A Cross-Sectional Pilot Study of Parental Outdoor Play Preferences and Association With Child Overweight and Obesity.

Childhood obesity is highly prevalent among certain populations of New York. This cross-sectional pilot study examined the associations between parental attitudes about outdoor activities and body mass index (BMI). A questionnaire was distributed among parents of 1 to 13 aged children at ambulatory pediatric clinics. Of 104 children included in the study 57 were of normal weight and 47 were overweight or obese. Most parents of children with BMI <85% reported frequent playground utilization, considered longer hours to spend outside on weekdays, reported a larger total temperature range for outdoor playground utilization and a lower tolerable minimum temperature compared to parents of children with BMI ≥85%, p < .05. Only having a parent born outside of the United States remained a significant predictor of overweight and obesity in the final model. Parents of children with BMI < 85% are more willing to spend time outdoors, regardless of weather. Immigrant parents are protective against overweight.

A case of novel mutation in ANOS1 (KAL1) gene and review of Kallmann syndrome.

Summary: Kallmann syndrome (KS) is a genetically heterogeneous condition characterized by hypogonadotropic hypogonadism with coexisting anosmia or hyposmia along with potential other phenotypic abnormalities depending on the specific genetic mutation involved. Several genetic mutations have been described to cause KS. The ANOS1 (KAL1) gene is responsible for 8% of mutations causing KS. A 17-year-old male presented to our clinic with delayed puberty and hyposmia, along with a family history suggestive of hypogonadism in his maternal uncle. Genetic testing for KS revealed complete exon 3 deletion in the ANOS1 gene. To the best of our knowledge, this specific mutation has not been previously described in the literature. Learning points: Missense and frameshift mutations in the KAL1 or ANOS1 gene located in the X chromosome are responsible for 8% of all known genetic mutations of Kallmann syndrome. Exon 3 deletion is one of the ANOS1 gene is a novel mutation, not reported before. Targeted gene sequencing for hypogonadotropic hypogonadism can be employed based on the phenotypic presentation.

Increased Rates of Hospitalized Children with Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Central Brooklyn during the COVID-19 Pandemic.

Following reports of increased new-onset diabetes and worse severity of DKA for children with diabetes following SARS-CoV-2 infection, we studied hospitalization rates for children with type 1 diabetes (T1DM) and type 2 diabetes (T2DM) in our center during the citywide shutdown. Methods. We conducted a retrospective chart review of children admitted to our two hospitals from January 1, 2018, to December 31, 2020. We included ICD-10 codes for diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), hyperglycemic hyperosmolar syndrome (HHS), and hyperglycemia only. Results. We included 132 patients with 214 hospitalizations: 157 T1DM, 41 T2DM, and 16 others (14 steroid induced, 2 MODY). Overall admissions rates for patients with all types of diabetes were 3.08% in 2018 to 3.54% in 2019 (p = 0.0120) and 4.73% in 2020 (p = 0.0772). Although there was no increase of T1DM admissions across all 3 years, T2DM admission rates increased from 0.29% to 1.47% (p = 0.0056). Newly diagnosed T1DM rates increased from 0.34% in 2018 to 1.28% (p = 0.002) in 2020, and new-onset T2DM rates also increased from 0.14% in 2018 to 0.9% in 2020 (p = 0.0012). Rates of new-onset diabetes presenting with DKA increased from 0.24% in 2018 to 0.96% in 2020 (p = 0.0014). HHS increased from 0.1% in 2018 to 0.45% in 2020 (p = 0.044). The severity of DKA in newly diagnosed was unaffected (p = 0.1582). Only 3 patients tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 infection by PCR. Conclusion. Our urban medical center is located in Central Brooklyn and serves a majority who are Black. This is the first study investigating pediatric diabetes cases admitted to Brooklyn during the first wave of the pandemic. Despite the overall pediatric admissions declining in 2020 due to the citywide shutdown, overall hospitalization rates in children with T2DM and in new-onset T1DM and T2DM increased, which is not directly associated with active SARS-CoV-2 infection. More studies are needed to elucidate the reason for this observed increase in hospitalization rates.

