Vaccine development and technology for SARS-CoV-2: Current insight.

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 is associated with a severe respiratory disease in China, that rapidly spread across continents. Since the beginning of the pandemic, available data suggested the asymptomatic transmission and patients were treated with specific drugs with efficacy and safety data not always satisfactory. The aim of this review is to describe the vaccines developed by three companies, Pfizer-BioNTech, Moderna, and University of Oxford/AstraZeneca, in terms of both technological and pharmaceutical formulation, safety, efficacy, and immunogenicity. A critical analysis of Phases 1, 2, and 3 clinical trial results available was conducted, comparing the three vaccine candidates, underlining their similarities and differences. All candidates showed consistent efficacy and tolerability; although some differences can be noted, such as their technological formulation, temperature storage, which will be related to logistics and costs. Further studies will be necessary to evaluate long-term effects and to assess the vaccine safety and efficacy in the general population.

A randomized double-blind placebo controlled phase I-II study on clinical and molecular effects of dietary supplements in men with precancerous prostatic lesions. Chemoprevention or "chemopromotion"?

BACKGROUND: Antioxidants effectiveness in prostate cancer (PCa) chemoprevention has been severely questioned, especially after the recent results of the Selenium and Vitamin E Cancer Prevention Trial. We present the results of a double-blind randomized controlled trial (dbRCT) on the pharmacokinetic, clinical, and molecular activity of dietary supplements containing lycopene, selenium, and green tea catechins (GTCs) in men with multifocal high grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (mHGPIN) and/or atypical small acinar proliferation (ASAP). METHODS: From 2009 to 2014, we conducted a dbRCT including 60 patients with primary mHGPIN and/or ASAP receiving daily lycopene 35 mg, selenium 55 µg, and GTCs 600 mg, or placebo for 6 months. Pharmacokinetic analysis were performed with UV-Visible spectrophotometric assay under standard (SC) and accelerated (AC) conditions. Upon plasma lycopene concentrations falling within the expected range (1.2-90 mcg/l) and no side-effects of grade >1, study proceeded to phase II (n = 50). After unblinding of results, eight men (4 per arm, 2 without and 2 with PCa, respectively) were randomly selected and totRNA extracted from "non-pathological" tissues. MicroRNA profiling was performed with the Agilent platform. Raw data processing used R-statistical language and linear models for microarray analysis. RESULTS: Samples were stable except for lycopene, showing significant degradation (SC = 56%, AC = 59%) and consequently stabilized under vacuum in a dark packaging. Mean plasmatic lycopene concentration was 1,45 ± 0,4 µM. At 6 months, 53 men underwent re-biopsy and 13 (24.5%) were diagnosed with PCa (supplementation n = 10, placebo n = 3 [P = 0.053]). At a mean 37 months follow-up, 3 additional PCa were found in the placebo group. No significant variations in PSA, IPSS, and PR25 questionnaires were observed. Stronger modulation of miRNAs was present on re-biopsy in the supplementation group compared to the placebo, including: (i) overexpression of miRNAs present in PCa versus non-cancer tissue; (ii) underexpression of miRNAs suppressing PCa proliferation; (iii) detection of 35 miRNAs in PCa patients versus disease-free men, including androgen-regulated miR-125b-5p and PTEN-targeting miR-92a-3p (both upregulated). CONCLUSION: Administration of high doses of lycopene, GTCs, and selenium in men harboring HGPIN and/or ASAP was associated with a higher incidence of PCa at re-biopsy and expression of microRNAs implicated in PCa progression at molecular analysis. The use of these supplements should be avoided.

Peptide-functionalized nanoparticles for selective targeting of pancreatic tumor.

Chemotherapy for pancreatic cancer is hampered by the tumor's physio-pathological complexity. Here we show a targeted nanomedicine using a new ligand, the CKAAKN peptide, which had been identified by phage display, as an efficient homing device within the pancreatic pathological microenvironment. Taking advantage of the squalenoylation platform, the CKAAKN peptide was conjugated to squalene (SQCKAAKN) and then co-nanoprecipitated with the squalenoyl prodrug of gemcitabine (SQdFdC) giving near monodisperse nanoparticles (NPs) for safe intravenous injection. By interacting with a novel target pathway, the Wnt-2, the CKAAKN functionalization enabled nanoparticles: (i) to specifically interact with both tumor cells and angiogenic vessels and (ii) to simultaneously promote pericyte coverage, thus leading to the normalization of the vasculature likely improving the tumor accessibility for therapy. All together, this approach represents a unique targeted nanoparticle design with remarkable selectivity towards pancreatic cancer and multiple mechanisms of action.

