Association between participation in the supplemental nutrition assistance program and perception of limited availability and choice of healthy foods.

BACKGROUND: Nutrition security encompasses stable and equitable access, availability, affordability, and utilization of healthy foods. AIM: To evaluate the relationship of two newly created dichotomous measures that represent aspects of nutrition security (i.e., perceived limited availability and healthfulness choice) with Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) participation. METHODS: Logistic regression models were run for each outcome separately with adjustment for age, income-to-poverty ratio, gender, education, race, and food security. RESULTS: Adults using social services (e.g., food pantries) were enrolled (N = 402) in this cross-sectional analysis. SNAP participants (61.7%) were not different from non-SNAP participants in perceiving limited availability (aOR [95% CI]: 1.21 [0.75, 1.95]) or limited ability to choose (aOR [95% CI]: 0.69 [0.43, 1.12]) healthy foods. CONCLUSIONS: Both SNAP and non-SNAP participants with low socioeconomic status report limited availability of healthy foods in their environment and a limited ability to choose healthy foods.

Clinical Characteristics, Management, and Outcomes of Patients with Renal Medullary Carcinoma: A Single-center Retrospective Analysis of 135 Patients.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: SMARCB1-deficient renal medullary carcinoma (RMC) is a rare kidney cancer associated with sickle cell hemoglobinopathies with poor outcomes described only in case reports and small series. We report disease and management characteristics as well as contemporary survival outcomes in a large cohort of patients with RMC. METHODS: Data were extracted retrospectively from all patients with RMC treated at MD Anderson Cancer Center between January 2003 and December 2023. Multivariable Cox regression was used to estimate overall survival (OS) by diagnosis period. KEY FINDINGS AND LIMITATIONS: Among 135 patients (median follow-up of 54.9 mo), only nine did not harbor a sickle hemoglobinopathy and were categorized as having renal cell carcinoma, unclassified with medullary phenotype (RCCU-MP). Most patients (78%) presented with metastatic disease, predominantly to the retroperitoneal lymph nodes (81.7%), and hematuria was the most frequent presenting symptom (60%) in RMC associated with sickle hemoglobinopathy. Survival outcomes improved by diagnosis year (adjusted hazard ratio 0.70, 95% confidence interval 0.53-0.92, p = 0.01). RCCU-MP occurred in slightly older patients with median OS of 19.5 mo from diagnosis, did not show a predilection to the right kidney or male predominance, and afflicted mainly Caucasians (89%). The study is limited by its retrospective nature conducted at one center. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: RMC frequently presents with hematuria and is highly likely to spread to the retroperitoneal lymph nodes. Survival outcomes are improving with contemporary management. RCCU-MP is very rare and may be slightly less aggressive. PATIENT SUMMARY: Renal medullary carcinoma (RMC) is a rare and aggressive subtype of kidney cancer afflicting primarily young men and women of African descent. There exist limited data regarding patient demographics and disease characteristics. We reported our institution's experience in treating patients with RMC. The first symptom most patients with RMC reported was blood in the urine, and the most common places where the cancer spread were the lymph nodes around the kidney. Patients with RMC are living longer with contemporary treatments.

Association of food insecurity with changes in diet quality, weight, and glycemia over two years in adults with prediabetes and type 2 diabetes on medicaid.

Little is known about longitudinal associations between food insecurity (FI) and diet, weight, and glycemia in people with prediabetes and type 2 diabetes (T2D). In a secondary analysis of Medicaid-enrolled health center patients with prediabetes or T2D in Boston, Massachusetts (N = 188), we examined associations between food security (FS) and measures of diet quality, weight, and hyperglycemia. FS (10-item USDA FS module) was ascertained at baseline, 1-year, and 2-year follow-up and categorized as persistently secure, intermittently insecure, or persistently insecure. Associations between FS category and changes in Healthy Eating Index-2020 (HEI-20), body mass index (BMI), and hemoglobin A1c (A1c) from baseline to year 2 were assessed using multivariate generalized linear models. Participants had median (p25, p75) age of 52 (42, 57); 71.8% were female and 62.8% Hispanic. Over follow-up, 32.4% were persistently food secure, 33.0% intermittently insecure, and 34.5% persistently insecure. Baseline mean (SD) HEI-20, BMI, and A1c were 55.8 (14.5), 35.9 (8.7) kg/m2, 7.1% (1.6) and did not differ by FS category. FS category was not associated with changes in HEI-20, BMI, and A1c at 2 years (all p > 0.05). Results suggest that Medicaid-enrolled adults with prediabetes or T2D, regardless of FS status, would benefit from dietary and weight management interventions.

