ULK2 Ser 1027 Phosphorylation by PKA Regulates Its Nuclear Localization Occurring through Karyopherin Beta 2 Recognition of a PY-NLS Motif.

Uncoordinated 51-like kinase 2 (ULK2), a member of the serine/threonine kinase family, plays an essential role in the regulation of autophagy in mammalian cells. Given the role of autophagy in normal cellular homeostasis and in multiple diseases, improved mechanistic insight into this process may result in the development of novel therapeutic approaches. Here, we present evidence that ULK2 associates with karyopherin beta 2 (Kapß2) for its transportation into the nucleus. We identify a potential PY-NLS motif ((774)gpgfgssppGaeaapslRyvPY(795)) in the S/P space domain of ULK2, which is similar to the consensus PY-NLS motif (R/K/H)X(2-5)PY. Using a pull-down approach, we observe that ULK2 interacts physically with Kapß2 both in vitro and in vivo. Confocal microscopy confirmed the co-localization of ULK2 and Kapß2. Localization of ULK2 to the nuclear region was disrupted by mutations in the putative Kapß2-binding motif (P794A). Furthermore, in transient transfection assays, the presence of the Kapß2 binding site mutant (the cytoplasmic localization form) was associated with a substantial increase in autophagy activity (but a decrease in the in vitro serine-phosphorylation) compared with the wild type ULK2. Mutational analysis showed that the phosphorylation on the Ser1027 residue of ULK2 by Protein Kinase A (PKA) is the regulatory point for its functional dissociation from Atg13 and FIP 200, nuclear localization, and autophagy. Taken together, our observations indicate that Kapß2 interacts with ULK2 through ULK2's putative PY-NLS motif, and facilitates transport from the cytoplasm to the nucleus, depending on its Ser1027 residue phosphorylation by PKA, thereby reducing autophagic activity.

Phosphorylation on TRPV4 Serine 824 Regulates Interaction with STIM1.

The TRPV4 cation channel, a member of the TRP vanilloid subfamily, is expressed in a broad range of tissues where it participates in the generation of a Ca2+ signal and/or depolarization of membrane potential. Here, we identified stromal interaction molecule 1 precursor (STIM1) as an auxiliary protein of this epithelial Ca2+channel using confocal microscopy analysis and GST pull-down assay. The STIM1 protein associates specifically with the C-terminal tail of TRPV4 to form a complex. In previous reports, we demonstrated that the serine824 residue of TRPV4 is one of the target phosphorylation sites of serum/glucocorticoid regulated kinase 1 (SGK1). In this report we further identified the role of serine 824 phosphorylation. The TRPV4 mutant S824D (not S824A) exhibited a diminished capacity to bind STIM1. Using GST pull-down and co-immunoprecipitation assays, we demonstrated that STIM1 is part of the TRPV4 protein complex. Our observations clearly suggest that the formation of a complex between TRPV4 and STIM1 and its plasma membrane localization are regulated through phosphorylation of serine824 of TRPV4, and that the STIM1-TRPV4 complex plays crucial roles in routing TRPV4 to the plasma membrane from the endoplasmic reticulum and in maintaining its function.

Preventive effects of multi-lamellar emulsion on low potency topical steroid induced local adverse effect.

BACKGROUND: Topical steroid treatment induces diverse local Wand systemic adverse effects. Several approaches have been tried to reduce the steroid-induced adverse effects. Simultaneous application of physiological lipid mixture is also suggested. OBJECTIVE: Novel vehicles for topical glucocorticoids formulation were evaluated for the efficacy of reducing side-effects and the drug delivery properties of desonide, a low potency topical steroid. METHODS: Transcutaneous permeation and skin residual amount of desonide were measured using Franz diffusion cells. The in vivo anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated using murine model. RESULTS: Topical steroids formulation containing desonide, in either cream or lotion form, were prepared using multi-lamellar emulsion (MLE), and conventional desonide formulations were employed for comparison. MLE formulations did not affect the anti-inflammatory activity of the desonide in phobol ester-induced skin inflammation model, compared with conventional formulations. While the penetrated amounts of desonide were similar for all the tested formulations at 24 hours after application, the increased lag time was observed for the MLE formulations. Interestingly, residual amount of desonide in epidermis was significantly higher in lotion type MLE formulation. Steroid-induced adverse effects, including permeability barrier function impairment, were partially prevented by MLE formulation. CONCLUSION: Topical desonide formulation using MLE as a vehicle showed a better drug delivery with increased epidermal retention. MLE also partially prevented the steroid-induced side effects, such as skin barrier impairment.

