Case report: A case of oviductal and uterine leiomyosarcoma in an 11-year-old dog.

An 11-year-old, intact female Pomeranian dog was presented for evaluation due to an 18-h history of anorexia and lethargy. Abdominal ultrasound revealed a 3×3 cm mass of mixed echogenicity at the level of the left ovary. At laparotomy, a 5 mm mass was identified at the cranial region of the right uterine horn and a 3 cm round mass was visualized near the cranial aspect of the left uterine horn. Ovariohysterectomy was performed. A diagnosis of grade 1 oviductal and uterine leiomyosarcoma was made via histopathology for both masses. Oviductal leiomyosarcomas are rare and generally locally invasive similar to other soft tissue sarcomas but do not often metastasize. Uterine leiomyosarcomas are also uncommon but are one of the more common tumors affecting the female reproductive tract. This is the only known case report of oviductal leiomyosarcoma in the dog and the only report of uterine leiomyosarcoma in addition to oviductal leiomyosarcoma as well. This case illustrates the oviduct as an additional site that can be affected by leiomyosarcoma and demonstrates surgery as a treatment option for patients diagnosed with this condition.

Comparing different sperm concentrations for optimizing cooled semen use in the dog.

The use of shipping canine semen for artificial insemination has bloomed over the last 20 years. This allows for the spread of genetic material while overcoming geographical or time-related challenges. The optimal sperm concentration for cooled semen transport in the dog is unknown. Often canine semen is extended 1:3-5 vol:vol without standardized sperm concentrations for cooled shipment. We compared different sperm concentrations for cooled storage and hypothesized that lower concentrations would result in better semen quality. Semen was collected from healthy client-owned dogs (n = 8). Individual ejaculates were divided into a control aliquot (CON) extended 1:3 vol:vol with a commercial extender. The remaining sample was centrifuged and extended to 200 ×106 sperm/ml (C200), then serially diluted to 100, 50, and 25 ×106 sperm/ml concentrations (C100-C25). Aliquots were cooled for 24 h and then centrifuged and re-extended. Sperm concentration, plasma membrane integrity (PMI, %), motility (subjective total, STM; computer-assisted sperm analysis (CASA) total and progressive, TM, PM; %), and normal morphology (NM, %) were assessed in raw semen (T0), post-extension (T1), after 24 h of cooling (T2), and after processing at 24 h (T3). Cooling resulted in significant declines in STM and NM for all groups and in decreased PMI for CON and C25-50. After cooling (at T2), PMI was significantly lower for C25 compared with all the groups and higher for CON compared with C25-100 (p ≤ 0.038). Processing and re-extension after cooling further decreased the spermiogram parameters. At T3, PMI for CON was similar to C200 but significantly higher than C25-100, while C25 had the lowest PMI. For motility parameters and NM, C25 performed worse than all or most of the other groups. Comparing CON at T3 with C25-200 at T2, PMI, STM, and NM for CON were significantly lower than C25-200, C200, and C100-200, respectively. In conclusion, our results show that cooling canine semen for 24 h at 200 ×106 sperm/ml final concentration after processing or extending 1:3 vol:vol without centrifugation is preferred based on the highest PMI. If volume restrictions apply, processing raw semen and extending to the desired volume with higher sperm concentrations at the collection facility is superior to centrifugation and volume adjustment after 24 h of cooled storage.

Case Report: Disorder of Sexual Development in a Chinese Crested Dog With XX/XY Leukocyte Chimerism and Mixed Cell Testicular Tumors.

A 10-year-old intact female Chinese Crested dog was presented for evaluation and further diagnostics due to persistent symptoms of vulvar swelling, vaginal discharge, and an 8-year history of acyclicity. At presentation, generalized hyperpigmentation and truncal alopecia were identified, with no aberrations of the female phenotype. Vaginal cytology confirmed the influence of estrogen at multiple veterinary visits, and hormonal screening of progesterone and anti-Mullerian hormone indicated gonadal presence. Based on findings from abdominal laparotomy and gonadectomy, the tissue was submitted for histopathology. Histopathologic evaluation identified the gonads to be abnormal testes containing multiple Sertoli and interstitial (Leydig) cell tumors. The histopathologic diagnosis of testes and concurrent normal external female phenotype in the patient lead to a diagnosis of a disorder of sexual development (DSD). Karyotype evaluation by conventional and molecular analysis revealed a two cell line chimeric pattern of 78,XX (80%) and 78,XY (20%) among blood leukocytes, as well as a positive PCR test for the Y-linked SRY gene. Cytogenetic analysis of skin fibroblasts revealed the presence of 78,XX cells exclusively, and PCR tests for the Y-linked SRY gene were negative in the hair and skin samples. These results are consistent with an XX/XY blood chimerism. This is one of the few case reports of a canine with the diagnosis of leukocyte chimerism with normal female phenotypic external genitalia. This case illustrates a distinct presentation for hormonally active Sertoli cell tumorigenesis and demonstrates surgery as a curative treatment option for clinically affected patients.