Biomarkers of growth and carbohydrate metabolism in neonatal rats supplemented with fish oil and/or antioxidants during intermittent hypoxia.

OBJECTIVE: Extremely low gestational age neonates (ELGANs) experience frequent intermittent hypoxia (IH) episodes during therapeutic oxygen. ELGANs exhibit poor postnatal growth requiring lipid supplementation. Lipids are targets of reactive oxygen species resulting in lipid peroxidation and cell death, particularly in preterm infants with compromised antioxidant systems. We tested the hypothesis that early supplementation with lipids and/or antioxidants promotes growth and influences biomarkers of carbohydrate metabolism in neonatal rats exposed to IH. DESIGN: Newborn rats (n = 18/group) were exposed to brief hypoxia (12% O2) during hyperoxia (50% O2), or room air (RA), from birth (P0) to P14 during which they received daily oral supplementation with: 1) fish oil; 2) Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) in olive oil; 3) glutathione nanoparticles (nGSH); 4) fish oil+CoQ10; or 5) olive oil. At P21, plasma samples were assessed for glucose, insulin, glucokinase (GCK), glucagon, glucagon-like peptide (GLP)-1, growth hormone (GH), corticosterone, and ghrelin. Liver was assessed for histopathology, apoptosis (terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling, TUNEL stain), and GH, insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I, GH binding protein (GHBP), and IGF binding protein (IGFBP)-3. RESULTS: Neonatal IH resulted in decreased liver weight and liver/body weight ratios, as well as hepatocyte swelling, steatosis, and apoptosis, which were attenuated with fish oil, nGSH, and combined fish oil+CoQ10. IH also decreased plasma glucose, insulin, GCK, and ghrelin, but increased GLP-1. All treatments improved plasma glucose in IH, but insulin was higher with CoQ10 and nGSH only. Glucagon was increased with CoQ10, fish oil, and CoQ10 + fish oil, while corticosterone was higher with nGSH and CoQ10 + fish oil. IGF-I and IGFBP-3 were significantly higher in the liver with CoQ10 in IH, while deficits in GH were noted with CoQ10 and fish oil in RA and IH. Treatment with nGSH and combined CoQ10 + fish oil reduced IGF-I in RA and IH but increased IGFBP-3. CONCLUSIONS: Neonatal IH impairs liver growth with significant hepatocyte damage. Of all supplements in IH, nGSH and combined fish oil+CoQ10 were most effective for preserving liver growth and carbohydrate metabolism. Data suggest that these supplements may improve poor postnatal organ and body growth; and metabolic dysfunction associated with neonatal IH.

Modified body mass index z-scores in children in New York City during the COVID-19 pandemic.

OBJECTIVES: Determine whether the negative impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on weight gain trajectories among children attending well-child visits in New York City persisted after the public health restrictions were reduced. STUDY DESIGN: Multicenter retrospective chart review study of 7150 children aged 3-19 years seen for well-child care between 1 January 2018 and 4 December 2021 in the NYC Health and Hospitals system. Primary outcome was the difference in annual change of modified body mass index z-score (mBMIz) between the pre-pandemic and early- and late-pandemic periods. The mBMIz allows for tracking of a greater range of BMI values than the traditional BMI z-score. The secondary outcome was odds of overweight, obesity, or severe obesity. Multivariable analyses were conducted with each outcome as the dependent variable, and year, age category, sex, race/ethnicity, insurance status, NYC borough, and baseline weight category as independent variables. RESULTS: The difference in annual mBMIz change for pre-pandemic to early-pandemic = 0.18 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.15, 0.20) and for pre-pandemic to late-pandemic = 0.04 (95% CI: 0.01, 0.06). There was a statistically significant interaction between period and baseline weight category. Those with severe obesity at baseline had the greatest mBMIz increase during both pandemic periods and those with underweight at baseline had the lowest mBMIz increase during both pandemic periods. CONCLUSION: In NYC, the worsening mBMIz trajectories for children associated with COVID-19 restrictions did not reverse by 2021. Decisions about continuing restrictions, such as school closures, should carefully weigh the negative health impact of these policies.

