RESUMEN
InAs quantum dashes (Qdash) engineered to emit near 2 µm are envisioned to be promising quantum emitters for next-generation technologies in sensing and communications. In this study, we explore the effect of punctuated growth (PG) on the structure and optical properties of InP-based InAs Qdashes emitting near the 2-µm wavelength. Morphological analysis revealed that PG led to an improvement in in-plane size uniformity and increases in average height and height distribution. A 2 × boost in photoluminescence intensity was observed, which we attribute to improved lateral dimensions and structural stabilization. PG encouraged formation of taller Qdashes while photoluminescence measurements revealed a blue-shift in the peak wavelength. We proposed that the blue-shift originates from the thinner quantum well cap and decreased distance between the Qdash and InAlGaAs barrier. This study on the punctuated growth of large InAs Qdashes is a step toward realizing bright, tunable, and broadband sources for 2-µm communications, spectroscopy, and sensing.
RESUMEN
11 kinds of HBV, HCV and HDV serum markers were investigated in 46 patients with HCC, 48 patients with LC, and 52 controls without liver disease. The prevalence of one out of HBV or HCV or HDV markers (M) in HCC and LC was 91.3% and 95.8% respectively, significantly higher than that in controls (17.3%). Positivity of HBV-M in HCC and LC was remarkably higher than those of HCV-M and HDV-M (P < 0.05). Prevalence of HCV-M in HBV-M negative HCC and LC was 66.7% and 75.0% respectively, significantly higher than that in HBV-M positive cases (P < 0.05). Frequency of viral replication in HCC and LC was significantly higher than that in controls (P < 0.01). The co-occurrence of two or three kinds of viral markers in HCC was more prevalent than that in LC (38% vs 14%, P < 0.05). Patients with coinfection from both HBV and HDV had a significantly younger age than those infected by HBV alone or infected by HCV (more than 10 years earlier). Among HCC and LC, 36% of HBV seronegative cases had HBV DNA detectable in their serum. Our data suggest that HCC and LC have a close association with the infection of HBV HCV and HDV especially HBV. Active viral replication and coinfection of several kinds of virus play on important role in the determination of HCC or LC development, and HDV appears to provide an additional risk for HCC and LC. In HBV-M negative cases, HCV infection may be more important for HCC and LC development than HBV.
