Greenhouse gas emissions and carbon footprint of collard greens, spinach and chicory production systems in Southeast of Brazil.

Food production in sustainable agricultural systems is one of the main challenges of modern agriculture. Vegetable intercropping may be a strategy to mitigate greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, replacing monoculture systems. The objective is to identify the main emissions sources and to estimate GHG emissions of intercropping and monoculture production of collard greens, New Zealand spinach and chicory. Four scenarios were evaluated: ICS - intercropping collard greens and spinach; MCS - monoculture collard greens and spinach; ICC - intercropping collard greens and chicory; MCC - monoculture collard greens and chicory. The boundaries' reach from "cradle-to-gate" and the calculation of GHG emissions were performed using IPCC methodology and specific factors (Tier 2). The total GHG emitted was standardized as CO2 equivalent (CO2eq). The GHG emissions in ICS and ICC scenarios were approximately 31% lower than in MCS and MCC scenarios. Carbon footprint in ICS (0.030 kg CO2eq kg-1 vegetables year-1) and ICC (0.033 kg CO2eq kg-1 vegetables year-1) scenarios were also lower than in MCS (0.082 kg CO2eq kg-1 vegetables year-1) and MCC (0.071 kg CO2eq kg-1 vegetables year-1) scenarios. Fertilizers, fuel (diesel) and irrigation were the main contributing sources for total GHG emitted and carbon footprint in all evaluated scenarios. The results suggest that intercropping systems may reduce GHG emissions associated with the production of vegetables evaluated as compared with monoculture.

Physiological quality of parsley seeds in function of size / Qualidade fisiológica de sementes de salsa em função do tamanho

Parsley seeds are commercialized without classification by size during processing, unlike other crops. This classification procedure allows the standardization of seed size for high precision in sowing, disposal of unwanted material, and selection of high quality seeds. The aim of this study was to verify the effect of seed size on germination, vigor, and yield performance of two parsley cultivars. Seeds from eight lots of parsley of 'Portuguesa' and 'Chacareira' cultivar were separated into three size classes, represented by the seeds retained in the sieves of 0.84, 1.00 and 1.41mm mesh opening. After classification, seeds were evaluated in the laboratory for water content, germination percentage, first count, and thousand seed weight. In the field, the fresh and dry weight of aerial part and the final number of plants (stand) were evaluated after 78 days of sowing. The experimental design was the completely randomized design in an 8 x 3 factorial scheme (eight lots and three sieve opening) with four replicates, for both cultivars. Data obtained were subjected to analysis of variance and means were compared using Tukey test at 5% probability level. It was concluded that the parsley seeds separated by the 1.41 mm sieves showed higher vigor, and consequently, greater success in stand establishment at the field than those separated by other sieve size. The use of sieves in the classification of parsley seeds helps in obtaining lots with superior physiological quality.(AU)

As sementes de salsa são comercializadas sem a classificação por tamanho no beneficiamento, diferentemente de outras hortaliças. Este procedimento permite a padronização do tamanho para a maior precisão na semeadura, descarte de material indesejado e seleção de sementes de maior qualidade. Objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar o efeito do tamanho da semente na germinação, vigor e desempenho produtivo em campo de duas cultivares de salsa. Sementes de oito lotes de salsa da cultivar 'Portuguesa' e 'Chacareira' foram separadas em três classes de tamanho representadas por sementes retidas nas peneiras com abertura de malha de 0,84, 1,00 e 1,41 mm. Após a classificação, as sementes foram avaliadas em laboratório quanto ao teor de água, porcentagem de germinação, primeira contagem de germinação e massa de mil sementes. No campo, avaliou-se após 78 dias da semeadura o número final de plantas (estande), massa de matéria fresca e a massa de matéria seca da parte aérea. O delineamento utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado no esquema fatorial 8 x 3 (oito lotes e três aberturas de peneira) com quatro repetições, para as duas cultivares utilizadas. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância e as médias comparadas pelo teste de Tukey a 5% de probabilidade. Concluiu-se que sementes de salsa classificadas nas peneiras de 1,41 mm apresentam maior vigor e, consecutivamente, maior sucesso no estabelecimento do estande a nível de campo. O uso de peneiras na classificação de sementes de salsa permite a obtenção de lotes com qualidade fisiológica superior.(AU)

Physiological quality of parsley seeds in function of size / Qualidade fisiológica de sementes de salsa em função do tamanho

Parsley seeds are commercialized without classification by size during processing, unlike other crops. This classification procedure allows the standardization of seed size for high precision in sowing, disposal of unwanted material, and selection of high quality seeds. The aim of this study was to verify the effect of seed size on germination, vigor, and yield performance of two parsley cultivars. Seeds from eight lots of parsley of 'Portuguesa' and 'Chacareira' cultivar were separated into three size classes, represented by the seeds retained in the sieves of 0.84, 1.00 and 1.41mm mesh opening. After classification, seeds were evaluated in the laboratory for water content, germination percentage, first count, and thousand seed weight. In the field, the fresh and dry weight of aerial part and the final number of plants (stand) were evaluated after 78 days of sowing. The experimental design was the completely randomized design in an 8 x 3 factorial scheme (eight lots and three sieve opening) with four replicates, for both cultivars. Data obtained were subjected to analysis of variance and means were compared using Tukey test at 5% probability level. It was concluded that the parsley seeds separated by the 1.41 mm sieves showed higher vigor, and consequently, greater success in stand establishment at the field than those separated by other sieve size. The use of sieves in the classification of parsley seeds helps in obtaining lots with superior physiological quality.

