ISS+W, the ISS+W caused an improvement in the clinical picture and at the end of the experiment generated an adequate ammonia detoxification.

Para testar a eficiência de vários tratamentos de intoxicação por amônia em bovinos, foram utilizados 25 garrotes que receberam cloreto de amônio por infusão intravenosa (iv) até o surgimento de quadro convulsivo. Em seguida, os animais foram alocados em um dos cinco grupos experimentais e tratados da seguinte forma: 1) controle: infusão (iv) de 300mL de solução salina isotônica (SSI), no decorrer de 4h; 2) infusão (iv) de 30mL kg-1 PV de SSI no decorrer de 4h e administração de 4L de água intraruminal por meio de sonda esofágica (ASE); 3) mesmo tratamento do grupo 2 e dose única (iv) de furosemida (2mg kg-1 PV) (F); 4) injeção (iv) de 5mL kg-1 PV de solução salina hipertônica (SSH) 7,2% nos primeiros 30min, seguida de 20mL kg-1 PV de SSI e 4L de ASE; 5) mesmo tratamento do grupo 4 e dose única de F. No decorrer de 4h após a convulsão, foram determinados os teores plasmáticos de amônia e glicose, ureia, creatinina, potássio e sódio séricos, volume e gravidade específica da urina, e excreção urinária de amônio e ureia. No momento da convulsão, os teores de amônia plasmáticos foram muito altos e idênticos em todos os tratamentos, mas no 120°min, nos grupos tratados com associação de SSH+SSI+ASE (grupos 4 e 5), houve diminuição desse metabólito. O uso de furosemida (grupos 3 e 5) não aumentou a excreção total de urina. A terapia com associação de SSH+SSI+ASE aumentou ainda o volume urinário e a excreção percentual urinária de ureia e amônia durante o período crítico da 1ª hora de tratamento, mas o uso de SSI+ASE (grupos 2 e 3) teve resultados intermediários. A eficiência do tratamento com SSH+SSI+ASE ou SSI+ASE foi superior ao grupo controle. Embora com efeito menor que o observado com SSH+SSI+ASE, a SSI+ASE promoveu melhora no quadro clínico geral e, ao término do experimento, promoveu também uma adequada desintoxicação da amônia.

Avaliação laboratorial do uso de solução salina hipertônica e isotônica e de furosemida no tratamento da intoxicação por amônia em bovinos

To test the efficiency of some treatments for ammonia poisoning in cattle, 25 steers were used. Ammonium chloride solution was infused intravenously (iv) in each steer until the onset of convulsive episode. Thereafter, the animals were distributed in one of the five different groups, as follows: 1) control: infusion (iv) of 300mL isotonic saline solution (ISS) throughout the following 4h; 2) infusion (iv) of ISS 30mL kg-1 BW throughout the following 4h and administration of 4L water (W) through stomach tube; 3) the same as group 2, plus a single dose (iv) 2g furosemide kg-1 BW (F); 4) injection of 5mL kg-1 BW hypertonic saline solution (HSS) (7.2%) (iv) throughout the first 30min, followed by 20mL kg-1 BW of ISS and 4L W.; 5) the same as group 4 and a single dose of F. For the next 4h after the convulsion, plasma concentration of ammonia and glucose, serum urea, creatinine, sodium and potassium, urine total volume and specific gravity, and urinary excretion of ammonium and urea were followed. At the convulsion, the ammonia blood levels were high and similar among the groups, but at the 120th min the animals treated with HSS+ISS+W (groups 4 and 5) had lower values than the control. Furosemide (groups 3 and 5) did not prevent an increase in the total excretion of urine. The therapy with HSS+ISS+W still increased the urinary volume and the total urinary excretion of urea and ammonium during the critical 1st h of treatment, while the use of ISS+W had intermediate results. The efficiency of the treatment with HSS+ISS+W or ISS+W was better than the control group. Although with lower efficiency as seen in the treatment with HSS+ISS+W, the ISS+W caused an improvement in the clinical picture and at the end of the experiment generated an adequate ammonia detoxification.

Para testar a eficiência de vários tratamentos de intoxicação por amônia em bovinos, foram utilizados 25 garrotes que receberam cloreto de amônio por infusão intravenosa (iv) até o surgimento de quadro convulsivo. Em seguida, os animais foram alocados em um dos cinco grupos experimentais e tratados da seguinte forma: 1) controle: infusão (iv) de 300mL de solução salina isotônica (SSI), no decorrer de 4h; 2) infusão (iv) de 30mL kg-1 PV de SSI no decorrer de 4h e administração de 4L de água intraruminal por meio de sonda esofágica (ASE); 3) mesmo tratamento do grupo 2 e dose única (iv) de furosemida (2mg kg-1 PV) (F); 4) injeção (iv) de 5mL kg-1 PV de solução salina hipertônica (SSH) 7,2% nos primeiros 30min, seguida de 20mL kg-1 PV de SSI e 4L de ASE; 5) mesmo tratamento do grupo 4 e dose única de F. No decorrer de 4h após a convulsão, foram determinados os teores plasmáticos de amônia e glicose, ureia, creatinina, potássio e sódio séricos, volume e gravidade específica da urina, e excreção urinária de amônio e ureia. No momento da convulsão, os teores de amônia plasmáticos foram muito altos e idênticos em todos os tratamentos, mas no 120°min, nos grupos tratados com associação de SSH+SSI+ASE (grupos 4 e 5), houve diminuição desse metabólito. O uso de furosemida (grupos 3 e 5) não aumentou a excreção total de urina. A terapia com associação de SSH+SSI+ASE aumentou ainda o volume urinário e a excreção percentual urinária de ureia e amônia durante o período crítico da 1ª hora de tratamento, mas o uso de SSI+ASE (grupos 2 e 3) teve resultados intermediários. A eficiência do tratamento com SSH+SSI+ASE ou SSI+ASE foi superior ao grupo controle. Embora com efeito menor que o observado com SSH+SSI+ASE, a SSI+ASE promoveu melhora no quadro clínico geral e, ao término do experimento, promoveu também uma adequada desintoxicação da amônia.