Intravesical thermo-chemotherapy based on conductive heat: a first pharmacokinetic study with mitomycin C in superficial transitional cell carcinoma patients.

PURPOSE: To evaluate, for the first time, the mitomycin C (MMC) pharmacokinetics during intravesical hyperthermia treatment based on conductive heat and the stability and recovery of the drug at the end of the instillation period. METHODS: Eleven patients with recurrent intermediate-risk superficial transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder were treated weekly for six cycles with intravesical MMC (40 mg MMC in 50 ml) in local hyperthermia (45 °C) with Unithermia(®) system. Each instillation lasted 45 min, with the solution being replaced after the first 22 min. The MMC recovery at the end of the two instillation period and the plasmatic pharmacokinetics of MMC were evaluated by high-pressure liquid chromatography. RESULTS: Nine patients completed all the six planned cycles, whereas two patients missed the last cycle because of allergic reactions. No other systemic toxicity was observed, and the local toxicities were mild. Median MMC concentration in the instillation residual solution decreases from the initial 0.8 to 0.22 mg/ml for the 0-22-min instillation period and to 0.38 mg/ml for the 22-45-min instillation period; the median percentage of MMC recovered after instillation was 66.2 and 99.6, respectively. In all patients, MMC plasmatic C max resulted considerably lower than the toxic threshold (400 ng/ml). CONCLUSIONS: The MMC is stable during the instillation, and its absorption occurs mainly during the first minutes of the treatment. The plasmatic MMC concentration is always well below the threshold level for myelosuppression, as confirmed by the total lack of hematological toxicity evidenced by the patients. In order to evaluate the efficacy of the treatment performed with UniThermia(®) in reducing the disease recurrence rate in short- and long-term follow-up, we are currently carrying out a clinical multicentric study involving a larger number of patients.

A unique squalenoylated and nonpegylated doxorubicin nanomedicine with systemic long-circulating properties and anticancer activity.

We identified that the chemical linkage of the anticancer drug doxorubicin onto squalene, a natural lipid precursor of the cholesterol's biosynthesis, led to the formation of squalenoyl doxorubicin (SQ-Dox) nanoassemblies of 130-nm mean diameter, with an original "loop-train" structure. This unique nanomedicine demonstrates: (i) high drug payload, (ii) decreased toxicity of the coupled anticancer compound, (iii) improved therapeutic response, (iv) use of biocompatible transporter material, and (v) ease of preparation, all criteria that are not combined in the currently available nanodrugs. Cell culture viability tests and apoptosis assays showed that SQ-Dox nanoassemblies displayed comparable antiproliferative and cytotoxic effects than the native doxorubicin because of the high activity of apoptotic mediators, such as caspase-3 and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase. In vivo experiments have shown that the SQ-Dox nanomedicine dramatically improved the anticancer efficacy, compared with free doxorubicin. Particularly, the M109 lung tumors that did not respond to doxorubicin treatment were found inhibited by 90% when treated with SQ-Dox nanoassemblies. SQ-Dox nanoassembly-treated MiaPaCa-2 pancreatic tumor xenografts in mice decreased by 95% compared with the tumors in the saline-treated mice, which was significantly higher than the 29% reduction achieved by native doxorubicin. Concerning toxicity, SQ-Dox nanoassemblies showed a fivefold higher maximum-tolerated dose than the free drug, and moreover, the cardiotoxicity study has evidenced that SQ-Dox nanoassemblies did not cause any myocardial lesions, such as those induced by the free doxorubicin treatment. Taken together, these findings demonstrate that SQ-Dox nanoassemblies make tumor cells more sensitive to doxorubicin and reduce the cardiac toxicity, thus providing a remarkable improvement in the drug's therapeutic index.

Hyaluronic acid-coated liposomes for active targeting of gemcitabine.