As sementes de salsa são comercializadas sem a classificação por tamanho no beneficiamento, diferentemente de outras hortaliças. Este procedimento permite a padronização do tamanho para a maior precisão na semeadura, descarte de material indesejado e seleção de sementes de maior qualidade. Objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar o efeito do tamanho da semente na germinação, vigor e desempenho produtivo em campo de duas cultivares de salsa. Sementes de oito lotes de salsa da cultivar 'Portuguesa' e 'Chacareira' foram separadas em três classes de tamanho representadas por sementes retidas nas peneiras com abertura de malha de 0,84, 1,00 e 1,41 mm. Após a classificação, as sementes foram avaliadas em laboratório quanto ao teor de água, porcentagem de germinação, primeira contagem de germinação e massa de mil sementes. No campo, avaliou-se após 78 dias da semeadura o número final de plantas (estande), massa de matéria fresca e a massa de matéria seca da parte aérea. O delineamento utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado no esquema fatorial 8 x 3 (oito lotes e três aberturas de peneira) com quatro repetições, para as duas cultivares utilizadas. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância e as médias comparadas pelo teste de Tukey a 5% de probabilidade. Concluiu-se que sementes de salsa classificadas nas peneiras de 1,41 mm apresentam maior vigor e, consecutivamente, maior sucesso no estabelecimento do estande a nível de campo. O uso de peneiras na classificação de sementes de salsa permite a obtenção de lotes com qualidade fisiológica superior.

Effect of population density of lettuce intercropped with rocket on productivity and land-use efficiency.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of the spacing of lettuce rows on the production of a lettuce-rocket intercropping system over two growing seasons (11 August to 25 September 2011 and 12 January to 24 February 2012) in Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil. We evaluated 11 treatments in each season: lettuce-rocket intercrops with five row spacings for the lettuce (0.20, 0.25, 0.30, 0.35 and 0.40 m) and the rocket planted midway between the lettuce rows, sole crops of lettuce at the same five row spacings and a sole crop of rocket. Fresh and dry masses of the lettuce and rocket and number of lettuce leaves per plant were highest with a lettuce row spacing of 0.40 m, but the productivities of the lettuce and rocket were higher with a lettuce row spacing of 0.20 m. The productivities and fresh and dry weights of the lettuce and rocket and the number of lettuce leaves per plant were highest in the sole crops, but the fresh and dry weights of the rocket were higher with intercropping. The land equivalent ratios were >1.0 in both seasons in all intercrops and were highest for the densest crop (1.41). Intercropping was therefore 41% more efficient than sole cropping for the production of lettuce and rocket.

Influence of drainage and nutrient-solution nitrogen and potassium concentrations on the agronomic behavior of bell-pepper plants cultivated in a substrate.

The interactive effects of N (6, 9, 12 and 15 mmol L-1) and K (3, 5, 7, and 9 mmol L-1) concentrations in nutrient solutions were evaluated on bell pepper grown in a coconut-coir substrate and fertilized without drainage. An additional treatment with drainage was evaluated using N and K concentrations of 12 and 7 mmol L-1, respectively. The hybrid Eppo cultivar of yellow bell pepper was cultivated for 252 days beginning 9 November 2012. Electrical conductivity (EC), the N and K concentrations in the substrate solution, marketable fruit yield, total dry weight and macronutrient concentrations in shoots were periodically evaluated. Fruit production was lower in the system without drainage, regardless of the N and K concentrations, compared to the recommended 10-20% drainage of the volume of nutrient solution applied. Higher K concentrations in the nutrient solution did not affect plant production in the system without drainage for the substrate with an initial K concentration of 331.3 mg L-1. Fruit yield was higher without drainage at a nutrient-solution N concentration of 10.7 mmol L-1. The upper EC limit of the substrate solution in the system without drainage was exceeded 181 days after planting. Either lower nutrient concentrations in the nutrient solution or a drainage system could thus control the EC in the substrate solution.

Aplicação de silício, em hidroponia, na conservação pós-colheita de alface americana 'Lucy Brown' minimamente processada / Silicon, in hydroponics, in postharvest American 'Lucy Brown' lettuce minimally processed

Este trabalho teve por objetivo verificar o efeito da aplicação de silício em hidroponia na conservação pós-colheita de alface americana 'Lucy Brown' minimamente processada. As alfaces foram cultivadas hidroponicamente e a fonte de silício utilizada foi o silicato de potássio nas concentrações de 0; 28; 56; e 84mg L-1. Após a colheita, as folhas selecionadas foram lavadas em água corrente, semiprocessadas mediante o corte de 20mm de largura e sanitizadas por imersão em Sumaveg(r). Estas foram centrifugadas manualmente e acondicionadas em sacos de polipropileno, que, posteriormente, foram selados e armazenados a 3ºC e 85±3% de umidade relativa (UR). Durante 16 dias de armazenamento, foram avaliadas a cada quatro dias e em triplicata, a composição gasosa, a firmeza, o teor de clorofila e de acidez titulável, as atividades das enzimas polifenoloxidase e peroxidase e as análises microbiológicas. Até o 4odia de armazenamento, observaram-se reduções nos níveis de O2para todos os tratamentos, no entanto, para os níveis de CO2,houve aumentos percentuais de 5% no tratamento com 28mg L-1de silício. As maiores concentrações de silício mantiveram maior firmeza das folhas. Os teores de clorofila total se mantiveram estáveis durante o período de armazenamento. A atividade da enzima polifenoloxidase reduziu até o 8° dia. A atividade da peroxidase apresentou aumento durante o período avaliado, na concentração de 84mg L-1de silício. A contagem microbiana de coliformes termotolerantes e totais manteve-se baixa durante o armazenamento. A concentração de 84mg L-1de silício propiciou maior firmeza das folhas das alfaces minimamente processadas, deixando-as mais túrgidas e conservando sua vida útil por 16 dias.