Rehabilitation Interventions in Head and Neck Cancer: A Scoping Review.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study is to identify and appraise current evidence for rehabilitation interventions in head and neck cancer. DESIGN: A previously published scoping review spanning 1990 through April 2017 was updated through January 11, 2023 and narrowed to include only interventional studies (Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2019;100(12):2381-2388). Included studies had a majority head and neck cancer population and rehabilitation-specific interventions. Pairs of authors extracted data and evaluated study quality using the PEDro tool. Results were organized by intervention type. RESULTS: Of 1338 unique citations, 83 studies with 87 citations met inclusion criteria. The median study sample size was 49 (range = 9-399). The most common interventions focused on swallow (16 studies), jaw (11), or both (6), followed by whole-body exercise (14) and voice (10). Most interventions took place in the outpatient setting (77) and were restorative in intent (65 articles). The overall study quality was fair (median PEDro score 5, range 0-8); none were of excellent quality (PEDro >9). CONCLUSIONS: Most head and neck cancer rehabilitation interventions have focused on restorative swallow and jaw exercises and whole-body exercise to address dysphagia, trismus, and deconditioning. More high-quality evidence for head and neck cancer rehabilitation interventions that address a wider range of impairments and activity and social participation limitations during various cancer care phases is urgently needed to reduce head and neck cancer-associated morbidity.

Temperament Traits in Pediatric Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder in Relation to Tourette Syndrome and Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder.

INTRODUCTION: Pediatric obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and Tourette syndrome (TS) are often concurrent. This study explores the temperament profile of complex OCD phenotypes. METHODS: A clinical registry recorded demographic data, psychiatric diagnoses, and temperament traits, including novelty seeking (exploratory behaviors), harm avoidance (fear of uncertainty), reward dependence (sentimentality), and persistence (perseverance). Temperament data were accrued from the Junior Temperament and Character Inventory (JTCI). Participants were divided into (1) OCD only; (2) OCD+ADHD or TS; and (3) OCD+ADHD+TS to compare temperament. RESULTS: Participants include 126 youths with OCD (61.9% male, 88.9% white) between the ages 6 and 18 years (12.7 ± 3.1). Among the three groups, the complex neurodevelopmental disorder group OCD+ADHD+TS expresses the highest novelty seeking and lowest persistence. Harm avoidance is increased in all groups compared to reference controls, irrespective of concurrent ADHD or TS. For the OCD+ADHD+TS group, contamination and washing symptoms have higher novelty seeking (p < 0.01), while counting and ordering have lower novelty seeking (p < 0.05). Harm avoidance is increased with aggressive, somatic, and checking symptoms in OCD only (p < 0.01), while persistence is increased with repeating and counting symptoms in the comorbid groups (OCD+ADHD or TS, OCD+ADHD+TS). DISCUSSION/CONCLUSION: The complex subtype, OCD+ADHD+TS, is associated with high novelty seeking and low persistence, while high harm avoidance is linked to pediatric OCD irrespective of ADHD or TS co-occurrence. In sum, pediatric OCD with ADHD and TS confers a unique temperament profile, further refining complex phenotypes of pediatric OCD for future research.

Role of Outpatient Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation in a Multidisciplinary Prehabilitation Program for Older Adults Before Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant.

INTRODUCTION: Physical rehabilitation is increasingly incorporated throughout the allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant journey for older adults. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to describe physical medicine and rehabilitation-related diagnoses, exercise barriers, and management recommendations for older adults before allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant. DESIGN: Fifty physical medicine and rehabilitation consults as part of the Enhanced Recovery-Stem Cell Transplant multidisciplinary prehabilitation program at a comprehensive cancer center were retrospectively reviewed. RESULTS: Many physical medicine and rehabilitation-related diagnoses (173), exercise barriers (55), and management recommendations (112) were found. Common diagnoses were musculoskeletal dysfunction (more commonly back, shoulder, then knee) ( n = 39, 23%) and fatigue ( n = 36, 21%). Common exercise barriers were also musculoskeletal dysfunction (more commonly back, knee, then shoulder) (total n = 20, 36%) and fatigue ( n = 20, 36%). Most patients ( n = 32, 64%) had one or more exercise barriers. Common physical medicine and rehabilitation management recommendations were personalized exercise counseling ( n = 37, 33%), personalized nutrition management ( n = 19, 17%), body composition recommendations ( n = 17, 15%), medications ( n = 15, 13%), and orthotics and durable medical equipment ( n = 8, 7%). CONCLUSIONS: Routine physical medicine and rehabilitation referral of older allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant patients for prehabilitation resulted in the identification of many rehabilitative needs and substantial additional management recommendations. Increased early, collaborative prehabilitation efforts between physical medicine and rehabilitation and allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant teams to optimize care for these patients is recommended.