Assessment of Microvascular Function in Children and Adolescents with Diabetes and Obesity.

BACKGROUND: Endothelial dysfunction (ED) is a marker of vascular damage. Glycated hemoglobin (A1C) predicts vascular complications. The EndoPAT (peripheral arterial tonometry) device calculates the reactive hyperemic index (RHI), a measure of endothelial function. The greater the vasodilation, the higher the RHI. We hypothesized that children with poorly-controlled diabetes mellitus (DM) and non-diabetes mellitus (NDM) obese children have ED. METHODS: A cross-sectional study using the EndoPAT device was performed on children with poorly-controlled DM and NDM children. ANOVA, t-test, Mann-Whitney U test, multiple linear regression and Spearman correlation were used. RESULTS: Of 58 children that completed the study (aged 13.1 ± 3.42 years), 33 with type 1 diabetes (T1DM), 8 with type 2 diabetes (T2DM) and 17 were NDM obese children. Eighty-five percent were African-American, 60% were female and 79% entered puberty. The RHI of children with DM (1.42 ± 0.48) versus NDM obese group (1.40 ± 0.34) was not different (P = 0.86) regardless of the type of DM or body mass index. In the DM group, for every 1% increase in latest A1C, the RHI decreased by 0.097 (P = 0.01) after adjusting for age, gender, and type of DM. The RHI of DM patients with latest A1C of < 10% (1.70 ± 0.58) versus those with A1C ≥10% (1.21 ± 0.19) was statistically different (P = 0.02). In the total study population, males had significantly lower RHI (1.28 ± 0.36) when compared to females (1.51 ± 0.46), P = 0.04 but this difference disappeared when considering pubertal status and type of diabetes. CONCLUSIONS: Our data showed that patients with poorly-controlled DM as reflected by latest A1C of ≥ 10% had worse endothelial function as reflected by lower RHI score.

Kidney function in minority children and adolescents with metabolically healthy and unhealthy obesity.

Metabolic syndrome and/or body mass index (BMI) ≥40 kg/m2 are risk factors for kidney function decline in the general population. To compare creatinine (Cr), estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) between minority children and adolescents with metabolically healthy obesity (MHO) and metabolically unhealthy obesity (MUO), a chart review was conducted on subjects aged 4 to 20 years with BMI ≥95th percentile from July 2014 to April 2017. They were stratified into MHO and MUO groups. Cr, eGFR and BUN were studied. Total n = 277: MHO n = 105 vs MUO n = 172. Cr was higher and BUN was lower in MUO whereas eGFR did not differ between the groups. Using general linear model, we found that metabolic status predicted BUN (P = .009) but not Cr or eGFR. When age, sex and Tanner stage matched, BUN, Cr and eGFR were similar between the groups. Higher BUN in MHO could be due to higher dietary protein intake. Subjects were divided into BMI ≥40 vs <40 kg/m2 , BUN and eGFR were not different. A trend towards higher Cr in those with BMI ≥40 kg/m2 (P = .054) was found; the group being older and taller. After age and height matching, all outcomes were not different. Higher Cr was found in those with elevated blood pressures vs the MHO (P = .047). Those with diastolic blood pressure (DBP) ≥90th percentile had higher Cr than those with systolic blood pressure ≥90th percentile (P = .017). Children and adolescents with MUO, and those with BMI ≥40 kg/m2 did not appear to have early diminished kidney function. Higher Cr, although in normal range, occurred in those with abnormal DBP.

Challenging diagnosis of thyroid hormone resistance initially as Hashimoto's thyroiditis.

