Histological and neuronal changes in the duodenum of hamsters infected with Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum.

Visceral leishmaniasis is a neglected tropical disease caused by parasites belonging to the Leishmania genus that infect macrophages in different tissues such as the spleen, liver, lymph nodes, bone marrow, and intestine. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the integrity of the intestinal tract and the nitrergic (NADPH-dp) and metabolically active (NADH-dp) myenteric neurons of the duodenum of golden hamsters infected with L. (L.) infantum. Therefore, thirty golden hamsters were divided into six groups (n = 5); three of them were infected with 2 × 107 promastigote forms of L. (L.) infantum by intraperitoneal route (Infected Group - IG) and three were inoculated with saline solution (control group - CG). After 30, 60 and 90 days post-infection (DPI) infected animals were euthanized and the liver, spleen and duodenum were collected to analyze tissue parasitism. The duodenum was processed using usual histological techniques to analyze the main changes that occurred during infection and histochemical techniques to phenotype myenteric neurons. Amastigote forms were observed in the spleen, liver, and duodenum during all experimental periods, and tissue parasitism in these organs increased significantly over time. At 30 DPI, reduction in muscle tunic, increase in the total intestinal wall and the number of goblet cells PAS+ was observed. At 60 DPI, an increase in intestinal crypts and intraepithelial lymphocytes was observed, and a reduction in intestinal villi was observed at 90 DPI, along with an increase in crypt size. Regarding neurons, an increase in the density of the NADPH-dp population was observed at 30 DPI, but at 60 and 90 DPI a significant reduction of this population was observed. In general, infection progression was observed to cause significant morphofunctional changes in the duodenum of infected hamsters.

Port of Santos: sanitary education in agro-defense / Porto de Santos: educação sanitária na defesa agropecuária

In order to minimize the entry of pathogens in a given country, all animal and plant products have to have an international sanitary certificate that guarantee the sanitary status of the country of origin, as determined by the World Organization for Animal Health. The inspection of the entry and exit of animal and plant products in Brazil are exclusively performed by the International Agricultural and Animal Health Surveillance. Sanitary education is an important tool in agro-defense. The objective of this study was to evaluate the knowledge of passengers of international sea cruises on the entry of pathogens in Brazil via animal and plant products and by-products. Interviews were carried out with sea cruises 354 passengers. Based on the responses, 63.5% of the passengers reported not having previous information on the matter and 29.7% understood that the reason for the prohibition was preventing product spoilage or contamination, not safeguarding agricultural and animal health. It is important to improve sanitary education programs related with agro-defense in the international cruise passenger terminal of the Port of Santos, and to design specific programs for international airports.(AU)

Para minimizar o risco da entrada de patógenos no país todos os produtos de origem animal e vegetal têm que ter certificação sanitária internacional para assegurar o status sanitário do país estipulada pela OIE. Medidas de fiscalização da entrada e saída de produtos de origem animal e vegetal, no Brasil, são de competência exclusiva da Vigilância Agropecuária Internacional. A educação sanitária é uma importante ferramenta de defesa agropecuária. O objetivo foi avaliar o nível de conhecimento dos passageiros de cruzeiros marítimos internacionais a respeito da entrada de patógenos, no Brasil, por meio de produtos e subprodutos de origem animal e vegetal. Foram entrevistados 354 viajores de cruzeiros marítimos internacionais. Dos entrevistados, 63,5% referiram não terem tido contato anterior com nenhuma informação e 29,7% entendiam como motivo da proibição a possibilidade do produto estragar ou contaminar e não de comprometer a sanidade agropecuária. Há necessidade da ampliação de programa de educação sanitária em defesa agropecuária no terminal de passageiros de cruzeiros marítimos internacionais do Porto de Santos, estudando ainda, o delineamento de um programa específico para aeroportos que recebam vôos internacionais.(AU)

Port of Santos: sanitary education in agro-defense / Porto de Santos: educação sanitária na defesa agropecuária

In order to minimize the entry of pathogens in a given country, all animal and plant products have to have an international sanitary certificate that guarantee the sanitary status of the country of origin, as determined by the World Organization for Animal Health. The inspection of the entry and exit of animal and plant products in Brazil are exclusively performed by the International Agricultural and Animal Health Surveillance. Sanitary education is an important tool in agro-defense. The objective of this study was to evaluate the knowledge of passengers of international sea cruises on the entry of pathogens in Brazil via animal and plant products and by-products. Interviews were carried out with sea cruises 354 passengers. Based on the responses, 63.5% of the passengers reported not having previous information on the matter and 29.7% understood that the reason for the prohibition was preventing product spoilage or contamination, not safeguarding agricultural and animal health. It is important to improve sanitary education programs related with agro-defense in the international cruise passenger terminal of the Port of Santos, and to design specific programs for international airports.

Para minimizar o risco da entrada de patógenos no país todos os produtos de origem animal e vegetal têm que ter certificação sanitária internacional para assegurar o status sanitário do país estipulada pela OIE. Medidas de fiscalização da entrada e saída de produtos de origem animal e vegetal, no Brasil, são de competência exclusiva da Vigilância Agropecuária Internacional. A educação sanitária é uma importante ferramenta de defesa agropecuária. O objetivo foi avaliar o nível de conhecimento dos passageiros de cruzeiros marítimos internacionais a respeito da entrada de patógenos, no Brasil, por meio de produtos e subprodutos de origem animal e vegetal. Foram entrevistados 354 viajores de cruzeiros marítimos internacionais. Dos entrevistados, 63,5% referiram não terem tido contato anterior com nenhuma informação e 29,7% entendiam como motivo da proibição a possibilidade do produto estragar ou contaminar e não de comprometer a sanidade agropecuária. Há necessidade da ampliação de programa de educação sanitária em defesa agropecuária no terminal de passageiros de cruzeiros marítimos internacionais do Porto de Santos, estudando ainda, o delineamento de um programa específico para aeroportos que recebam vôos internacionais.