The aim of this work was the preparation, characterization, and preliminary evaluation of the targeting ability toward pancreatic adenocarcinoma cells of liposomes containing the gemcitabine lipophilic prodrug [4-(N)-lauroyl-gemcitabine, C12GEM]. Hyaluronic acid (HA) was selected as targeting agent since it is biodegradable, biocompatible, and can be chemically modified and its cell surface receptor CD44 is overexpressed on various tumors. For this purpose, conjugates between a phospholipid, the 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine (DPPE), and HA of two different low molecular weights 4800 Da (12 disaccharidic units) and 12,000 Da (32 disaccharidic units), were prepared, characterized, and introduced in the liposomes during the preparation. Different liposomal formulations were prepared and their characteristics were analyzed: size, Z potential, and TEM analyses underline a difference in the HA-liposomes from the non-HA ones. In order to better understand the HA-liposome cellular localization and to evaluate their interaction with CD44 receptor, confocal microscopy studies were performed. The results demonstrate that HA facilitates the recognition of liposomes by MiaPaCa2 cells (CD44(+)) and that the uptake increases with increase in the polymer molecular weight. Finally, the cytotoxicity of the different preparations was evaluated and data show that incorporation of C12GEM increases their cytotoxic activity and that HA-liposomes inhibit cell growth more than plain liposomes. Altogether, the results demonstrate the specificity of C12GEM targeting toward CD44-overexpressing pancreatic adenocarcinoma cell line using HA as a ligand.

Preparation and characterization of novel poly(ethylene glycol) paclitaxel derivatives.

Paclitaxel has been found to be very effective against several human cancers; one of the major problems with its use is its poor solubility, which makes necessary its solubilization with excipients that can determine allergic reactions often severe. The aim of this study is to develop highly water-soluble prodrugs of paclitaxel. For this purpose we prepared a series of new paclitaxel-poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) conjugates that were characterized and evaluated for their in vitro stability and cytotoxicity. In particular, in order to modulate the release of paclitaxel from prodrugs, we prepared different compounds introducing PEG in the drug C2' and/or C7 positions via ester or carbamate linkage. The conjugates were obtained in high purity and good yield. The carbamate prodrugs were highly stable in different media, while the compounds obtained linking PEG at C2' position through an ester bond showed lower stability. Finally, the cytotoxic activity of the conjugates was evaluated on two cancer cell lines and the results showed that all the derivatives had a reduced cytotoxicity compared to that of paclitaxel.

Ruthenium polypyridyl squalene derivative: a novel self-assembling lipophilic probe for cellular imaging.

Transition metal complexes provide a promising avenue for designing new therapeutic and diagnostic agents. In particular, ruthenium(II) polypyridyl complexes are useful for studying cellular uptake, due to their easy synthesis and unique photophysical properties. Dyes are frequently combined with material substrates to modulate their properties, enhance stability, reduce toxicity, and improve delivery. A novel Ru polypyridyl complex linked to a derivative of the natural lipid squalene (Ru-BIPPBI-hx-SQ) is described. Using the solvent displacement method, Ru-BIPPBI-hx-SQ easily self-assembles into nanosized aggregates in aqueous solution, as characterized by dynamic light scattering. The nanoassemblies exhibit long-lived and intense luminescence. Preliminary biological assessment showed them to be non-toxic; they are efficiently and rapidly transported across the cell membrane without requiring its permeabilization. Ru-labeled nanoassemblies are likely to be significant cellular-imaging tools, probing cellular events at very low concentrations. Moreover co-nanoassembly, with drug-derivatives based on squalenoylation technology, including gemcitabine and paclitaxel, has given interesting preliminary results.

PEGylation of proteins and liposomes: a powerful and flexible strategy to improve the drug delivery.

PEGylation is one of the most successful strategies to improve the delivery of therapeutic molecules such as proteins, macromolecular carriers, small drugs, oligonucleotides, and other biomolecules. PEGylation increase the size and molecular weight of conjugated biomolecules and improves their pharmacokinetics and pharmacodinamics by increasing water solubility, protecting from enzymatic degradation, reducing renal clearance and limiting immunogenic and antigenic reactions. PEGylated molecules show increased half-life, decreased plasma clearance, and different biodistribution, in comparison with non-PEGylated counterparts. These features appear to be very useful for therapeutic proteins, since the high stability and very low immunogenicity of PEGylated proteins result in sustained clinical response with minimal dose and less frequent administration. PEGylation of liposomes improves not only the stability and circulation time, but also the 'passive' targeting ability on tumoral tissues, through a process known as the enhanced permeation retention effect, able to improve the therapeutic effects and reduce the toxicity of encapsulated drug. The molecular weight, shape, reactivity, specificity, and type of bond of PEG moiety are crucial in determining the effect on PEGylated molecules and, at present, researchers have the chance to select among tens of PEG derivatives and PEG conjugation technologies, in order to design the best PEGylation strategy for each particular application. The aim of the present review will be to elucidate the principles of PEGylation chemistry and to describe the already marketed PEGylated proteins and liposomes by focusing our attention to some enlightening examples of how this technology could dramatically influence the clinical application of therapeutic biomolecules.

