Intergenerational or intragenerational learning? The relationship between interpersonal neural synchrony and older adult's learning acquisition.

OBJECTIVES: Lifelong learning facilitates active ageing, and intragenerational learning-the process by which older adults learn from their peers-is an effective means of achieving this goal. The present research aims to elucidate the mechanisms and differences between intergenerational and intragenerational learning models for older adults as evidenced by brain-to-brain synchrony. METHODS: Fifty-six instructor-learner dyads completed a study comparing intergenerational and intragenerational learning models, as well as task difficulty. The study utilized a block puzzle task and functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) for hyperscanning. RESULTS: The instructor-learner dyads showed greater interpersonal neural synchrony (INS) and learning acquisition in the intragenerational learning model in the difficult task condition (t (54) = 3.49, p < 0.01), whereas the two learning models yielded similar results in the easy condition (t (54) = 1.96, p = 0.06). In addition, INS and self-efficacy mediated the association between learning models and learning acquisition in older adults (b = 0.14, SEM = 0.04, 95 % CI [0.01 0.16]). DISCUSSION: This study is the first to provide evidence of interbrain synchrony in an investigation of the intragenerational learning model in older adults. Our findings suggest that intra-learning is as effective as traditional inter-learning and may be more effective in certain contexts, such as difficult tasks. Encouraging intra-learning in community service or educational activities can effectively mitigate the challenge of limited volunteers and enhance learning acquisition among older adults.

Serial Cascade Effects of Relative Deprivation and Anger Rumination on the Development of Social Aggression Over 2.5 Years in Emerging Adults.

Although the mechanisms of development of aggression have been focused on day by day, the complicated effects of distal and proximal factors on the development of social aggression in emerging adults have not been uncovered. A serial cascade model of aggression was proposed to address this issue. A longitudinal investigation over 2.5 years was conducted to test this model by exploring the serial cascade effects of relative deprivation (a representative of distal factors) and anger rumination (a representative of proximal factors) on the development of social aggression. A total of 1113 Chinese university students (Mage = 18.95 ± 0.96, 63.10% female) from six universities in five areas participated in this study. The results suggest that developmental trajectories and longitudinal changes in anger rumination mediate the relationship between developmental trajectories and longitudinal changes in relative deprivation and social aggression, and developmental trajectories and changes in relative deprivation mediate the longitudinal relationship between anger rumination and social aggression. These findings support the serial cascade effects of distal and proximal factors on the development of aggression and expand upon the general aggression model (GAM).

Resting-state neural correlates of individual differences in ignored experience and its deleterious effect.

Uncovering the neural mechanisms of ostracism experience (including its subclasses of excluded and ignored experiences) is important. However, the resting-state functional brain substrates responsible for individual differences in ostracism experience and its negative effects remain largely undefined. This study explored these issues in a sample of 198 Chinese college students by assessing the amplitude of low-frequency fluctuations and functional connectivity. The findings indicated a positive correlation between ignored experience and the amplitude of low-frequency fluctuations in the right superior frontal gyrus and the functional connectivity between the right superior frontal gyrus and left cerebellum posterior lobe. Additionally, a negative correlation was found between ignored experience and the functional connectivity between the right superior frontal gyrus and the bilateral insula as well as the bilateral inferior parietal lobule. Moreover, the mediation analysis demonstrated that the effects of the functional connectivities of right superior frontal gyrus-left cerebellum posterior lobe and right superior frontal gyrus-right inferior parietal lobule on revenge intention were mediated by ignored experience. Our study offers novel insights into the neural correlates of both individual variations in ignored experience and its typical deleterious effect. These results could deepen our understanding of individual differences in negative experiences and inspire the development of targeted interventions for social stress from the perspective of the brain.