Health behaviors and risk factors among American Indians and Alaska Natives, 2000-2010.

OBJECTIVES: We provided contextual risk factor information for a special supplement on causes of death among American Indians and Alaska Natives (AI/ANs). We analyzed 11 years of Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) data for AI/AN respondents in the United States. METHODS: We combined BRFSS data from 2000 to 2010 to determine the prevalence of selected risk factors for AI/AN and White respondents residing in Indian Health Service Contract Health Service Delivery Area counties. Regional prevalence estimates for AI/AN respondents were compared with the estimates for White respondents for all regions combined; respondents of Hispanic origin were excluded. RESULTS: With some regional exceptions, AI/AN people had high prevalence estimates of tobacco use, obesity, and physical inactivity, and low prevalence estimates of fruit and vegetable consumption, cancer screening, and seatbelt use. CONCLUSIONS: These behavioral risk factors were consistent with observed patterns of mortality and chronic disease among AI/AN persons. All are amenable to public health intervention.

Leading causes of death and all-cause mortality in American Indians and Alaska Natives.

OBJECTIVES: We present regional patterns and trends in all-cause mortality and leading causes of death in American Indians and Alaska Natives (AI/ANs). METHODS: US National Death Index records were linked with Indian Health Service (IHS) registration records to identify AI/AN deaths misclassified as non-AI/AN. We analyzed temporal trends for 1990 to 2009 and comparisons between non-Hispanic AI/AN and non-Hispanic White persons by geographic region for 1999 to 2009. Results focus on IHS Contract Health Service Delivery Area counties in which less race misclassification occurs. RESULTS: From 1990 to 2009 AI/AN persons did not experience the significant decreases in all-cause mortality seen for Whites. For 1999 to 2009 the all-cause death rate in CHSDA counties for AI/AN persons was 46% more than that for Whites. Death rates for AI/AN persons varied as much as 50% among regions. Except for heart disease and cancer, subsequent ranking of specific causes of death differed considerably between AI/AN and White persons. CONCLUSIONS: AI/AN populations continue to experience much higher death rates than Whites. Patterns of mortality are strongly influenced by the high incidence of diabetes, smoking prevalence, problem drinking, and social determinants. Much of the observed excess mortality can be addressed through known public health interventions.

Breast and cervical cancer screening patterns among American Indian women at IHS clinics in Montana and Wyoming.

OBJECTIVES: We investigated factors associated with primary and secondary breast and cervical cancer screening among American Indian (AI) women receiving care from the Indian Health Service (IHS) in Montana and Wyoming. METHODS: Rates of primary screening (i.e., screening without evidence of a prior abnormal) and secondary screening during a three-year period (2004-2006) were determined in an age- and clinic-stratified random sample of 1,094 women at six IHS units through medical record review. RESULTS: Three-year mammography prevalence rates among AI women aged ≥45 years were 37.7% (95% confidence interval [CI] 34.1, 41.3) for primary and 58.7% (95% CI 43.9, 73.5) for secondary screening. Among women aged ≥18 years, three-year Pap test prevalence rates were 37.8% (95% CI 34.9, 40.6) for primary and 53.2% (95% CI 46.0, 60.4) for secondary screening. Primary mammography screening was positively associated with number of visits and receiving care at an IHS hospital (both p<0.001). Primary Pap test screening was inversely associated with age and positively associated with the number of patient visits (both p<0.001). Secondary mammography screening was inversely associated with driving distance to an IHS facility (p=0.035). CONCLUSION: Our results are consistent with other surveys among AI women, which report that Healthy People 2010 goals for breast (90%) and cervical (70%) cancer screening have not been met. Improvements in breast and cervical cancer screening among AI women attending IHS facilities are needed.

A survey of Indian Health Service and tribal health providers' colorectal cancer screening knowledge, perceptions, and practices.