This study aimed to verify the effect of silicon in hydroponics in postharvest of american 'Lucy Brown' lettuce minimally processed. Lettuces were grown hydroponically and silicon source used was potassium silicate at concentrations of 0, 28, 56 and 84mg L-1. After harvesting, the selected leaves were washed in tap water, and semiprocessed by cutting leaves 20mm wide, immersed in solutions Sumaveg(r). These leaves were centrifuged manually and packed in polypropylene bags, after, were sealed and stored at 3°C and 85±3% of relative humidity (RH). During 16 days of storage, leaves were evaluated every four days and in triplicate, gas composition, firmness, chlorophyll content and titratable acidity, activities polyphenol oxidase activities and peroxidase enzymes and microbiological analyzes. By the 4thday storage it was observed reductions in O2levels for all treatments. However, for levels of CO2,it was observed an increased percentage of 5% in the treatment with 28mg L-1of silicon. The highest concentrations of silicon in the leaves mantained higher firmness. Total chlorophyll remained stable during the storage period. Enzyme polyphenoloxidase activity reduced until the 8thday. Peroxidase activity showed an increase during the study period at a concentration of 84mg L-1silicon. Microbial counts of thermotolerant coliforms remained low during storage. A concentration of 84mg L-1silicon provided greater firmness of minimally processed leaves of lettuce making them more turgid and preserving its useful life for 16 days.

Aplicação de silício, em hidroponia, na conservação pós-colheita de alface americana Lucy Brown minimamente processada / Silicon, in hydroponics, in postharvest American Lucy Brown lettuce minimally processed

Este trabalho teve por objetivo verificar o efeito da aplicação de silício em hidroponia na conservação pós-colheita de alface americana 'Lucy Brown' minimamente processada. As alfaces foram cultivadas hidroponicamente e a fonte de silício utilizada foi o silicato de potássio nas concentrações de 0; 28; 56; e 84mg L-1. Após a colheita, as folhas selecionadas foram lavadas em água corrente, semiprocessadas mediante o corte de 20mm de largura e sanitizadas por imersão em Sumaveg(r). Estas foram centrifugadas manualmente e acondicionadas em sacos de polipropileno, que, posteriormente, foram selados e armazenados a 3ºC e 85±3% de umidade relativa (UR). Durante 16 dias de armazenamento, foram avaliadas a cada quatro dias e em triplicata, a composição gasosa, a firmeza, o teor de clorofila e de acidez titulável, as atividades das enzimas polifenoloxidase e peroxidase e as análises microbiológicas. Até o 4odia de armazenamento, observaram-se reduções nos níveis de O2para todos os tratamentos, no entanto, para os níveis de CO2, houve aumentos percentuais de 5% no tratamento com 28mg L-1de silício. As maiores concentrações de silício mantiveram maior firmeza das folhas. Os teores de clorofila total se mantiveram estáveis durante o período de armazenamento. A atividade da enzima polifenoloxidase reduziu até o 8° dia. A atividade da peroxidase apresentou aumento durante o período avaliado, na concentração de 84mg L-1de silício. A contagem microbiana de coliformes termotolerantes e totais manteve-se baixa durante o armazenamento. A concentração de 84mg L-1de silício propiciou maior firmeza das folhas das alfaces minimamente processadas, deixando-as mais túrgidas e conservando sua vida útil por 16 dias.(AU)

This study aimed to verify the effect of silicon in hydroponics in postharvest of american 'Lucy Brown' lettuce minimally processed. Lettuces were grown hydroponically and silicon source used was potassium silicate at concentrations of 0, 28, 56 and 84mg L-1. After harvesting, the selected leaves were washed in tap water, and semiprocessed by cutting leaves 20mm wide, immersed in solutions Sumaveg(r). These leaves were centrifuged manually and packed in polypropylene bags, after, were sealed and stored at 3°C and 85±3% of relative humidity (RH). During 16 days of storage, leaves were evaluated every four days and in triplicate, gas composition, firmness, chlorophyll content and titratable acidity, activities polyphenol oxidase activities and peroxidase enzymes and microbiological analyzes. By the 4thday storage it was observed reductions in O2levels for all treatments. However, for levels of CO2, it was observed an increased percentage of 5% in the treatment with 28mg L-1of silicon. The highest concentrations of silicon in the leaves mantained higher firmness. Total chlorophyll remained stable during the storage period. Enzyme polyphenoloxidase activity reduced until the 8thday. Peroxidase activity showed an increase during the study period at a concentration of 84mg L-1 silicon. Microbial counts of thermotolerant coliforms remained low during storage. A concentration of 84mg L-1silicon provided greater firmness of minimally processed leaves of lettuce making them more turgid and preserving its useful life for 16 days.(AU)

