RESUMEN
Vulnerability is a concept associated with the effects of social inequities to access health care services. On a hospital level, vulnerable populations must be identified and favored over others. The aims of this study were the analysis of the conceptions and practices of social workers regarding vulnerable patients, and the identification of theoretical elements of vulnerability given by academics. Hospital ethnography and a focus group were implemented. Social workers related vulnerability to the social needs of each patient; however, they state that they have dilemmas to identify a person in a vulnerable condition; these dilemmas are related to social differences and deservingness. Academics indicated that the vulnerability should refer to the lack of access to health services offered by the institution. Academics agree with social workers regarding the importance of considering the overlapped social and individual circumstances in each patient to recognize their vulnerable condition, regardless of belonging to any of the pre-established vulnerable groups. Finally, taking into account the way of conceptualizing vulnerability and how public policy on the identification of vulnerable patients in the hospital has been implemented, these two elements are explained using the palimpsest model, which is a figure of thought that can be applied to analyze the sociocultural significance of this complex issue, as well as other social dynamics.