Nonpolymeric nanoassemblies for ocular administration of acyclovir: pharmacokinetic evaluation in rabbits.

The aim of this study was to increase bioavailability of the antiviral drug acyclovir (ACV) when administered by the ocular route. For this purpose, a new lipophilic derivative of acyclovir was synthesized, both possessing greater lipophilicity and providing the formation of a homogeneous water dispersion with higher amount of ACV than the aqueous solution of the parent drug. This was done by chemically linking acyclovir to the isoprenoid chain of squalene, obtaining 4'-trisnorsqualenoylacyclovir (SQACV), in which squalene is covalently coupled to the 4'-hydroxy group of acyclovir. This new prodrug was then formulated as nonpolymeric nanoassemblies through nanoprecipitation; the resulting particles were characterized in terms of mean diameter, zeta potential, and stability. The pharmacokinetic profile of the prodrug in the tear fluid and in the aqueous humor of rabbits was evaluated and compared to that of the parent drug. Data showed that SQACV nanoassemblies increased the amount of ACV in the aqueous humor of rabbits compared to free ACV solution. This new amphiphilic prodrug of acyclovir is a very promising tool to increase the ocular bioavailability of the parent drug.

Immunotoxins and anticancer drug conjugate assemblies: the role of the linkage between components.

Immunotoxins and antibody-drug conjugates are protein-based drugs combining a target-specific binding domain with a cytotoxic domain. Such compounds are potentially therapeutic against diseases including cancer, and several clinical trials have shown encouraging results. Although the targeted elimination of malignant cells is an elegant concept, there are numerous practical challenges that limit conjugates' therapeutic use, including inefficient cellular uptake, low cytotoxicity, and off-target effects. During the preparation of immunoconjugates by chemical synthesis, the choice of the hinge component joining the two building blocks is of paramount importance: the conjugate must remain stable in vivo but must afford efficient release of the toxic moiety when the target is reached. Vast efforts have been made, and the present article reviews strategies employed in developing immunoconjugates, focusing on the evolution of chemical linkers.

Anticancer prodrugs: an overview of major strategies and recent developments.

Research in anticancer chemotherapy has produced outstanding results, and mean survival rates have significantly improved over the last ten years. Nevertheless, all approved drugs are still characterized by narrow therapeutic windows that result mainly from their high systemic toxicity combined with their marked lack of tumor selectivity. Medicinal chemistry responds to the resulting demands with new analogues of a lead drug, or by developing prodrugs. Prodrugs are inactive compounds, which are metabolized in the body, either chemically or enzymatically, in a controlled or predictable manner, to the active parent drug. This review describes the results of strategies in prodrug development, subdivided into the principal categories of anticancer agents. The chemical implementation of prodrug approaches is illustrated through selected drug candidates.

Preparation of poly(MePEGCA-co-HDCA) nanoparticles with confined impinging jets reactor: experimental and modeling study.

In this work, the biodegradable copolymer poly(methoxypolyethyleneglycolcyanoacrylate-co-hexadecylcyanoacrylate) is used to prepare nanoparticles via solvent displacement in a confined impinging jets reactor (CIJR). For comparison, nanoparticles constituted by the homopolymer counterpart are also investigated. The CIJR is a small passive mixer in which very fast turbulent mixing of the solvent (i.e., acetone and tetrahydrofuran) and of the antisolvent (i.e., water) solutions occurs under controlled conditions. The effect of the initial copolymer concentration, solvent type, antisolvent-to-solvent ratio, and mixing rate inside the mixer on the final nanoparticle size distribution, surface properties, and morphology is investigated from the experimental point of view. The effect of some of these parameters is studied by means of a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model, capable of quantifying the mixing conditions inside the CIJR. Results show that the CIJR can be profitably used for producing nanoparticles with controlled characteristics, that there is a clear correlation between the mixing rate calculated by CFD and the mean nanoparticle size, and therefore that CFD can be used to design, optimize, and scale-up these processes.