Human skeletal dysplasia caused by a constitutive activated transient receptor potential vanilloid 4 (TRPV4) cation channel mutation.

The transient receptor potential vanilloid 4 (TRPV4) cation channel, a member of the TRP vanilloid subfamily, is expressed in a broad range of tissues where it participates in the generation of Ca²âº signals and/or depolarization of the membrane potential. Regulation of TRPV4 abundance at the cell surface is critical for osmo- and mechanotransduction. Defects in TRPV4 are the cause of several human diseases, including brachyolmia type 3 (MIM:113500) (also known as brachyrachia or spondylometaphyseal dysplasia Kozlowski type [MIM:118452]), and metatropic dysplasia (MIM:156530) (also called metatropic dwarfism or parastremmatic dwarfism [MIM:168400]). These bone dysplasia mutants are characterized by severe dwarfism, kyphoscoliosis, distortion and bowing of the extremities, and contractures of the large joints. These diseases are characterized by a combination of decreased bone density, bowing of the long bones, platyspondyly, and striking irregularities of endochondral ossification with areas of calcific stippling and streaking in radiolucent epiphyses, metaphyses, and apophyses. In this review, we discuss the potential effect of the mutation on the regulation of TRPV4 functions, which are related to human diseases through deviated function. In particular, we emphasize how the constitutive active TRPV4 mutant affects endochondral ossification with a reduced number of hypertrophic chondrocytes and the presence of cartilage islands within the zone of primary mineralization. In addition, we summarize current knowledge about the role of TRPV4 in the pathogenesis of several diseases.

The nuclear localization of glycogen synthase kinase 3ß is required its putative PY-nuclear localization sequences.

Glycogen synthase kinase-3ß(GSK-3ß), which is a member of the serine/threonine kinase family, has been shown to be crucial for cellular survival, differentiation, and metabolism. Here, we present evidence that GSK-3ß is associated with the karyopherin ß2 (Kap ß2) (102-kDa), which functions as a substrate for transportation into the nucleus. A potential PY-NLS motif ((109)IVRLRYFFY(117)) was observed, which is similar with the consensus PY NLS motif (R/K/H)X(2-5)PY in the GSK-3ß catalytic domain. Using a pull down approach, we observed that GSK-3ß physically interacts with Kap ß2 both in vivo and in vitro. Secondly, GSK-3ß and Kap ß2 were shown to be co-localized by confocal microscopy. The localization of GSK-3ß to the nuclear region was disrupted by putative Kap ß2 binding site mutation. Furthermore, in transient transfection assays, the Kap ß2 binding site mutant induced a substantial reduction in the in vivo serine/threonine phosphorylation of GSK-3ß, where- as the GSK-3ß wild type did not. Thus, our observations indicated that Kap ß2 imports GSK-3ß through its putative PY NLS motif from the cytoplasm to the nucleus and increases its kinase activity.

The negative feedback regulation of TRPV4 Ca2+ ion channel function by its C-terminal cytoplasmic domain.

The transient receptor potential vanilloid 4 (TRPV4) cation channel, a member of the TRP vanilloid subfamily, is expressed in a broad range of tissues where it participates in the generation of a Ca(2+) signal and/or depolarization of the membrane potential. Regulation of the abundance of TRPV4 at the cell surface is critical in osmo- and mechanotransduction. In this review, we discussed that the potential effect of Ca(2+) occurs via its action at an intracellular site in the C-terminus of the channel protein by the effect of the modulation on TRPV4 (such as 824 Ser residue phosphorylation), and its regulation for TRPV4 functions related with cell surface spread, wound healing or its polarity reorientation through its differential affinity with actin or tubulin.

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) Stress Enhances Tip60 (A Histone Acetyltransferase) Binding to the Concanavalin A.