Aplicação de silício, em hidroponia, na conservação pós-colheita de alface americana Lucy Brown minimamente processada / Silicon, in hydroponics, in postharvest American Lucy Brown lettuce minimally processed

Este trabalho teve por objetivo verificar o efeito da aplicação de silício em hidroponia na conservação pós-colheita de alface americana 'Lucy Brown' minimamente processada. As alfaces foram cultivadas hidroponicamente e a fonte de silício utilizada foi o silicato de potássio nas concentrações de 0; 28; 56; e 84mg L-1. Após a colheita, as folhas selecionadas foram lavadas em água corrente, semiprocessadas mediante o corte de 20mm de largura e sanitizadas por imersão em Sumaveg(r). Estas foram centrifugadas manualmente e acondicionadas em sacos de polipropileno, que, posteriormente, foram selados e armazenados a 3ºC e 85±3% de umidade relativa (UR). Durante 16 dias de armazenamento, foram avaliadas a cada quatro dias e em triplicata, a composição gasosa, a firmeza, o teor de clorofila e de acidez titulável, as atividades das enzimas polifenoloxidase e peroxidase e as análises microbiológicas. Até o 4odia de armazenamento, observaram-se reduções nos níveis de O2para todos os tratamentos, no entanto, para os níveis de CO2, houve aumentos percentuais de 5% no tratamento com 28mg L-1de silício. As maiores concentrações de silício mantiveram maior firmeza das folhas. Os teores de clorofila total se mantiveram estáveis durante o período de armazenamento. A atividade da enzima polifenoloxidase reduziu até o 8° dia. A atividade da peroxidase apresentou aumento durante o período avaliado, na concentração de 84mg L-1de silício. A contagem microbiana de coliformes termotolerantes e totais manteve-se baixa durante o armazenamento. A concentração de 84mg L-1de silício propiciou maior firmeza das folhas das alfaces minimamente processadas, deixando-as mais túrgidas e conservando sua vida útil por 16 dias.

This study aimed to verify the effect of silicon in hydroponics in postharvest of american 'Lucy Brown' lettuce minimally processed. Lettuces were grown hydroponically and silicon source used was potassium silicate at concentrations of 0, 28, 56 and 84mg L-1. After harvesting, the selected leaves were washed in tap water, and semiprocessed by cutting leaves 20mm wide, immersed in solutions Sumaveg(r). These leaves were centrifuged manually and packed in polypropylene bags, after, were sealed and stored at 3°C and 85±3% of relative humidity (RH). During 16 days of storage, leaves were evaluated every four days and in triplicate, gas composition, firmness, chlorophyll content and titratable acidity, activities polyphenol oxidase activities and peroxidase enzymes and microbiological analyzes. By the 4thday storage it was observed reductions in O2levels for all treatments. However, for levels of CO2, it was observed an increased percentage of 5% in the treatment with 28mg L-1of silicon. The highest concentrations of silicon in the leaves mantained higher firmness. Total chlorophyll remained stable during the storage period. Enzyme polyphenoloxidase activity reduced until the 8thday. Peroxidase activity showed an increase during the study period at a concentration of 84mg L-1 silicon. Microbial counts of thermotolerant coliforms remained low during storage. A concentration of 84mg L-1silicon provided greater firmness of minimally processed leaves of lettuce making them more turgid and preserving its useful life for 16 days.

Nutritional status of the cauliflower cultivar 'verona' grown with omission of out added macronutrients.

Knowledge of plant nutritional status allows an understanding of the physiological responses of plants to crop fertilization. A hydroponic experiment evaluated the symptoms of macronutrient deficiency in cauliflower 'Verona' and determined: a) the macronutrient contents of foliar tissues when visual symptoms were observed, b) macronutrients content of foliar and inflorescence tissues at harvest. The effect of nutrient deficiency on inflorescence mass was also evaluated. Nitrogen deficiency caused chlorosis followed by purple color in the old leaves, while P deficiency caused only chlorosis in old leaves. Chlorosis at the edge of old leaves progressing to the center of the leaves was observed with the omission of K, and after was observed necrosis in the chlorotic areas. Ca deficiency caused tip burn in new leaves, while Mg deficiency caused internerval chlorosis in old leaves. The omission of each macronutrient reduced inflorescence dry matter. This deleterious effect was larger for N, P, and K deficiencies, reducing inflorescence dry matter by 87, 49, and 42%, respectively. When the nutrient solutions without N, P, K, Ca, or Mg were supplied to cauliflower plants, the macronutrient contents at harvest were 8.8, 0.6, 3.5, 13.0, and 0.8 g kg-1 in the foliar tissues and 27.3, 2.2, 21.6, 1.1, and 0.7 g kg-1 in the inflorescence tissues, respectively.

Nitrogen and potassium concentrations in the nutrients solution for melon plants growing in coconut fiber without drainage.