Presumptive Identification of Smooth Brucella Strain Antibodies in Canines.

Brucellosis is a zoonotic disease caused by a Gram-negative coccobacillus. There are four Brucella strains of zoonotic importance in our domestic species, subdivided by their culture phenotypes: Brucella abortus (B. abortus), B. melitensis, B. suis (smooth strains) and B. canis (rough strain). Dogs can serve as hosts for all four of the zoonotic strains; however, routine serologic testing in dogs has been limited to the identification of B. canis antibodies. The aim of our study was to identify smooth Brucella strain antibodies in canines. We hypothesize that the Brucella abortus Fluorescence Polarization Assay would be successful in identifying smooth Brucella strain antibodies in canines. Ninety-five dogs, including forty-five hog hunting dogs were screened for circulating antibodies to any of the four zoonotic strains of the bacteria utilizing a combination of Canine Brucella Slide Agglutination Test (CBSA), Brucella canis Agar Gel Immunodiffusion II test (AGIDII), Brucella abortus Card Agglutination Test (BCA), and the Brucella abortus Fluorescence Polarization Assay (FPA). Test interpretation results yielded a 0% (0/95) smooth Brucella strain seropositivity rate, with 2% (2/95) of dogs yielding inconclusive rough Brucella strain serology results (0-2% rough strain seropositivity rate). Additionally, a retrospective portion of the study was performed to identify sera containing circulating antibodies to any of the smooth strains of Brucella by testing previously banked canine serum samples stored at Cornell's Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory from 2018 to 2019 via Brucella abortus FPA. Of the 769 serum samples tested, 13/769 (1.7%) yielded an inconclusive result, 725/769 (94.2%) were negative, 30/769 (4%) yielded a positive FPA test result, and 1/769 (0.1%) had to be excluded due to insufficient sample remaining to perform the diagnostic test. Of the 30 FPA positive canine serum samples, 97% (29/30) also tested positive on the CBSA test. Additionally, there was a statistically significant (p < 0.0001) likelihood of altered (spayed/neutered) and mixed breed dogs to be FPA positive when compared to intact, purebred dogs, respectively.

Comparison of a Point-of-Care Analyzer With a Chemiluminescent Immunoassay for Serum Progesterone Measurement in Breeding Management of the Bitch.

Accurate serum progesterone measurements for timing bitches during breeding management is critical for reproductive practice, especially as artificial insemination has become routine to facilitate breeding of animals that are geographically or temporally separated. To measure serum progesterone, chemiluminescent immunoassay (CLIA) has replaced radioimmunoassay as the current standard in the bitch due to its high correlation and increased practicality. In January 2019, a colorimetric point-of-care (POC) immunoassay for quantitative in-clinic canine serum progesterone measurements in <30 min was released. This study provides an independent comparison of the POC (Catalyst One, IDEXX) to the current industry standard, CLIA (Immulite-2000, Siemens). To assess inter-assay imprecision of POC and agreement of the POC and CLIA results, 100 canine serum samples were analyzed on three analyzers (POC-1, POC-2, and CLIA), of which, 74 (POC-1) and 75 (POC-2) results were within POCs' reportable range of 0.2-20 ng/mL and included in the study. To assess intra-assay imprecision, pooled canine serum samples at low (L1), intermediate (L2), and high (L3) progesterone concentrations were analyzed ten times each on POC-1 and CLIA. Relative to CLIA, POC values showed good correlation (POC-1, r 2 = 0.9366; POC-2, r 2 = 0.9438, P < 0.0001) and significant positive proportional bias at values >2 ng/mL. The POC inter-assay coefficients of variation (CVs) were 13.2% (0.2-2.9 ng/mL, 0.6-9.2 nmol/L, L1), 10.0% (3.0-9.9 ng/mL, 9.5-31.5 nmol/L, L2), 7.1% (10.0-20.0 ng/mL, 31.8-63.6 nmol/L, L3), and 11.2% (all samples). The intra-assay CVs for POC (L1, 15.3%; L2, 7.0%; L3, 4.7%) were higher than those for CLIA (L1, 5.89%; L2, 4.89%; L3, 3.44%). Based on the more rapid increase in serial serum progesterone concentrations in ovulating bitches and the greater imprecision of the POC, the clinical interpretations of serum progesterone measurements as they relate to canine breeding management should be made with caution.