Background Resistance to thyroid hormone (RTH) commonly presents with goiter, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), short stature and tachycardia. However, due to its variable presentation with subtle clinical features, a third of the cases are mistreated, typically as hyperthyroidism. Case presentation A 15-year-old female with ADHD and oligomenorrhea was initially diagnosed as Hashimoto's thyroiditis but found to have a rare heterozygous mutation in c803 C>G (p Ala 268 Gly) in the THRß gene, confirming resistance to thyroid hormone. Conclusions Fluctuating thyroid function tests in addition to thyroid peroxidase antibody (TPO Ab) positivity complicated the diagnosis of RTH, initially diagnosed as Hashimoto's thyroiditis. A high index of suspicion is needed to prevent misdiagnosis and mistreatment.

National Survey Assessment of the United States' Pediatric Residents' Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices Regarding Newborn Screening.

A pediatrician's approach to newborn screening (NBS) impacts patient care. Some physicians have reported not being well prepared to inform families about a positive NBS and recommend further follow-up. The knowledge and approach of categorical pediatric residents (RES) in the United States regarding NBS is not known. They were anonymously surveyed via listserv maintained by American Academy of Pediatrics. A total of 655 responses were analyzed. The mean composite knowledge score (CKS) was 17.7 (SD 1.8), out of maximum 21. Training level (p = 0.001) and completing NICU rotation (p < 0.001) predicted higher CKS. Most RES agreed that NBS is useful and pediatricians play an important role in the NBS process, however, only 62% were comfortable with counseling. Higher level RES were more likely to follow NBS results in clinic (p = 0.0027) and know the contact agency for results (p < 0.001). Most RES wanted more NBS training during residency and were not aware of clinical algorithms like ACTion sheets developed by American College of Medical Genetics. We concluded that although RES have sufficient knowledge about NBS, there is a need for earlier RES education on available tools for NBS to enhance their comfort level and improve practices such as educating parents about the NBS process.

Role of Social Factors in Glycemic Control Among African American Children and Adolescents with Type 1 Diabetes.

OBJECTIVE: With the rising incidence of Type 1 diabetes (T1DM), it is important to recognize deficiencies in care and areas of improvement to provide better access to resources and education for T1DM patients. The objective of this study was to recognize social factors and compliance barriers affecting glycated hemoglobin (A1c) level in T1D patients among the minority population. METHODS: A total of 84 T1DM patients, ages 3 to 21 years, 49% males, 87% African American participated in the study. Study questionnaires assessing patient knowledge and other variables were distributed and patient charts were reviewed retrospectively to obtain relevant clinical data. T-tests, one-way ANOVA and spearman correlation were used for analysis. RESULTS: Mean A1c in our study was 10.5% and mean knowledge score was 10.1 out of 14. There was no significant correlation (r = 0.12, p = 0.26) between A1c and patients' knowledge scores. Patients with more frequent blood sugar (BS) monitoring (3-4 times/day) had 2 points lower A1c (9.6 vs 11.6 %, 95% CI 0.2-3.7, p = 0.03) than those with 2 or less times/day. No significant difference in A1c between 3-4 checks/day vs >4 checks/day BS checks. Most patients reported 'forgetfulness' (19%) followed by 'too time consuming' (17.9%) as barriers to daily BS monitoring. There was no significant difference in A1c between pen or pump users (10.5 vs 10.2 %, p = 0.55). Surprisingly, those with home supervision had higher A1c than those without (10.7 vs 9.6 %, p = 0.04) while there was no significant difference between those with or without nurse supervision at school (10.6 vs 9.8 %, p = 0.33). Those reporting happy mood interestingly had higher A1c than those with sad/depressed mood (10.7 vs 9.4 %, p = 0.04). On multiple linear regression analysis, frequency of BS checks, home supervision and mood were the most significant predictors of A1c and altogether explained 20% of the variability in A1c. CONCLUSION: Frequent BS monitoring is associated with lower A1c. Supervision at home and school did not improve A1c, but it was self-reported information. Mood did not affect A1c contrary to that reported in other studies.