Herein, we report that the concanavalin A binding of Tip60 (a target of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1-encoded transactivator Tat interacting protein 60 KD; a histone acetyltransferase; HAT) is enhanced as the result of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. The cell expression of Tip60 combined with site-directed mutagenesis analysis was used to identify the glutamine 324 residue as the lecithin binding (Concanavalin A; Con A) site. The Tip60 N324A mutant strain, which seems to be the Con A binding-deficient, was attenuated the protein-protein interactions with FE65 and its protein stability, but its ability of G0-G1 cell cycle arrest was not interrupted. Interestingly, both HAT activity and the nuclear localization of Tip60 N324A mutant were enhanced than those of Tip60 WT. Thus, our results indicate that the Con A binding deficient of Tip60 seems to be one of the most pivotal posttranslational modifications (such as N-glycosylation) for its functional regulation signal, which is generated in response to ER stress.

Phosphorylation on the Ser 824 residue of TRPV4 prefers to bind with F-actin than with microtubules to expand the cell surface area.

Previously, we demonstrated that the transient receptor potential vanilloid 4 (TRPV4) cation channel, a member of the TRP vanilloid subfamily, is one of the serum glucocorticoid-induced protein kinase1 (SGK1) authentic substrate proteins, and that the Ser 824 residue of TRPV4 is phosphorylated by SGK1. In this study, we demonstrated that phosphorylation on the Ser 824 residue of TRPV4 is required for its interaction with F-actin, using TRPV4 mutants (S824D; a phospho-mimicking TRPV4 mutant and S824A; a non-phosphorylatable TRPV4 mutant) and its proper subcellular localization. Additionally, we noted that the phosphorylation of the Ser824 residue promotes its single channel activity, Ca(2+) influx, protein stability, and cell surface area (expansion of plasma membrane).

Mutation of a putative S-nitrosylation site of TRPV4 protein facilitates the channel activates.

The transient receptor potential vanilloid 4 (TRPV4) cation channel, a member of the TRP vanilloid subfamily, is expressed in a broad range of tissues. Nitric oxide (NO) as a gaseous signal mediator shows a variety of important biological effects. In many instances, NO has been shown to exhibit its activities via a protein S-nitrosylation mechanism in order to regulate its protein functions. With functional assays via site-directed mutagenesis, we demonstrate herein that NO induces the S-nitrosylation of TRPV4 Ca(2+) channel on the Cys(853) residue, and the S-nitrosylation of Cys(853) reduced its channel sensitivity to 4-α phorbol 12,13-didecanoate and the interaction between TRPV4 and calmodulin. A patch clamp experiment and Ca(2+) image analysis show that the S-nitrosylation of Cys(853) modulates the TRPV4 channel as an inhibitor. Thus, our data suggest a novel regulatory mechanism of TRPV4 via NO-mediated S-nitrosylation on its Cys(853) residue.

Characterization of the autophosphorylating kinase, PkaF, in Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2) M130.

Streptomyces coelicolor, the model species for morphologically complex actinomycete bacteria, has unique characteristics such as morphological and physiological differentiation, which are controlled by various factors and several protein kinases. From the whole genomic sequence of S. coelicolor A3(2), 44 putative serine/threonine (Ser/Thr) protein kinases were identified, and the pkaF gene was chosen as the best-conserved protein for typical Ser/Thr protein kinases. pkaF encodes a 667-amino acid protein with a predicted N-terminal Ser/Thr kinase domain and four repeated C-terminal penicillin-binding domains and Ser/Thr kinase-associated (PASTA) domains. Based on PCR, a pkaF gene was cloned and heterologously expressed. PkaF expressed in Escherichia coli had the bigger molecular size than the expected value (75 kDa) and was further purified by Ni2+-NTA agarose affinity column chromatography to homogeneity. The purified PkaF was autophosphorylated through the transfer of the γ-phosphate group of ATP. The extent of phosphorylation was proportional to the amount of PkaF, and the phospho-PkaF was dephosphorylated by the addition of the cell lysate of S. coelicolor A3(2). Although no change was observed in the pkaF disruptant, overexpression of pkaF induced severe repression of morphogenesis and actinorhodin production, but not undecylprodigiosin production, implying that PkaF specifically regulates morphogenesis and actinorhodin production in S. coelicolor.

Ubiquitylation of Fe65 adaptor protein by neuronal precursor cell expressed developmentally down regulated 4-2 (Nedd4-2) via the WW domain interaction with Fe65.