With the objective of evaluating the effects of N and K concentrations for melon plants, an experiment was carried out from July 1, 2011 to January 3, 2012 in Muzambinho city, Minas Gerais State, Brazil. The "Bonus no. 2" was cultivated at the spacing of 1.1 × 0.4. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with three replications in a 4 × 4 factorial scheme with four N concentrations (8, 12, 16, and 20 mmol L(-1)) and four K concentrations (4, 6, 8, and 10 mmol L(-1)). The experimental plot constituted of eight plants. It was observed that the leaf levels of N and K, of N-NO3 and of K, and the electrical conductivity (CE) of the substrate increased with the increment of N and K in the nutrients' solution. Substratum pH, in general, was reduced with increments in N concentration and increased with increasing K concentrations in the nutrients' solution. Leaf area increased with increments in N concentration in the nutrients solution. Fertigation with solutions stronger in N (20 mmol L(-1)) and K (10 mmol L(-1)) resulted in higher masses for the first (968 g) and the second (951 g) fruits and crop yield (4,425 gm(-2)).

Crescimento e marcha de acúmulo de nutrientes em plantas de beterraba cultivadas em sistema hidropônico / Growth and nutrient absorption by beet grown in hydroponic system

A produção de beterraba tem alcançado grande destaque no cenário nacional, principalmente no cultivo em condições de campo aberto e no solo, entretanto, as pesquisas da produção de beterraba em cultivo hidropônico são insipientes sobre a nutrição das plantas. Assim, objetivou-se neste trabalho avaliar o crescimento e marcha de absorção de nutrientes em plantas de beterraba cultivar Tall Top Early Wonder, cultivadas em sistema hidropônico. O delineamento experimental adotado foi em blocos casualizados com seis tratamentos constituídos pelas épocas de amostragem, 15, 25, 35, 45, 55 e 65 dias após o transplante (DAT) e cinco repetições. As mudas de beterraba foram transplantadas, em vasos de 5 dm3 , preenchido com substrato a base de fibra de coco, constantemente irrigadas com solução nutritiva (Hoagland e Arnon), sendo colocados em ambiente protegido, tipo casa de vegetação, localizado na UNESP Câmpus de Jaboticabal, no mês de abril de 2007. Durante o período experimental, avaliou-se o desenvolvimento das plantas, massa seca de folhas, raiz tuberosa e raízes, e acúmulo de macro e micronutrientes na planta. O acúmulo de massa seca da raiz tuberosa da beterraba foi rápido, havendo predomínio da alocação de biomassa na raiz tuberosa (55%) comparado as folhas (43%) e raízes (2%). Maiores exigências nutricionais de plantas de beterraba foram de K, N e P para os macronutrientes e de Mn, Zn e Fe para os micronutrientes. A absorção de N, K e Mn pela planta de beterraba é mais rápida, sendo alta a partir dos 15 DAT. A ordem decrescente dos nutrientes acumulados pela beterraba foi: K, N, P, Mg, Ca e S para os macronutrientes e Mn, Zn, Fe, B e Cu para os micronutrientes.

The production of beet root have achieved higher levels on the national market, mainly in open field and soil exploitation however the hidroponic production technique is just at its begining regarding the nutritional aspects. This way, this study aimed to evaluate the growth and nutrient uptake by the beet root cultivar Tall Top Early Wonder, grown in hydroponic conditions. The experimental design was the completely randomized blocks with six treatments consisting of the sampling dates: 15, 25, 35, 45, 55 and 65 days after transplanting (DAT) and five replications. Beet seedlings were transplanted into 5 dm3 vessels prepared with coconut fiber substrate and irrigated constantly with nutritious solution (Hoagland and Arnon) and after been conducted to the UNESP greenhouses in Câmpus of Jaboticabal in April/2007, into vases. During the experimental period, it was evaluated plant growth and leaf, dry mass root and tuberous roots and the macro and micronutrients uptaken by plants. The dry matter accumulation by tuberous roots cultivar Tall Top Early Wonder was relatively fast, with predominance of biomass allocation in the tuberous root (55%) against the leaves (43%) and roots (2%). The higher nutritional requirements for beet root were K, N and P as macronutrient and Mn, Zn and Fe for the micronutrients. The nitrogen, potassium and manganese absorption by beet root is rapid, being high from the 15 days after transplant. The decreasing order of the nutrients accumulated by the beet root was: K, N, P, Mg, Ca and S for the macronutrients and Mn, Zn, Fe, B and Cu for the micronutrients.

Couve-flor cultivada em substrato: marcha de absorção de macronutrientes e micronutrientes / Cauliflower cultivated in substrate: progress of absorption of macro and micronutrients

Com o objetivo de avaliar marcha de absorção de macro e micronutrientes na couve-flor cultivada em substrato, um experimento foi conduzido em casa de vegetação da UNESP, Campus de Jaboticabal, SP. O delineamento experimental foi de blocos ao acaso, com seis tratamentos e cinco repetições. Os tratamentos foram constituídos pelas épocas de amostragem (20; 30; 40; 50; 60 e 70 dias após o transplante). Avaliaram-se os teores e acúmulo dos macro e micronutrientes da parte aérea e raiz. A maior demanda de nutriente aconteceu no período de 60 a 70 (DAT) para macro e micronutrientes. A ordem decrescente dos macronutrientes acumulados pela couve-flor foi: K, N, S, P, Mg e Ca e os micro foi: Fe, Zn, B, Mn e Cu.