Macromolecules as taxane delivery systems.

IMPORTANCE OF THE FIELD: Taxanes have received considerable attention owing to their significant activity against a variety of tumors. Nevertheless, many different approaches have been developed to improve their safety profile and water solubility, in terms of both dosing schedules and delivery strategies. AREAS COVERED IN THIS REVIEW: Among the different taxane delivery systems, macromolecule conjugates have been widely explored; this review collects and summarizes such systems from reports after 1990. Natural and synthetic polymers, proteins and polysaccharides have been covalently coupled with taxanes; immunoconjugates have also been developed for targeted delivery. In-depth descriptions, from synthesis to preclinical or clinical data, are given. WHAT THE READER WILL GAIN: The choice of macromolecule, the spacer, the chemistry of the linkage with taxane, as well as other cytotoxic drugs, are key points to obtain effective conjugates with higher activity than that of the free drug, reducing side effects. Critical evaluation of the different approaches may help in comprehending and comparing the results and may elucidate the role of individual components. TAKE HOME MESSAGE: Taxane covalently-bound to macromolecules shows advanced properties, and although only one compound is in advanced clinical trials, this area deserves attention and seems a promising route to achieve effective new anticancer compounds.

EC-145, a folate-targeted Vinca alkaloid conjugate for the potential treatment of folate receptor-expressing cancers.

EC-145, under development by Endocyte, is a conjugate composed of desacetylvinblastine monohydrazide linked through a peptide spacer to the targeting moiety folic acid, for the potential intravenous treatment of folate receptor-overexpressing tumors, in particular ovarian and lung cancers. In vitro studies demonstrated that EC-145 selectively binds to cells that overexpress the folate receptor, causing dose-dependent cytotoxicity. Furthermore, coincubation of the KB human nasopharyngeal carcinoma cell line with EC-145 and doxorubicin resulted in synergistic antitumor activity. Experiments in mouse tumor xenograft models have confirmed the potency of EC-145 and the curative effects of the drug conjugate were demonstrated in an aggressive lymphoma xenograft model. In a phase I clinical trial in patients with advanced or metastatic solid tumors, adverse events were generally of moderate severity with the most frequent being fatigue, constipation and peripheral sensory neuropathy. Preliminary data from a phase II clinical trial in patients with advanced ovarian cancer demonstrated that third- or fourth-line treatment with EC-145 yielded better disease control than second- or third-line liposomal doxorubicin. Coadministration of EC-145 and liposomal doxorubicin produced a statistically significant increase in progression-free survival over standard therapy in patients with platinum-resistant ovarian cancer. Phase III clinical trials are expected to confirm these promising results.

Novel nanoassemblies composed of squalenoyl-paclitaxel derivatives: synthesis, characterization, and biological evaluation.

Using the anticancer compound paclitaxel as a model drug, this study investigates the potential of the squalenoylation technology (i.e., bioconjugation with the natural lipid squalene) in addressing the drug ability and delivery issues of poorly soluble therapeutic agents. In this view, a variety of novel squalene-based prodrugs of the anticancer compound paclitaxel were synthesized, which produced nanoparticles in water. These prodrugs were obtained by covalent coupling of the paclitaxel 2'-hydroxyl group as direct ester, as well as with a succinate or a diglycolate ester as cleavable linker to the 1,1',2-tris-norsqualenoic acid. The hydrophilicity of these paclitaxel bioconjugates was increased by placing poly(ethylene glycol) chains of different lengths between paclitaxel and the squalenoyl moiety. All these prodrugs self-assembled into nanosized aggregates in aqueous solution as characterized by dynamic light scattering, atomic force microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. The critical aggregation concentration was very low, ranging from 0.09 to 0.4 mg/L. Zeta potential measurements revealed that all squalenoyl-paclitaxel nanoassemblies (NA) held a global negative charge and appeared stable in water for several weeks as determined by particle size measurement. The release of paclitaxel from NA was evaluated in different conditions and in the presence of serum and depended on the nature of the linker used. Preliminary biological assessment showed that these squalenoyl-paclitaxel NA induced the formation of microtubule bundles in HT-29 and KB-31 cells, and additionally displayed notable cytotoxicity on a lung tumor cell line. Furthermore, the cytotoxic activity of these different prodrugs correlated closely with the observed linker stability. Overall, the squalenoylation nanotechnology opens up interesting perspectives for the development of injectable prodrugs of poorly soluble therapeutic compounds by addressing the associated physicochemical and biopharmaceutical challenges.