Fe65 has been characterized as an adaptor protein, originally identified as an expressed sequence tag (EST) corresponding to an mRNA expressed at high levels in the rat brain. It contains one WW domain and two phosphotyrosine interaction/phosphotyrosine binding domains (PID1/PID2). As the neuronal precursor cell expressed developmentally down regulated 4-2 (Nedd4-2) has a putative WW domain binding motif ((72)PPLP(75)) in the N-terminal domain, we hypothesized that Fe65 associates with Nedd4-2 through a WW domain interaction, which has the characteristics of E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase. In this paper, we present evidence for the interaction between Fe65 WW domain and Nedd4-2 through its specific motif, using a pull down approach and co-immunoprecipitation. Additionally, the co-localization of Fe65 and Nedd4-2 were observed via confocal microscopy. Co-localization of Fe65 and Nedd4-2 was disrupted by either the mutation of Fe65 WW domain or its putative binding motif of Nedd4-2. When the ubiquitin assay was performed, the interaction of Nedd4-2 (wt) with Fe65 is required for the cell apoptosis and the ubiquitylation of Fe65. We also observed that the ubiquitylation of Fe65 (wt) was augmented depending on Nedd4-2 expression levels, whereas the Fe65 WW domain mutant (W243KP245K) or the Nedd4-2 AL mutant ((72)PPLP(75) was changed to (72)APLA(75)) was under-ubiquitinated significantly. Thus, our observations implicated that the protein-protein interaction between the WW domain of Fe65 and the putative binding motif of Nedd4-2 down-regulates Fe65 protein stability and subcellular localization through its ubiquitylation, to contribute cell apoptosis.

Tumour necrosis factor-alpha-induced glucose-stimulated insulin secretion inhibition in INS-1 cells is ascribed to a reduction of the glucose-stimulated Ca2+ influx.

The present study was undertaken to determine how tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) elicits the inhibition of glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) in rat insulinoma cells (INS)-1 beta-cells. TNF-alpha pretreatment did not change the expression levels of insulin, PDX-1, glucose transporter 2, glucokinase, K(ATP) channels, Ca(2)(+) channels, and exocytotic molecules and, furthermore, did not reduce the glucose-stimulated ATP level. On the other hand, TNF-alpha reduced the glucose-stimulated influx of Ca(2)(+). The TNF-alpha treatment was thought to activate c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), and NF-kappaB inflammatory signals, since TNF-alpha increased phospho-JNK and phospho-p38 and reduced I kappaB levels. Inhibitors of these signaling pathways prevented the TNF-alpha-induced reduction of the Ca(2)(+) influx and GSIS. Overexpression of MEKK3, a possible mediator from the TNF-alpha receptor to the JNK/p38 and NK-kappaB signaling cascade, increased the levels of phospho-JNK, phospho-p38, and NF-kappaB, and reduced the glucose-stimulated Ca(2)(+) influx and GSIS. The reduction of the Ca(2)(+) influx and GSIS in MEKK3-overexpressing INS-1 cells was also prevented by inhibitors of JNK, p38, and NF-kappaB. These data demonstrate that TNF-alpha inhibits GSIS by reducing the glucose-stimulated Ca(2)(+) influx, possibly through the activation of JNK and p38 MAPK and NF-kappaB inflammatory signals. Thus, our findings suggest that the activation of stress and inflammatory signals can contribute to the inhibition of GSIS in the development of diabetes.

The PPLA motif of glycogen synthase kinase 3beta is required for interaction with Fe65.

Glycogen synthase kinase 3beta (GSK 3 beta) is a serine/ threonine kinase that phosphorylates substrates such as beta-catenin and is involved in a variety of biological processes, including embryonic development, metabolism, tumorigenesis, and cell death. Here, we present evidence that human GSK 3beta is associated with Fe65, which has the characteristics of an adaptor protein, possessing a WW domain, and two phosphotyrosine interaction domains, PID1 and PID2. The GSK 3beta catalytic domain also contains a putative WW domain binding motif ((371)PPLA(374)), and we observed, using a pull down approach and co-immuno-precipitation, that it interacts physically with Fe65 via this motif. In addition, we detected co-localization of GSK 3beta and Fe65 by confocal microscopy, and this co-localization was disrupted by mutation of the putative WW domain binding motif of GSK 3beta.Finally, in transient transfection assays interaction of GSK 3 beta (wt) with Fe65 induced substantial cell apoptosis, whereas interaction with the GSK 3beta AALA mutant ((371)AALA(374)) did not, and we noted that phosphorylation of the Tyr 216 residue of the GSK 3beta AALA mutant was significantly reduced compared to that of GSK 3beta wild type. Thus, our observations indicate that GSK 3beta binds to Fe65 through its (371)PPLA(374) motif and that this interaction regulates apoptosis and phosphorylation of Tyr 216 of GSK 3beta.