Long-term follow-up of gonadal dysfunction in morbidly obese adolescent boys after bariatric surgery.

Background Elevated body mass index (BMI) is associated with hypogonadism in men but this is not well described in adolescents. The aim is to evaluate gonadal dysfunction and the effects of weight loss after gastric banding in obese adolescent boys. Methods Thirty-seven of 54 boys (age 16.2±1.2 years, mean BMI 48.2 kg/m2) enrolled at the Center for Adolescent Bariatric Surgery at Columbia University Medical Center had low total testosterone for Tanner 5 <350 ng/dL. Sixteen had long-term hormonal data for analysis at baseline (T0), 1 year (T1) and 2 years (T2) post-surgery. T-tests, chi-squared (χ2) tests, correlation and linear mixed models were performed. Results At T0, the hypogonadal group had higher systolic blood pressure (SBP) (75th vs. 57th percentile, p=0.02), fasting insulin (19 vs. 9 µIU/mL, p=0.0008) and homeostatic index of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) (4.2 vs. 1.9, p=0.009) compared to control group. Total testosterone was negatively correlated with fasting insulin and HOMA-IR. In the long-term analysis, BMI, weight, waist circumference (WC), and % excess weight decreased at T1 and T2 compared to T0. Mean total testosterone at T0, T1 and T2 were 268, 304 and 368 ng/dL, respectively (p=0.07). There was a statistically significant negative correlation between BMI and testosterone after 2 years (r=-0.81, p=0.003). Conclusions Low testosterone levels but unaltered gonadotropins are common in this group and associated with insulin resistance. While a significant increase in testosterone was not found over time, the negative relationship between BMI and testosterone persisted, suggesting there may be an optimal threshold for testosterone production with respect to BMI. Long-term studies are needed.

Screening for autoimmune thyroiditis and celiac disease in minority children with type 1 diabetes.

BACKGROUND: Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT) and celiac disease (CD) are commonly associated with type 1 diabetes (T1DM). There is no consensus on screening, however, the American Diabetes Association (ADA) and the International Society for Pediatric and Adolescent Diabetes (ISPAD) recommend testing for thyroid function (TFT), thyroid antibodies and anti-tissue transglutaminase antibodies (TTG) IgA soon after diagnosis. TFT should be repeated every 1-2 years while TTG IgA should be tested for within 2 and 5 years. We hypothesize that the rate of HT and CD in our T1DM children is lower, so screening may need to be revised to reflect their underlying risk. METHODS: An Institutional Review Board (IRB)-approved retrospective chart review was conducted on children with T1DM in the past 10 years. Age, sex, race, A1C, TFT, thyroid and celiac antibodies were obtained. t-Tests, the Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney test and stepwise regression were performed. RESULTS: Of 222 children with T1DM, with a mean age of 15.8±5.53 years, followed for 6.1±4.0 years, 53% female, mean A1C 11.1±1.9% and 87% African American (AA). Three had Graves' disease (1.3%), three had HT (1.3%) and 97% were euthyroid. TFT were assessed on average every 1.3 years and thyroid antibodies every 2.5 years. Positive thyroid antibody was found in 11%, negative in 57% and unknown in 32%. The positive antibody group had higher mean A1C and TSH. No biopsy confirmed cases of CD (0%) were found when screened every 2.3 years. CONCLUSIONS: The number of individuals who screened positive for hypothyroid HT and CD was lower than expected in our population. Further studies are needed to assess the optimal screening frequency for HT and CD in minority children with T1DM.

Metformin Use in Children and Adolescents with Prediabetes.

With the increasing incidence of childhood obesity, clinicians need to understand its comorbidities and their management. The American Diabetes Association recommends pediatricians screen high-risk overweight and obese children. Identifying and treating prediabetic children and adolescents can help to reduce the burden of type 2 diabetes. Lifestyle interventions are pivotal. Metformin is the only oral medication approved for diabetes treatment in children. It has been studied in clinical trials in nondiabetic children and has been shown to have beneficial effects on body weight. Effects on diabetes prevention have not been studied and long-term data are limited in the pediatric population.