Perceived and calculated diet quality improvements in a randomized mHealth weight loss trial.

The diet quality of US adults is poor and cross-sectional analyses suggest self-perception of healthful dietary intake may be overestimated. This analysis assessed the concordance between calculated and perceived diet quality and changes in diet quality among adults seeking weight loss and enrolled in a 12-month randomized behavioral trial. Healthy Eating Index-2015 diet quality (HEI) was calculated from self-administered 24-hour recalls. Perceived diet quality (PDQ) was measured on a 100-point scale. Higher scores indicate better diet quality. Concordance was assessed using the concordance correlation coefficient and Bland-Altman plots. The one hundred and five participants with complete dietary data were mostly female and white. There was good agreement between HEI and PDQ scores at 12 months for less than a third of participants. Most of the disagreement arose from PDQ scores being higher than HEI scores. Even fewer participants had good agreement between HEI changes and PDQ changes. Participants perceived greater improvement in diet quality than indicated by HEI score changes. Concordance was low at 12 months and for change in diet quality. Despite the diet quality of adults seeking weight loss being suboptimal and not improving, many perceived their diet quality and diet quality improvements as better than calculated. Future studies might explore the effect of misperceptions on weight loss outcomes.

Association of Food Insecurity with Changes in Diet Quality, Weight, and Glycemia Over Two Years in Adults with Prediabetes and Type 2 Diabetes on Medicaid.

Little is known about longitudinal associations between food insecurity (FI) and diet, weight, and glycemia in people with prediabetes and type 2 diabetes (T2D). In a secondary analysis of Medicaid-enrolled health center patients with prediabetes or T2D in Boston, Massachusetts (N = 188), we examined associations between food security (FS) and measures of diet quality, weight, and hyperglycemia. FS (10-item USDA FS module) was ascertained at baseline, 1-year, and 2-year follow-up and categorized as persistently secure, intermittently insecure, or persistently insecure. Associations between FS category and changes in Healthy Eating Index-2020 (HEI-20), body mass index (BMI), and hemoglobin A1c (A1c) from baseline to year 2 were assessed using multivariate generalized linear models. Participants had median (p25, p75) age of 52 (42, 57); 71.8% were female and 62.8% Hispanic. Over follow-up, 32.4% were persistently food secure, 33.0% intermittently insecure, and 34.5% persistently insecure. Baseline mean (SD) HEI-20, BMI, and A1c were 55.8 (14.5), 35.9 (8.7) kg/m2, 7.1% (1.6) and did not differ by FS category. FS category was not associated with changes in HEI-20, BMI, and A1c at 2 years (all p > 0.05). Results suggest that Medicaid-enrolled adults with prediabetes or T2D, regardless of FS status, would benefit from dietary and weight management interventions.

Exploring the Effect of Adding an Interactive Lecture to a Standardized Patient Curriculum on the Attitudes of Third-Year Medical Students About Patients With Obesity: A Quasi-Experimental Study.