BACKGROUND: Provider recommendation is critical for colorectal cancer (CRC) screening participation, yet few data exist on practices of providers serving American Indians and Alaska Natives. We examined Indian Health Service (IHS) and tribal provider practices, beliefs about screening efficacy, and perceptions of barriers. METHODS: We developed a Web-based questionnaire and recruited respondents via electronic distribution lists. We generated descriptive statistics by region, provider type, and workplace setting. RESULTS: Most respondents (77%) recommend starting CRC screening of average-risk patients at age 50; however, 22% recommend flexible sigmoidoscopy and 43% colonoscopy at intervals inconsistent with national guidelines. Of those recommending fecal occult blood test (FOBT), 23% use a single, in-office FOBT card as their only FOBT method. Respondents reported barriers to screening to include underutilized reminder systems and inadequate resources. CONCLUSIONS: Indian Health Service/tribal providers are knowledgeable about when to begin CRC screening; however, education about the appropriate use and frequency of CRC tests is needed.

Introduction to the supplement on cancer in the American Indian and Alaska Native populations in the United States.

The collection of papers in this Supplement combines cancer incidence data from the National Program of Cancer Registries and the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results program, enhanced by record linkages and geographic factors, to provide a comprehensive description of the cancer burden in the American Indian/Alaska Native population in the United States. Cancer incidence rates among this population varied widely, sometimes more than 5-fold, by geographic region.

Lung cancer incidence among American Indians and Alaska Natives in the United States, 1999-2004.

BACKGROUND: Lung cancer incidence rates among American Indians and Alaska Natives (AI/ANs) in the United States have not been described well, primarily because of race misclassification and, until the 1990s, incomplete coverage of their population by cancer registries. Smoking, the predominant cause of lung cancer, is particularly prevalent among this population. METHODS: Data from the National Program of Cancer Registries and the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program were combined to estimate age-adjusted incidence rates of lung cancer during 1999 through 2004. Cases were linked to Indian Health Service (IHS) registration databases to identify AI/ANs whose race may have been misclassified. Age-adjusted rates were calculated for Contract Health Service Delivery Area (CHSDA) counties and for all counties by IHS region, and comparisons were made between AI/ANs and non-Hispanic whites (NHWs). RESULTS: Among populations living in CHSDA counties, NHWs overall had higher rates of lung cancer than AI/ANs. However, the rates (per 100,000 population) among AI/ANs varied substantially between IHS regions from 14.9 (Southwest) to 87.1 (Southern Plains), 93.2 (Alaska), and 104.3 (Northern Plains). Approximately 41.6% of AI/AN lung cancer cases were diagnosed before age 65 years compared with approximately 29.8% of NHW lung cancer cases. The overall percentage stage distribution was not different between AI/ANs and NHWs. Squamous cell carcinomas were slightly more common and adenocarcinomas were less common among AI/ANs than among NHWs. Lung cancer rates were not decreasing for AI/ANs as they were for NHWs. CONCLUSIONS: Data from this study clarified the need for culturally appropriate tobacco prevention and control policies and resources for AI/ANs in all regions, and especially in the Plains and Alaska.

Annual report to the nation on the status of cancer, 1975-2004, featuring cancer in American Indians and Alaska Natives.

BACKGROUND: The American Cancer Society, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the National Cancer Institute, and the North American Association of Central Cancer Registries collaborate annually to provide updated information on cancer occurrence and trends in the U.S. The 2007 report features a comprehensive compilation of cancer information for American Indians and Alaska Natives (AI/AN). METHODS: Cancer incidence data were available for up to 82% of the U.S. population. Cancer deaths were available for the entire U.S. population. Long-term (1975 through 2004) and fixed-interval (1995 through 2004) incidence and mortality trends were evaluated by annual percent change using regression analyses (2-sided P < .05). Cancer screening, risk factors, socioeconomic characteristics, incidence data, and stage were compiled for non-Hispanic whites (NHW) and AI/AN across 6 regions of the U.S. RESULTS: Overall cancer death rates decreased by 2.1% per year from 2002 through 2004, nearly twice the annual decrease of 1.1% per year from 1993 through 2002. Among men and women, death rates declined for most cancers. Among women, lung cancer incidence rates no longer were increasing and death rates, although they still were increasing slightly, were increasing at a much slower rate than in the past. Breast cancer incidence rates in women decreased 3.5% per year from 2001 to 2004, the first decrease observed in 20 years. Colorectal cancer incidence and death rates and prostate cancer death rates declined, with colorectal cancer death rates dropping more sharply from 2002 through 2004. Overall, rates for AI/AN were lower than for NHW from 1999 through 2004 for most cancers, but they were higher for cancers of the stomach, liver, cervix, kidney, and gallbladder. Regional analyses, however, revealed high rates for AI/AN in the Northern and Southern Plains and Alaska. For cancers of the breast, colon and rectum, prostate, and cervix, AI/AN were less likely than NHW to be diagnosed at localized stages. CONCLUSIONS: For all races/ethnicities combined in the U.S., favorable trends in incidence and mortality were noted for lung and colorectal cancer in men and women and for breast cancer in women. For the AI/AN population, lower overall cancer incidence and death rates obscured important variations by geographic regions and less favorable healthcare access and socioeconomic status. Enhanced tobacco control and cancer screening, especially in the Northern and Southern Plains and Alaska, emerged as clear priorities.