A chemical chaperone 4-PBA ameliorates palmitate-induced inhibition of glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS).

Free fatty acids (FFAs) are believed to be a stimulus to elicit beta cell dysfunction. The present study was undertaken to determine whether endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress was involved in palmitate-induced inhibition of glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) and whether reduction of ER stress using a chemical chaperone restored the GSIS-inhibition. Treatment of INS-1 cells with 300 microM palmitate for 24h elicited ER stress, showing increased levels of phospho-eIF2alpha, Bip and spliced XBP, and also induced GSIS-inhibition without reduction of cell viability. Replenishment with 4-phenyl butyric acid (4-PBA) as a chemical chaperone reduced the palmitate-induced-ER stress and significantly reversed the palmitate-induced GSIS-inhibition. Furthermore, 4-PBA ameliorated palmitate-induced GSIS-inhibition in primary rat islet cells. These data suggested that ER stress was involved in FFA-induced GSIS-inhibition and that the FFA-induced beta cell dysfunction could be ameliorated by treatment with a chemical chaperone.

Regulation Fe65 localization to the nucleus by SGK1 phosphorylation of its Ser566 residue.

Fe65 is characterized as an adaptor precursor (APP) through its PID2 element, as well as with the other members of the APP protein family. With the serum- and glucocorticoid-induced kinase 1 (SGK1) substrate specificity information, we found that the putative site of phosphorylation in Fe65 by SGK1 is present on its Ser(566) residue in (560)CRVRFLSFLA(569)(X60469). Thus, we demonstrated that Fe65 and the fluorescein-labeled Fe65 peptide FITC-(560)CRVRFLSFLA(569) are phosphorylated in vitro by SGK1. Phosphorylation of the Ser(566) residue was also demonstrated using a Ser566 phospho-specific antibody. The phospho Fe65 was found mainly in the nucleus, while Fe65 S556A mutant was localized primarily to the cytoplasm. Therefore, these data suggest that SGK1 phosphorylates the Ser(566) residue of Fe65 and that this phosphorylation promotes the migration of Fe65 to the nucleus of the cell.

Human NIMA-related kinase 6 is one of the Fe65 WW domain binding proteins.

The Aspergillus nidulans protein NIMA (never in mitosis, gene A) is a protein kinase required for initiation of mitosis, whereas its inactivation is necessary for mitotic exit. Here, we present evidence that human Nek6 is associated with Fe65. Based on the presence of Fe65 WW domain binding motifs ((267)PPLP(270)) in the Nek6 catalytic domain, we observed that Nek6 interacts physically with Fe65 both in vivo and in vitro, using a pull-down approach. Additionally, we detected co-localization of Nek6 and Fe65 via confocal microscopy. Co-localization of Nek6 and Fe65 was disrupted by mutation of the WW domain binding motifs ((267)PPLP(270)). Finally, when transient transfection assays were performed, interaction of Nek6 (wt) with Fe65 induced substantial cell apoptosis, whereas interaction using the Nek6 pplp mutant ((267)PPLP(270) changes (267)APVA(270)) did not. Thus, our observations indicated that Nek6 binds to Fe65 through its (267)PPLP(270) motif and that the protein-protein interaction between Nek6 and Fe65 regulates their subcellular localization and cell apoptosis.

Involvement of Ca2+-mediated apoptotic signals in palmitate-induced MIN6N8a beta cell death.

The extracellular Ca(2+) chelator EGTA and L-type Ca(2+) channel blockers, such as, nifedipine and nimodipine were found to have a protective effect on palmitate-induced MIN6N8a beta cell apoptosis, whereas the Ca(2+) channel opener, Bay K8644, enhanced the apoptotic process. Moreover, the phospho-form of Bad, in conjunction with phospho-Akt, was reduced in response to palmitate and the palmitate-induced dephosphorylations of Akt and Bad were dependent on Ca(2+) influx. The transient expression of catalytically active Akt prevented MIN6N8a cells from palmitate-induced apoptosis. Deltamethrin, an inhibitor of Ca(2+)-activated phosphatase, delayed Akt and Bad dephosphorylations, and then protected MIN6N8a cells from palmitate-induced apoptosis. On the other hand, palmitate was found to induce CHOP, an apoptotic transcription factor in response to ER stress, and this induction was enhanced by Ca(2+) influx. Our studies suggested that Ca(2+) influx and subsequent Ca(2+)-mediated apoptotic signals are involved in palmitate-induced beta cell death.