OBJECTIVES: Anti-obesity bias is pervasive among medical professionals, students, and trainees. Stigmatization of patients leads to suboptimal care and clinical outcomes. Educational strategies in medical training are needed to reverse these attitudes. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of an innovative didactic intervention and a standardized patient (SP) exercise on attitudes towards patients with obesity among medical students. METHODS: In 2016, a quasi-experimental study design was used at a US medical school. The class was divided into 2 groups according to a pre-determined protocol based on their clinical schedule, one assessed after exposure to a SP group and the other after exposure to the SP and an interactive lecture (IL + SP group) with real patients. The Attitudes about Treating Patients with Obesity and The Perceived Causes of Obesity questionnaires measured changes in several domains. A generalized estimating equations model was used to estimate the effect of the interventions both within and between groups. RESULTS: Both groups showed improvements in negative and positive attitudes, although the reduction in scores for the negative attitude domain did not reach statistical significance in the IL + SP group (for the SP group, P = .01 and < .001, respectively; for the IL + SP group, P = .15 and .01, respectively). For perceived causes of obesity, there were no statistically significant changes for pre-post survey measures within each group, except for the physiologic causes domain in the SP group (P = .03). The addition of an IL to a SP curriculum did not result in any changes for any domain in between-group analyses. CONCLUSIONS: Although adding a novel intervention utilizing real patients to a SP curriculum failed to show an additional educational benefit, our study showed that it is possible to influence attitudes of medical students regarding patients with obesity.

Feasibility and preliminary efficacy of a novel web-based physical activity intervention in adults with overweight/obesity: A pilot randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Only 14% of adults with obesity attain federal guidelines for physical activity (PA), but few interventions address obesity-specific barriers to PA. We designed the web-based Physical Activity for The Heart (PATH) intervention to address this gap. PURPOSE: Test the feasibility and preliminary efficacy of PATH for promoting PA and reducing cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk in adults with overweight/obesity. METHODS: In a 12-week pilot RCT, participants were randomized to PATH (n = 41) or wait-list control (n = 41) groups. Treatment group received access to PATH and met twice/month with a remote coach. The control group received a self-help PA guide and newsletters on general health. Moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA) was assessed via Actigraph-GT3X, steps via Fitbit Charge 2™, weight via smart scale, blood pressure (BP) via Omron BP device, and lipids/HbAIC via dry blood spot. Linear mixed modeling examined between- and within-group differences in PA and CVD risk. RESULTS: The sample (N = 82) was on average 55.9 ± 8.2 years old; mean BMI 35.5 ± 6.2 kg/m2; 57.3% white and 80.5% female. Recruitment lasted 6-months, and 12-week retention was 96.3%. Treatment group accessed PATH ≥twice/week (92.1%), spent ≥10 min/visit (89.5%) and thought the site was culturally appropriate (79%). At 12 wks, the PATH group had greater mean changes in weekly MVPA (+58.9 vs. +0.9 min, p = .024) and daily steps (+1246.4 vs. -64.2 steps, p = .002) compared to the control group. Also, the PATH group improved in weight, BMI, body fat, waist circumference, and BP (p < .05). CONCLUSION: The PATH intervention is feasible/acceptable and demonstrated preliminary efficacy for promoting PA among adults with overweight/obesity.

The Association between Neighborhood Walkability and Physical Activity in a Behavioral Weight Loss Trial Testing the Addition of Remotely Delivered Feedback Messages to Self-Monitoring.

Adding feedback messages (FB) to self-monitoring (SM) may reinforce behavior change. However, socio-environmental conditions (e.g., limited access to parks or low walkability) may limit one's ability to respond to FB focused on physical activity (PA). In this analysis, we hypothesized that high neighborhood walkability will positively modify the treatment effect of FB on PA, and residents of high walkability neighborhoods will achieve higher PA levels at 12 months than those in low walkability neighborhoods. The study is a secondary analysis of a 12-month behavioral weight-loss trial. Adults with overweight/obesity were randomized to SM + FB (n = 251) or SM alone (n = 251). SM + FB group received smartphone pop-up messages thrice/week tailored to their PA SM data. The assessment included neighborhood walkability via Walk Score (low [<50] vs. high [≥50]), moderate to vigorous PA (MVPA) and step count via Fitbit Charge 2™, and weight via smart scale. We report adjusted linear regression coefficients (b) with standard errors (SE). The analysis included participants who were primarily white, female, and with obesity. In adjusted models, neighborhood walkability did not moderate the effect of treatment assignment on log-transformed (ln) MVPA or steps count over 12 months. The SM + FB group had greater lnMVPA than the SM group, but lnMVPA and steps were similar between walkability groups. There were no significant interactions for group and time or group, time, and walkability. These findings suggest that adding FB to SM had a small but significant positive impact on PA over 12 months, but neighborhood walkability did not moderate the treatment effect of FB on PA.

Rehabilitation Interventions for Head and Neck Cancer-Associated Lymphedema: A Systematic Review.