Differences between Metabolically Healthy vs Unhealthy Obese Children and Adolescents.

Obesity is on the rise worldwide. An obesity subtype, metabolically healthy obese (MHO), is resilient to unfavorable metabolic and cardiovascular effects. Factors predicting MHO phenotype are not well characterized. We aimed to identify MHO and metabolically unhealthy obese (MUO) children and adolescents with respect to metabolic factors, and to find predictors of MHO subtype. A retrospective chart review was done on children, ages 4-19 years, 99% African-American/Caribbean, with BMI ≥95th %tile. MUO was defined as meeting ≥1 of the following: fasting glucose ≥100 mg/dl, HbA1c >5.6%, BP ≥90th %tile, TG ≥150 mg/dl, or HDL <40 mg/dl. Study included 189 subjects, 37.6% were MHO and 62.4% MUO. MHO subjects were younger (mean ± SD, 11.6 ± 3.3 vs 12.9 ± 3.2 years; p < 0.009) and had lower BMI %tile (98.4 ± 1.4 vs 98.8 ± 2.1; p < 0.04), smaller waist (94.2 ± 15.2 vs 101.4 ± 17 cm; p < 0.003) and hip circumferences (105.3 ± 15.6 vs 113.5 ± 15.4 cm; p < 0.001), lower fasting insulin (18.5 ± 10.2 vs 24.2 ± 14.3 µU/ml; p < 0.022), and lower HOMA-IR (4.1 ± 2.4 vs 5.5 ± 3.6; p < 0.022). Acanthosis nigricans was noted less frequently in MHO than MUO (p < 0.005). In stepwise logistic regression, age and BMI %tile were significant predictors of MHO. We found that 38% of obese children are MHO. They are younger and have lower BMI %tiles. Lifestyle modification initiated at an early age may prevent metabolic abnormalities.

Comparison of A1C to Oral Glucose Tolerance Test for the Diagnosis of Prediabetes in Overweight and Obese Youth.

IN BRIEF This study reports performance of A1C against the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) in predicting prediabetes among overweight and obese African-American and Caribbean children. A retrospective chart review was completed for 230 children. Receiver operating characteristic curves were generated to find the predictive performances of different tests against the OGTT. A1C alone is a poor discriminator of prediabetes in our study population, with low sensitivity (70%) and specificity (48.8%). BMI z score, A1C, and homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance are significant predictors of prediabetes and, when taken together, provide better discrimination for prediabetes.

Bariatric Surgery in Adolescents: Is Routine Nutrient Supplementation Sufficient to Avoid Anemia Following Bariatric Surgery?

BACKGROUND: Anemia following bariatric surgery is a known complication. To prevent nutrient deficiencies, adolescents require multivitamin/mineral supplementation following bariatric surgery. The purpose of this study was to investigate if routine multivitamin/mineral supplementation is sufficient to prevent anemia in adolescents undergoing bariatric surgery, particularly sleeve gastrectomy (SG), a procedure that may induce nutrient malabsorption. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective review of pediatric patients who underwent SG (34 patients) and laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding (LAGB) (141 patients) (January 2006 through December 2013). We examined anemia marker levels (iron, ferritin, folate, B12, hemoglobin, and hematocrit) at first visit and 3, 6, and 12 months postsurgery by repeated-measures analysis adjusting for weight loss. RESULTS: Following SG, folate levels decreased 3 and 6 months postsurgery but returned to baseline levels at 12 months. Furthermore, the SG group demonstrated lower folate levels compared with LAGB at 3 and 6 months. B12 levels decreased 6 months post-SG but returned to baseline at 12 months. Following LAGB, B12 levels decreased 12 months postsurgery compared with baseline. Ferritin levels decreased 3 months post-LAGB but returned to baseline levels at 6 months. There were no changes within groups or differences between groups in iron, hemoglobin, or hematocrit. CONCLUSIONS: While anemia did not occur in any patients while on recommended routine supplementation, folate levels were significantly reduced following SG and were lower in SG compared with LAGB patients. Additional folate supplementation seemed to improve folate levels, which highlights the importance of ongoing surveillance by primary care providers and the need for additional folate supplementation following SG.