Pharmacokinetic study to optimize the intravesical administration of gemcitabine.

OBJECTIVES: To assess in a phase II pharmacokinetic study whether different pH levels, dilution volumes and exposure times affect intracellular bioavailability and systemic absorption of gemcitabine. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Six arms of three patients each with a non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) were planned to receive six combinations of two different dilution volumes (50 mL vs 100 mL), two pH levels (2.5-3.5 vs 5.5) and two exposure times (1 h vs 2 h) of the study drug. Blood samples were taken before, during and 1 h after drug instillation. Cold biopsy specimens from the exophytic tumor, its base of implant and a macroscopically healthy mucosa were taken during transurethral resection. High-pressure liquid chromatography/high-resolution mass spectrometry (HPLC/HRMSn) analysis of plasma and tissue samples was used to determine concentrations of gemcitabine (dFdC) and its inactive metabolite (dFdU). RESULTS: The arm at pH 5.5 in 50 mL was withdrawn as 2000 mg dFdC are insoluble in these conditions. The different instillation conditions resulted in negligible plasma dFdC concentrations but significant differences in intracellular content and metabolism of dFdC. The lowest intratissue concentration of dFdC was detected in a 50 mL solution at a pH of 2.5-3.5 kept in the bladder for 1 h (standard arm). A pH 5.5 solution in 100 mL with a 2-h exposure favored the maximal intratumoral dFdC absorption which was 90 times higher than that recorded in the standard arm. CONCLUSIONS: The most commonly reported administration scheme of gemcitabine produced the lowest tissue bioavailability of dFdC. Other combinations of pH, dilution volume and duration of instillation proved more advantageous and merit testing in clinical trials.

Folate-mediated targeting of albumin conjugates of paclitaxel obtained through a heterogeneous phase system.

The study developed cytotoxic macromolecular conjugates that specifically target the folate receptor and deliver the drug into cell cytoplasm. The anticancer agent paclitaxel was conjugated to human serum albumin (HSA) and this drug-albumin conjugate was further equipped with folic acid, linked via an extended poly(ethylene glycol) spacer. Preparation was carried out in a heterogeneous phase system exploiting the binding ability of Cibacron Blue dye to HSA. Unreacted reagents were easily removed and, after purification by gel filtration, the conjugate was fully characterized. Binding and in vitro cytotoxicity studies on human nasopharyngeal epidermal carcinoma KB and colorectal carcinoma HT-29 cells (as negative control) demonstrated increased selectivity and anti-tumoral activity.

Lipoplexes targeting the CD44 hyaluronic acid receptor for efficient transfection of breast cancer cells.

Lipoplexes containing a hyaluronic acid-dioleoylphosphatidylethanolamine (HA-DOPE) conjugate were designed to target the CD44 receptor on breast cancer cells. Cationic liposomes composed of a mixture of [2-(2,3-didodecyloxypropyl)hydroxyethyl]ammonium bromide (DE) and dioleoylphosphatidylethanolamine (DOPE) with or without HA-DOPE were prepared, characterized, and used to form a complex with plasmid DNA pCMV-luc. Lipoplexes displayed a negative zeta potential and a mean diameter between 250-300 nm. Cytotoxicity and transfection efficiency of the lipoplexes were determined on the MDA-MB-231and MCF-7 breast cancer cell lines. Cytotoxicity was not modified by the presence of HA-DOPE. However HA-DOPE increased the level of transfection on CD44-expressing MDA-MB-231 cells compared to the MCF-7 line, which expresses very low levels of CD44. The transfection on the MDA-MB-231 cells was highly inhibited by anti-CD44 Hermes-1 antibody but not by the nonspecific anti-ErbB2 antibody. In conclusion, cationic liposomes containing the HA-DOPE conjugate mediated good transfection on CD44 expressing cell lines in culture.