With the objective of evaluating the progress of absorption of macro and micronutrients in cauliflower cultivated in substrate, an experiment was conducted in a greenhouse at the Universidade do Estado de São Paulo, in Jaboticabal, Brazil. The experimental desing used was randomized blocks, with six treatments and five replicates. The treatments comprised times of sampling (20; 30; 40; 50; 60 and 70 days after the transplant). The composition and accumulation of the macro and micronutrients of the shoot and root were evaluated. The biggest demand of nutrient happened in the period of 60 to 70 (DAT) for macro and micronutrients. The decreasing order of the macronutrients accumulated by the cauliflower was K, N, S, P, Mg and Ca and for micronutrients Fe, Zn, B, Mn and Cu.

Curva de crescimento e acúmulo de matéria seca em couve-flor cultivada em substrato / Curve of growth and dry matter accumulation in cauliflower cultivated on substrate

Com o objetivo de avaliar a curva de crescimento e o acúmulo de matéria seca na couve-flor 'Verona' cultivada em substrato comercial para hortaliças Plantmax® um experimento foi conduzido em casa de vegetação da UNESP, Campus de Jaboticabal, SP. O delineamento experimental foi de blocos ao acaso, com seis tratamentos, cinco repetições, sendo cada parcela constituída por uma planta. Os tratamentos foram constituídos pelas épocas de amostragem (20; 30; 40; 50; 60 e 70 dias após o transplante). Avaliou-se a altura das plantas, o número de folhas, o diâmetro do caule, a área foliar, a matéria seca da parte aérea, da raiz e planta inteira e massa fresca da inflorescência. Além disso, calculou-se a taxa de crescimento relativo (TCR) das folhas, caules, raízes, inflorescências e planta inteira, apresentada em gramas dia-1 planta-1. O híbrido Verona apresentou crescimento inicial lento, intensificandose a partir dos 30 dias após o transplante. O máximo acúmulo de massa seca total por planta foi de 87g aos 70 DAT, sendo a participação das folhas de 53,8%, caule de 9,9%, inflorescência de 30,7% e das raízes 6,5%. O cultivo de couve-flor 'Verona' em substrato Plantmax® apresentou alto acúmulo de matéria seca da inflorescência.

Aiming to evaluate the curve of growth and dry matter accumulation in cauliflower cv. Verona in commercial substrate for vegetables Plantmax ®, an experiment was conducted in a greenhouse at UNESP, Jaboticabal, SP. The experimental design was randomized blocks with six treatments, five replicates, each plot had a plan. The treatments consisted of sampling times (20, 30, 40, 50, 60 and 70 days after transplantation). Evaluations of plant height, leaf number, stem diameter, leaf area, dry matter of shoot, root and whole plant, and fresh weight of the inflorescence. Furthermore, calculated the relative growth rate (RGR) of leaves, stems, roots, flowers and whole plant, presented in g day-1 plant-1.The hybrid of cauliflower 'Verona' shows initial slow growth, stepping up from 30 days after transplantation. The maximum accumulation of dry matter per plant was 87g at 70 DAT, with the participation of sheets of 53.8%, stem 9.9%, 30.7% of inflorescence and root 6.5%. The cultivation cauliflower Verona in substrate showed high accumulation of dry Inflorescence.

Growth and nutrient absorption by Raisa tomato cultivar grown in hydroponic system / Crescimento e marcha de absorção de nutrientes em tomateiro cultivar Raísa cultivado em sistema hidropônico

The production and quality of tomatoes has increased with the emergence of new genotypes and cropping systems such as hydroponics, however, there are few studies on the nutrition of plants. The objective was to evaluate the growth and motion of absorption of nutrients by Raisa tomato cultivar, grown in hydroponic system. The experimental design was randomized blocks with eight treatments consisting of the times of sampling: 15, 25, 35, 45, 55, 65, 75 and 85 days after transplanting (DAT) and five replications. The tomato seedlings were transplanted to pots of 8 dm3 (on 31-03-2008), filled with the base substrate of coconut fiber, constantly irrigated with Hoagland and Arnon nutrient solution. During the experimental period and focuses on the development of plants and dry leaves, stems, fruits and roots. The dry matter accumulation of leaves and roots of tomato cultivar Raisa was relatively faster than the national stem and fruit, over cultivation, with predominance of dry fruits (45%) on the leaves (27%), the stem (24%) and roots (3%) at the end of the cycle. The accumulation of nutrients and micronutrients by the tomato cultivar Raisa was fit with linear increase throughout the cultivation, except for Mn which was quadratic. Most of the tomato nutritional requirement for nutrients was K, N and Ca and micronutrients was Fe, Zn and Mn.