Disparities in breast cancer treatment among American Indian, Hispanic and non-Hispanic White Women Enrolled in Medicare.

Because racial/ethnic disparities in breast cancer survival have persisted, we investigated differences in breast cancer treatment among American Indian, Hispanic, and non-Hispanic White (NHW) women. Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results data linked to Medicare claims in New Mexico and Arizona (1987-1997) among enrollees aged 65 and older were used to identify treatment, treatment interval, and mortality risk associated with delays in care. We identified 2,031 women (67 American Indian, 333 Hispanic and 1,631 NHW women with time to treatment information. Treatment intervals from diagnosis to surgery (all stages, 18 versus 4 days, p.

Asthma hospitalizations among American Indian and Alaska Native people and for the general US population.

STUDY OBJECTIVES: Asthma is one of the most common chronic diseases in the United States. High rates of asthma hospitalization have been reported for some ethnic minorities; however, asthma hospitalization rates for American Indian/Alaska Native (AI/AN) populations of all ages have not been studied. In this study, we examined and compared hospitalization rates for AI/AN populations and the general population in the United States. DESIGN: Hospital discharge records with a first-listed diagnosis of asthma were evaluated for AI/AN populations and the US general population of all ages from 1988 to 2002. RESULTS: The asthma hospitalization rate for AI/AN populations decreased from 17.8/10,000 per year in 1988 to 1990 to 12.9/10,000 per year in 2000 to 2002. The overall age-adjusted rate for 2000 to 2002 was slightly lower than that for the general US population (12.9/10,000 and 16.4/10,000, respectively). However, AI/AN populations living in the Southwest region (17.6/10,000) had the highest asthma hospitalization rate among the Indian Health Service regions and the rate from 2000 to 2002 was similar to that for the general US population. The 2000 to 2002 asthma hospitalization rate for AI/AN populations < 1 year of age (infants) was higher than that in US infants, and the rates for AI/AN age groups > or = 1 year were similar to or lower than those for the general US population. CONCLUSIONS: While asthma was rarely reported among AI/AN populations before 1975, the average annual age-adjusted asthma hospitalization rate was only slightly lower for AI/AN populations than that for the US general population from 2000 to 2002. Furthermore, the asthma hospitalization rates for AI/AN populations living in the Southwest and East regions were similar to the rate for the general US population. Efforts to further increase asthma awareness and symptom recognition among AI/AN populations should be implemented to help to reduce asthma hospitalizations.

Invasive cervical cancer among American Indian women in the Northern Plains, 1994-1998: incidence, mortality, and missed opportunities.