Alterations in Glucose Effectiveness and Insulin Dynamics: Polycystic Ovary Syndrome or Body Mass Index.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: To delineate the relationship of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), obesity, and hyperandrogenism (HA) with glucose and insulin dynamics in adolescents across a broad body mass index (BMI). METHODS: Seventy-four PCOS subjects (aged 16 years) and 82 controls (aged 16 years) were evaluated by an oral glucose tolerance test. Subjects were categorized by BMI: normal weight (21 ± 0.4), overweight/obesity (OO; 33 ± 1.0), and severe obesity (SO; 48 ± 1.4). Indices of glucose and insulin dynamics were determined. Multiple linear regression analysis was used to evaluate the contribution of PCOS, HA, and BMI to these indices. RESULTS: BMI was significantly associated with systolic and diastolic blood pressure and insulin resistance. A significant interaction between BMI and PCOS and indices of post-glucose load was observed. The mean difference in peak glucose, early glucose response, area under the curve for glucose, and glucose effectiveness (SgIo) between PCOS and control subjects was significantly different between OO and SO. In PCOS subjects, testosterone was positively associated with BMI, fasting insulin, early insulin response, and diastolic blood pressure, and negatively associated with SgIo. CONCLUSIONS: Abnormal glucose dynamics in adolescents with PCOS is mainly due to SO. The combination of PCOS and SO has a synergistic effect on glucose dynamics when compared to all other groups.

A Unique Case of Bilateral Hürthle Cell Adenoma in an Adolescent.

BACKGROUND: Hürthle cell (HC) neoplasms are rare among pediatric thyroid cancers. HC adenomas (HCA) are typically benign and localized unilaterally without recurrence, and they are thus treated by hemithyroidectomy. HC carcinomas (HCC) can be bilateral and are more aggressive, necessitating total thyroidectomy. Diagnosis relies upon surgical histopathology demonstrating invasion for classification as HCC or lack of invasion in HCA, since fine needle aspiration fails to differentiate between the two. METHODS: We report a case of a 14-year-old adolescent female with bilateral HCA. She had an initial left hemithyroidectomy for a large nodule measuring 2 × 1.5 × 1.2 cm3 in the left lobe, while smaller subcentimeter nodules remained under surveillance in the right. One year later, a nodule in the right lobe doubled in size, necessitating a right hemithyroidectomy which also revealed HCA. CONCLUSION: To our knowledge, this is the first reported case of bilateral HCA in pediatrics. It highlights the importance of close surveillance of persistent small nodules, even in patients with previously documented benign lesions such as HCA, which are typically thought to be unilateral and localized. Both HCA and HCC remain unpredictable in behavior, and treatment of HCA should be individualized.

Exenatide Effects on Cardiometabolic Risk and Weight in Adolescents with Morbid Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Two Case Reports.

OBJECTIVE: Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists improve glycemic control and cardiometabolic risk factors in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus, but pediatric data is sparse. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: This is the first report to describe the effects of GLP-1 receptor agonist Exenatide on metabolic risk and weight in adolescents with morbid obesity (BMI>35kg/m2) and type 2 diabetes in the first 6 months after treatment initiation. Two patients with morbid obesity who failed conventional therapy with insulin glargine and Metformin were treated with the addition of Exenatide. Metabolic parameters were obtained at 3 and 6 months post intervention. RESULTS: Improvements in cardiometabolic risk factors, such as fasting glucose and triglyceride levels, as well as HbA1c, were reached at 6 months compared to baseline. CONCLUSIONS: Our cases highlight the therapeutic potential of exenatide for adolescent patients with morbid obesity and type 2 diabetes.