A produção e a qualidade do tomate têm aumentado com o surgimento de novos genótipos e sistemas de cultivo como o hidropônico, entretanto, são poucas as pesquisas sobre a nutrição das plantas. Assim, a presente pesquisa teve o objetivo de avaliar o crescimento e a marcha de absorção de nutrientes pelo tomateiro cultivar Raísa, cultivado em sistema hidropônico. O delineamento experimental adotado foi em blocos casualizados com oito tratamentos constituídos pelas épocas de amostragem: 15; 25; 35; 45; 55; 65; 75 e 85 dias após o transplante (DAT) e cinco repetições. As mudas de tomateiro foram transplantas para vasos de 8 dm3, preenchido com substrato a base de fibra de coco, constantemente irrigadas com solução nutritiva de Hoagland e Arnon. Durante o período experimental, avaliou-se o desenvolvimento das plantas e a matéria seca de folha, caule, frutos e raízes. O acúmulo de matéria seca de folhas e raízes do tomateiro cultivar Raísa foi relativamente mais rápido que os órgãos caule e frutos, ao longo do cultivo, havendo predomínio da matéria seca de frutos (45%) em relação às folhas (27%), ao caule (24%) e às raízes (3%) no final do ciclo da cultura. O acúmulo de macronutrientes e de micronutrientes pelo tomateiro cultivar Raísa teve incremento com ajuste linear ao longo do cultivo, exceto o Mn que foi quadrático. A maior exigência nutricional do tomateiro para os macronutrientes.

Custo de produção e rentabilidade das culturas de alface, rabanete, rúcula e repolho em cultivo solteiro e consorciadas com pimentão / Production cost and profitability of lettuce, radish, arugula and cabbage sole crop and intercropped with sweet pepper

Realizou-se, o trabalho na UNESP, Jaboticabal, SP, com o objetivo de avaliar a rentabilidade das culturas de alface, rabanete, rúcula e repolho, em cultivo solteiro e consorciadas com pimentão. A determinação dos custos de produção das culturas em cultivo solteiro e em consórcio foi realizada com base na metodologia do custo operacional total (COT), com valores referentes a março de 2005. Para o cálculo da receita bruta, considerou-se o preço do setor atacadista, CEAGESP, no mês de março de 2005. Os COT das culturas de repolho, rúcula, alface e rabanete, quando consorciadas com pimentão, tiveram redução de 34,0 por cento, 24,7 por cento, 21,3 por cento e 20,8 por cento em relação aos seus respectivos cultivos solteiros. As culturas de alface e rabanete consorciadas com pimentão apresentaram aumento na receita líquida em 49,6 por cento e 13,9 por cento, respectivamente, quando comparadas com seus cultivos solteiros. A maior rentabilidade foi obtida em consórcio de pimentão com alface. A taxa de retorno e índice de lucratividade dos consórcios foram superiores aos observados nas monoculturas.

This work was carried out at UNESP, in Jaboticabal, SP, with the aim of evaluating the production cost and profitability of lettuce, radish, arugula and cabbage sole crop and intercropped with sweet pepper. The determination of the production cost was accomplished with base on the methodology of the total operational cost (TOC), in March of 2005. For the calculation of the gross revenue, the price of the wholesale sector, CEAGESP, applied in March 2005, was considered,. The TOC of the cultures cabbage, arugula, lettuce and radish when intercropped with sweet pepper had a reduction of 34.0 percent, 24.7 percent, 21.3 percent and 20.8 percent, when compared to their respective single cultivation. The cultures of lettuce and radish intercropped with sweet pepper had net revenue increase of 49.6 percent and 13.9 percent, respectively, when compared to their single cultivation. The largest profitability was obtained when sweet pepper was intercropped with lettuce. The return rate and the profitability index of the intercropping were higher than those of the single cultivation.

Viabilidade econômica do cultivo da alface crespa em monocultura e em consórcio com pepino / Economic viability of the crisphead lettuce culture in monoculture and intercropping with cucumber

O cultivo protegido, entre outras vantagens, possibilita diminuir a sazonalidade na oferta e melhorar a qualidade das hortaliças. No entanto, constitui-se em tecnologia de elevado custo, que pode ser atenuado com o aumento na eficiência do uso da área protegida, proporcionado pelo cultivo consorciado. O trabalho foi realizado em casa de vegetação, na Unesp, Jaboticabal, SP, no período de agosto e novembro de 2005, e objetivou-se verificar o custo operacional total (COT) e a rentabilidade líquida da alface crespa 'Verônica' (Lactuca sativa L.) em monocultura e consorciada com pepino japonês 'Hokushin' (Cucumis sativus L.), em ambiente protegido. Os principais itens de custos estimados foram os referentes à operações, insumos e materiais. Para a alface crespa em monocultura e em consórcio, o COT foi de R$ 696,37 e R$ 295,06/614,4 m², e as produtividades de 890,78 e 822,53 kg/614,4 m², respectivamente em monocultura e em consórcio e as receitas brutas obtidas foram de R$ 489,93 e R$ 452,39/614,4 m². Em cultivo protegido, a monocultura de alface teve prejuízo de R$206,44/614,4 m², enquanto, em consórcio com pepino, a cultura da alface crespa 'Verônica' teve lucro operacional de R$ 157,33/614,4 m².

The protected culture, among other advantages, made possible to diminish the seasoning in offers and to improve the quality of vegetables. However, one consists in technology of high cost, that it may be attenuated with the increase in the efficiency of the use of the protected area, proportionated for the intercropping. The experiment was carried out at greenhouse at UNESP, Jaboticabal-SP, in the period of August and November of 2005, with the aim of evaluating the operational cost (COT) and the profitability of the crisphead lettuce "Verônica" (Lactuca sativa L.) in monoculture and in intercropping with the Japanese cucumber "Hokushin" (Cucumis sativus L.), in protected environment. The main cost items analyzed were the operational cost, the agricultural amendments and the materials cost. For the crisphead lettuce in monoculture and in intercropping, the COT was R$ 696,37 and R$ 295,06/614,4 m² respectively and the productivity was 822.53 and 890.78 kg/614,4 m². In monoculture and in intercropping the gross incomes were R$ 489,93 and R$ 452,39/614,4 m² respectively. It was verified a loss of R$ 206,44/614,4 m² in the crisphead lettuce monoculture and an operational profit of R$ 157,33/614,4 m² in protected environment when in intercropping with cucumber.