Importance: Head and neck cancer-associated lymphedema (HNCaL) affects up to 90% of survivors of head and neck cancer and is a substantial contributor to disability following head and neck cancer treatment. Despite the prevalence and morbidity associated with HNCaL, rehabilitation interventions are not well studied. Objective: To identify and appraise the current evidence for rehabilitation interventions in HNCaL. Evidence Review: Five electronic databases were searched systematically from inception to January 3, 2023, for studies on HNCaL rehabilitation interventions. Study screening, data extraction, quality rating, and risk of bias assessment were performed by 2 independent reviewers. Findings: Of 1642 citations identified, 23 studies (1.4%; n = 2147 patients) were eligible for inclusion. Six studies (26.1%) were randomized clinical trials (RCTs) and 17 (73.9%) were observational studies. Five of the 6 RCTs were published during 2020 to 2022. Most studies had fewer than 50 participants (5 of 6 RCTs; 13 of 17 observational studies). Studies were categorized by intervention type, including standard lymphedema therapy (11 studies [47.8%]) and adjunct therapy (12 studies [52.2%]). Lymphedema therapy interventions included standard complete decongestive therapy (CDT) (2 RCTs, 5 observational studies), modified CDT (3 observational studies), therapy setting (1 RCT, 2 observational studies), adherence (2 observational studies), early manual lymphatic drainage (1 RCT), and inclusion of focused exercise (1 RCT). Adjunct therapy interventions included advanced pneumatic compression devices (APCDs) (1 RCT, 5 observational studies), kinesio taping (1 RCT), photobiomodulation (1 observational study), acupuncture/moxibustion (1 observational study), and sodium selenite (1 RCT, 2 observational studies). Serious adverse events were either not found (9 [39.1%]) or not reported (14 [60.9%]). Low-quality evidence suggested the benefit of standard lymphedema therapy, particularly in the outpatient setting and with at least partial adherence. High-quality evidence was found for adjunct therapy with kinesio taping. Low-quality evidence also suggested that APCDs may be beneficial. Conclusions and Relevance: The results of this systematic review suggest that rehabilitation interventions for HNCaL, including standard lymphedema therapy with kinesio taping and APCDs, appear to be safe and beneficial. However, more prospective, controlled, and adequately powered studies are needed to clarify the ideal type, timing, duration, and intensity of lymphedema therapy components before treatment guidelines can be established.

Integrative Oncology and the Clinical Care Network: Challenges and Opportunities.

Integrative oncology is a new and growing field of cancer care. Integrative oncology is a patient-centered, evidence-based field of comprehensive cancer care that utilizes integrative therapies such as mind-body practices, acupuncture, massage, music therapy, nutrition, and exercise in collaboration with conventional cancer treatments. Patient interest and utilization has been growing over the past two decades. Clinical research has shown the benefits of these approaches to improving symptom management and quality of life, and is now being incorporated into national guidelines from the National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) and American Society for Clinical Oncology (ASCO). The availability of these services at cancer centers is growing, although the structure and implementation of integrative oncology remains highly variable. This article discusses the benefits of integrative oncology and provides an overview of the current state of integrative oncology programs nationwide. Current challenges and opportunities for cancer centers to provide integrative services is reviewed in the areas of programmatic structure, clinical service, education, and research.

Assessing Disparities in Video-Telehealth Use and eHealth Literacy Among Hospitalized Patients: Cross-sectional Observational Study.

BACKGROUND: Medicare coverage for audio-only telehealth is slated to end this year after the public health emergency concludes. When the time comes, many patients may be unable to make the transition from audio-only to video telehealth due to digital inexperience. This study explores the second digital divide within video telehealth use, which is primarily characterized by skills and capabilities rather than access, by measuring eHealth literacy (eHL) and video capabilities in hospitalized patients. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study is to evaluate video capabilities, eHealth literacy, and engagement with video telehealth among hospitalized patients. METHODS: The study design is a cross-sectional observational study of adult inpatients at the University of Chicago Medical Center. We assessed self-reported rates of audio versus video telehealth usage as well as the participants' self-reported willingness to use video telehealth for future health care visits. We used a multivariable binary logistic regression to determine the odds ratio for being unwilling to use video telehealth, adjusted for age, sex, race or ethnicity, educational level, eHL literacy scale (eHEALS), health literacy (brief health literacy screen), technology access, internet access, and video capability. RESULTS: Of the 297 enrolled participants, median age was 58 years, most (n=185, 62%) identified as Black, half (n=149, 50%) were female, one-quarter (n=66, 22%) lacked home internet access, and one-third (n=102, 34%) had inadequate eHL. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with low eHL reported greater participation in audio-only telehealth over video telehealth, of which the former may lose its flexible pandemic reimbursement policy. This may widen the existing health disparities as older adults and patients with low eHL face challenges in accessing video telehealth services. Low eHL is associated with lack of web-based skills, lower rates of video telehealth usage, and lower willingness to use video technology. The study results raise the question of how to improve video capability among patients who, despite having access to smartphones and laptops, face challenges in using telehealth optimally.