The subcellular localization control of integrin linked kinase 1 through its protein-protein interaction with caveolin-1.

Integrin linked kinase 1 (ILK1), a member of the serine/threonine kinases, has been shown to be crucial for the cell survival, differentiation, and Wnt signaling. Firstly, by using a confocal microscopy and a transfection approach, we obtained the evidence that ILK1 interacts physically with caveolin-1, a 22-kDa integral membrane protein, which is the principal structural and regulatory component of caveolae membranes. By ILK1 deletion mutant analysis, we characterized the caveolin-1-binding domain in the kinase domain of ILK1. In addition, we found that native ILK1 is associated with endogenous caveolin-1 in COS-1 cells. Secondly, transient transfection assays showed that a reduction in caveolin-1 binding leads to a substantial increase in the serine/threonine phosphorylation of ILK1. Thirdly, caveolin-1 and its scaffolding peptide (amino acids 82-101) functionally suppressed the auto-kinase activity of purified recombinant ILK1 protein. Fourthly, the association of ILK1 with caveolin-1 regulated its cytoplasmic retention; if it was not associated with caveolin-1, it was transported to the nucleus. Fifthly, we also noticed the putative nuclear localization sequences (nls) in ILK1 near the caveolin-1-binding domain. Thus, our data indicate that caveolin-1 regulates ILK1 auto-phosphorylation activity and its subcellular localization via a specific protein-protein interaction through blocking the exposure of its putative nls motif.

The subcellular localization of 3-phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase is controlled by caveolin-1 binding.

3-Phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase 1 (PDK1), a member of the serine/threonine kinase family, has been demonstrated to be crucial for cellular survival, differentiation, and metabolism. Here, we present evidence that PDK1 is associated with caveolin-1, a 22-kDa integral membrane protein, which is the principal structural and regulatory component of the caveolae membranes in COS-1. First, we noted the presence of two potential caveolin-1 binding motifs ((141)FFVKLYFTF(149) and (299)YDFPEKFF(306)) in the PDK1 catalytic domain. Using a pull-down approach, we observed that PDK1 interacts physically with caveolin-1 both in vivo and in vitro. Second, we detected the co-localization of PDK1 and caveolin-1 via confocal microscopy. The localization of PDK1 to the plasma membrane was disrupted by caveolin binding. Third, in transient transfection assays, interaction with caveolin-1 induced a substantial reduction in the in vivo serine/threonine phosphorylation of PDK1, whereas the caveolin-1 binding site mutant ((141)FFVKLYFTF(149) and (299)YDFPEKFF(306) change to (141)AFVKLAFTA(149) and (299)ADAPEFLA(306)) did not. Furthermore, a caveolin-1 scaffolding peptide (amino acids 82-101) functionally suppressed the self-phosphorylation and kinase activities of purified recombinant PDK1 protein. Thus, our observations indicated that PDK1 binds to caveolin-1 through its caveolin-binding motifs, and also that the protein-protein interaction between PDK1 and caveolin-1 regulates PDK1 self-phosphorylation, kinase activity, and subcellular localization.

14-3-3 Protein mediates phosphorylation of microtubule-associated protein tau by serum- and glucocorticoid-induced protein kinase 1.

The microtubule-associated protein, tau, is involved in numerous neuronal processes such as vesicle transport, microtubule-plasma membrane interaction and the intracellular localization of proteins. Tau is known to be phosphorylated by several kinases such as mitogen activated protein kinase, microtubule affinity regulating kinase, and protein kinase A. We found a putative serum- and glucocorticoid-induced protein kinase 1 (SGK1) phosphorylation site within the 207GSRSRTPSLP216 tau amino acid sequence. We report here that SGK1 phosphorylates Ser214 of Tau. Using a pull-down assay, we found that 14-3-3q interacts with SGK1 and tau to form a ternary protein complex that leads to phosphorylation of tau. 14-3-3 and phosphorylated tau were mainly co-localized in the nucleus of COS-1 cells. These results demonstrate that 14-3-3 scaffolds tau with SGK1 to facilitate the phosphorylation of tau at Ser214 and to regulate its subcellular localization.