Acúmulo de macronutrientes pela cultivar de cebola "Superex" estabelecida por semeadura direta / Evaluating macronutrients accumulated in onion plants of the 'Superex' cultivar in direct seeding system

O objetivo do trabalho foi quantificar o acúmulo de macronutrientes ao longo do ciclo da cebola, cv. "Superex", estabelecida por semeadura direta. O experimento foi conduzido na Fazenda Rio Doce, entre os municípios de Itobi e São José do Rio Pardo, SP. As amostragens de plantas foram realizadas aos 30, 50, 70, 90, 110, 130 e 150 dias após a semeadura (DAS), para determinação da matéria seca e do acúmulo dos nutrientes (N, P, K, Ca, Mg e S). Os acúmulos máximos de matéria seca da parte aérea e do bulbo foram, respectivamente, de 4,70g planta-1 e 17,86g planta-1, aos 150 DAS. A parte aérea e o bulbo contribuíram, respectivamente, com cerca de 20 e 80 por cento na matéria seca da planta inteira ao final do ciclo. A seqüência de acúmulo dos nutrientes verificada para a cebola "Superex" foi: K>N>Ca>S>Mg>P. A planta de cebola acumulou 202,43; 31,23; 295,28; 172,42; 35,20 e 73,47mg, respectivamente, de N, P, K, Ca, Mg e S. Exportou, pelo bulbo, 67 por cento do N, 85 por cento do P, 68 por cento do K, 57 por cento do Ca, 56 por cento do Mg e 81 por cento do S acumulado pela planta.

This research was aimed at counting the concentration of macronutrients throughout the onion, cv Superex, established by direct seeding. The experiment was conducted at Rio Doce farm, between the counties of Itobi and São José do Rio Pardo, state of São Paulo, Brazil (21°37'16"S and 46°53'15"W). The macronutrients N, P, K, Ca, Mg, and S as well as plant dry matter content were evaluated in plant samples taken at 30, 50, 70, 90, 110, and 150 days after seeding (DAS). The maximum dry matter content in the bulb and in the aerial part were reached at 150 DAS and were, respectively, of 4.70 and 17.86g plant-1. The aerial part and the bulb contributed respectively with 20 and 80 percent of the whole mature plant dry matter. The macronutrients were accumulated in the plant in the following order: K>N>Ca>S>Mg>P. The onion plant accumulated 202.43; 31.23; 295.28; 172.42; 35.20 e 73.47 mg of N, P, K, Ca, Mg, and S, respectively, and exported 67 percent, 85 percent, 68 percent, 57 percent, 56 percent and 81 percent, respectively, of N, P, K, Ca, Mg and S accumulated for the plant.

Época e densidade de plantio na produção de cúrcuma / Time and density of plantation on the turmeric production

Com o objetivo de avaliar a produtividade da cúrcuma em função da época e densidade de plantio, este experimento foi instalado no período de outubro de 1994 a julho de 1995, em campo, na Universidade Federal de Lavras, no município de Lavras-MG. Foram avaliados os fatores épocas de plantio (20/out, 20/nov, 20/dez e 20/jan) e espaçamento entre plantas na linha de plantio (0,20; 0,35 e 0,50m), sob delineamento de blocos ao acaso, em parcelas sub-divididas, com três repetições. A produção de rizomas por planta e por área foram influenciados significativamente pela interação dos fatores avaliados. Maiores produtividades por planta (673,13g) e por área (24.678,82kg ha-1) foram obtidas nos plantios de 20 de novembro e espaçamentos entre plantas, respectivamente, de 0,36 e 0,30m.

Cúrcuma: planta medicinal, condimentar e de outros usos potenciais / Curcuma: medicinal, spice and of other potential use plant

A cúrcuma (Curcuma longa L.), espécie originária do sudeste asiático, é considerada uma preciosa especiaria. Com a proibiçäo do uso de pigmentos sintéticos nos principais países da América do Norte e Europa, têm sido procuradas alternativas naturais. A cúrcuma, além de sua principal utilizaçäo como condimento, possui substâncias antioxidantes, antimicrobianas e corantes (curcumina) que lhe conferem possibilidade de emprego nas áreas de cosméticos, têxtil, medicinal e alimentício. Até o presente momento, poucos estudos foram realizados com a cúrcuma no Brasil, fato que determina baixa produtividade. Entretanto, recentes resultados de pesquisa mostram a possibilidade de obtençäo de produtividades semelhantes às de seu país de origem, ainda que maiores estudos sejam necessários para definiçäo de estande, adubaçäo e outras práticas culturais. Os objetivos do presente trabalho säo apresentar a versatilidade mercadológica da cúrcuma, caracterizar a espécie quanto a aspectos botânicos, nutricionais e químicos, bem como reunir e discutir informaçöes técnicas para melhoria da produtividade e qualidade dos rizomas.