Importance of Nutrition Security to CVD Prevention Efforts in the USA.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: The importance of addressing nutrition security for the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in the USA is reviewed by describing the relationships between food security, diet quality, and CVD risk along with the ability of governmental, community, and healthcare policies and interventions to address nutrition security. RECENT FINDINGS: Existing safety net programs have shown to be effective at improving food security and diet quality and reducing risk for CVD, but continued efforts to increase reach and improve standards are needed. Adoption of policies, healthcare initiatives, and community- and individual-level interventions addressing the nutritional intake of socioeconomically disadvantaged populations may also lessen CVD burden, but scaling interventions remains a key challenge. Research suggests simultaneously addressing food security and diet quality is feasible and could help reduce socioeconomic disparities in CVD morbidity and mortality. Intervening at multiple levels among high-risk groups should be a priority.

Providing Low-Income Women With a Manual Pump: A Pilot Study.

OBJECTIVES: Low-income, first-time mothers generally breastfeed exclusively and, overall, for a shorter average duration than high-income, multiparous mothers. A potential barrier to breastfeeding success is access to a breast pump for home use. In this pilot study, we estimated the effect of providing a manual breast pump during birth hospitalization for home use on any/exclusive breastfeeding and investigated participant attitudes about manual pumps and their breastfeeding experiences. METHODS: Sixty low-income, first-time mothers were enrolled in a pilot randomized controlled trial. One-half received a manual breast pump and the other half received an attention control. Breastfeeding exclusivity, duration, and use of the manual pump were assessed at 6 and 12 weeks. Qualitative interviews regarding the breastfeeding experience were completed. Thirty-one women answered 13 questions that were then transcribed, coded, and grouped into themes. RESULTS: Participants who were randomized to manual breast pump receipt during birth hospitalization had increased manual pump use at 6 weeks (13/19 [68%] versus controls 5/17 [29%]), there was no effect of pump receipt on any nor exclusive breastfeeding at 12 weeks. In qualitative analysis of the overall breastfeeding experience, participants expressed a need for additional support and had conflicting attitudes regarding breastfeeding and the pumping experience. CONCLUSIONS: Manual breast pump receipt in hospital among low-income, first-time mothers did not affect breastfeeding exclusivity or duration. Participants reported that early and ongoing lactation support is essential. Strategies to improve breastfeeding outcomes low-income, first-time mothers are needed.

Neighborhood Walkability Is Associated with Physical Activity and Prediabetes in a Behavioral Weight Loss Study: a Secondary Analysis.

BACKGROUND: Socio-environmental factors may affect uptake and utility of behavioral interventions targeting weight loss and cardiometabolic health. To evaluate the relation of neighborhood walkability to physical activity (PA) and glucose control in a sample of adults with overweight/obesity participating in a weight loss study. METHODS: Secondary analysis of a 12-month behavioral weight loss intervention (2011-2015) using one-group pretest-posttest design. Neighborhood walkability was assessed via residential Walk Score (0-100) at study entry. Fasting plasma glucose (FPG) via phlebotomy and PA via waist-worn ActiGraph GT3X were assessed at baseline and end of study. Study variables included neighborhood walkability (car-dependent: Walk Score < 50 vs. walkable: Walk Score ≥ 50), prediabetes (FPG 100-125 mg/dL), and recommended PA (moderate to vigorous PA [MVPA] > 22 min/day). Generalized linear model with logit link results were reported as adjusted odds ratios (AOR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI). RESULTS: The sample (N = 114) was mostly female (88.6%), white (83.3%), college educated (73.7%), and on average 51.4 ± 1.0 years of age. At baseline, persons residing in car-dependent neighborhoods tended to have higher income than those in walkable neighborhoods. Neighborhood walkability interacted with household income at study entry to predict participants' ability to meet the MVPA goal at 12 months (AOR = 13.52, 95% CI: 1.86-119.20). Those from walkable neighborhoods had 67% lower odds of having prediabetes compared to those from car-dependent neighborhoods (AOR = 0.33, 95% CI: 0.10-0.87) at 12 months. CONCLUSION: Our findings corroborate previous research characterizing the relationship between neighborhood walkability, PA, and prediabetes status. Key drivers of this impact warrant further investigation in a study with a larger, more diverse sample.

Healthy Eating Index Diet Quality in Randomized Weight Loss Trials: A Systematic Review.

BACKGROUND: Weight loss interventions focus on dietary and physical activity changes to induce weight loss. Both through weight loss and independent of it, diet quality is important for reducing chronic disease risk. However, whether and how diet quality changes over the course of a behavioral intervention is unclear. OBJECTIVE: To systematically review the evidence from randomized controlled trials on the effect of behavioral interventions on diet quality as defined by the Healthy Eating Index (HEI) among adults with overweight and obesity. METHODS: PubMed, Ebscohost CINAHL, Embase, OVID APA PsycInfo, Scopus, and Web of Science were searched through May 2021. Inclusion criteria comprised randomized controlled trial design, a primary or secondary aim of weight loss, a sample of US adults with overweight or obesity, measurement using the HEI-2005, 2010, or 2015, and assessment of the time by treatment effect. Interventions must have included behavioral components and lasted at least 3 months. Risk of bias was assessed using the Cochrane Risk of Bias 2 tool. The systematic review protocol was published on Open Science Framework. RESULTS: Of 3,707 citations retrieved, 18 studies met inclusion criteria. A wide array of behavioral interventions were assessed, including in-person and mobile health interventions as well as those prescribing intake of specific foods. Risk of bias in the included studies primarily arose from the measurement of the outcome variable. Sample sizes ranged from 34 to 413 participants. Nine studies used multiple dietary recalls, with few using the recommended method of Healthy Eating Index calculation. Changes in diet quality ranged from no improvement to a 20-point improvement. More often, improvement was in the 4- to 7-point range. CONCLUSIONS: The evidence for the efficacy of behavioral weight loss interventions for improving diet quality among adults with overweight and obesity is limited. Modest improvements in HEI scores were observed in the reviewed studies.

Effect of an mHealth weight loss intervention on Healthy Eating Index diet quality: the SMARTER randomised controlled trial.

In the few weight loss studies assessing diet quality, improvements have been minimal and recommended calculation methods have not been used. This secondary analysis of a parallel group randomised trial (regsitered: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03367936) assessed whether self-monitoring with feedback (SM + FB) v. self-monitoring alone (SM) improved diet quality. Adults with overweight/obesity (randomised: SM n 251, SM + FB n 251; analysed SM n 170, SM + FB n 186) self-monitored diet, physical activity and weight. Real-time, personalised feedback, delivered via a study-specific app up to three times daily, was based on reported energy, fat and added sugar intake. Healthy Eating Index 2015 (HEI-2015) scores were calculated from 24-hour recalls. Higher scores represent better diet quality. Data were collected August 2018 to March 2021 and analysed spring 2022. The sample was mostly female (78·9 %) and white (85·4 %). At baseline, HEI-2015 total scores and bootstrapped 95 % CI were similar by treatment group (SM + FB: 63·11 (60·41, 65·24); SM: 61·02 (58·72, 62·81)) with similar minimal improvement observed at 6 months (SM + FB: 65·42 (63·30, 67·20); SM: 63·19 (61·22, 64·97)) and 12 months (SM + FB: 63·94 (61·40, 66·29); SM: 63·56 (60·81, 65·42)). Among those who lost ≥ 5 % of baseline weight, HEI-2015 scores improved (baseline: 62·00 (58·94, 64·12); 6 months: 68·02 (65·41, 71·23); 12 months: 65·93 (63·40, 68·61)). There was no effect of the intervention on diet quality change. Clinically meaningful weight loss was related to diet quality improvement. Feedback may need to incorporate more targeted nutritional content.