OBJECTIVES: Cervical cancer mortality rates among the American Indian and Alaska Native (AI/AN) population in North and South Dakota were five times the national average (15.6 per 100,000 vs. 3.1 per 100,000, age adjusted) when last evaluated (from 1989 through 1993). Our goals were to update the AI/AN population cervical cancer mortality rates and to present incidence rates for AI/AN women in the region. METHODS: We reviewed charts for women diagnosed with invasive cervical cancer at Indian Health Service (IHS) facilities in North and South Dakota from 1994 through 1998 and collected information about cervical cancer screening and treatment history. Incidence and mortality rates were standardized to the 1970 U.S. population. RESULTS: Twenty-one cases of invasive cervical cancer and eight deaths were identified. Annualized incidence and mortality rates were 11.5 per 100,000 and 4.5 per 100,000. These compare with national all-race/ethnicity rates of 8.5 per 100,000 and 2.7 per 100,000 for incidence and mortality. Fifteen (71%) of 21 cases were diagnosed due to symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: While cervical cancer mortality rates have declined, incidence and mortality rates among AI/AN women remain higher than in the general U.S. population. Increased use of pap tests and careful follow-up of abnormal results should be aggressively promoted among AI/AN women in North and South Dakota.

Regional patterns and trends in cancer mortality among American Indians and Alaska Natives, 1990-2001.

BACKGROUND: National estimates of cancer mortality indicate relatively low rates for American Indians (AIs) and Alaska Natives (ANs). However, these rates are derived from state vital records in which racial misclassification is known to exist. METHODS: In this cross-sectional study of cancer mortality among AIs and ANs living in counties on or near reservations, the authors used death records and census population estimates to calculate annualized, age-adjusted mortality rates for key cancer types for the period 1996-2001 for 5 geographic regions: East (E), Northern Plains (NP), Southwest (SW), Pacific Coast (PC), and Alaska (AK). Mortality rate ratios (MRRs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) also were calculated to compare rates with those in the general United States population (USG) for the same period. To examine temporal trends, MRRs for 1996-2001 were compared with MMRs for 1990-1995. RESULTS: The overall cancer mortality rate was lower in AIs and ANs (165.6 per 100,000 population; 95% CI, 161.7-169.5) than in the USG (200.9 per 100,000 population; 95% CI, 200.7-201.2). In the regional analysis, however, cancer mortality was higher in AK (MRR=1.26; 95% CI, 1.17-1.36) and in the NP (MMR=1.37; 95% CI, 1.31-1.44) than in the USG. In both regions, the excess mortality was attributed to cancer of the lung, colorectum, liver, stomach, and kidney. In the SW, the mortality rate for cancer of the liver and stomach was higher than the rate in the USG, in contrast with that region's nearly 4-fold lower mortality rate for lung cancer (MRR=0.23; 95% CI, 0.19-0.27). Rates of cervical cancer mortality were higher among AIs and ANs (MRR=1.35; 95% CI, 1.13-1.62), notably in the NP and SW. Rates of breast cancer mortality generally were lower (MRR=0.60; 95% CI, 0.55-0.66), notably in the PC, SW, and E. Cancer mortality increased by 5% in AIs and ANs (MRR for 1996-2001 compared with 1990-1995: 1.05; 95% CI, 1.01-1.08), whereas it decreased by 6% in the USG (MMR=0.94; 95% CI, 0.94-0.94). CONCLUSIONS: Regional data should guide local cancer prevention and control activities in AIs and ANs. The disparity in temporal trends in cancer mortality between AIs and ANs and the USG gives urgency to improving cancer control in this population.

Surveillance for health behaviors of American Indians and Alaska Natives. Findings from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, 1997-2000.

PROBLEM/CONDITION: In the United States, disparities in risks for chronic disease (e.g., diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and cancer) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) are evident among American Indians and Alaska Natives (AI/ANs) and other groups. This report summarizes findings from the 1997-2000 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) for health-status indicators, health-risk behaviors, and HIV testing and perceived risk for HIV infection among AI/ANs, compared with other racial/ethnic groups in five regions of the United States. REPORTING PERIOD COVERED: 1997-2000. DESCRIPTION OF SYSTEM: BRFSS is a state-based telephone survey of the civilian, noninstitutionalized, adult (i.e., persons aged > or =18 years) population. For this report, responses from the 36 states covered by the Indian Health Service administrative areas were analyzed. RESULTS: Region and sex-specific variations occurred in the prevalence of high-risk behaviors and health-status indicators. For example, the prevalence of current cigarette smoking ranged from 21.2% in the Southwest to 44.1% in the Northern Plains, and the awareness of diabetes was lower in Alaska than in other regions. Men were more likely than women to report binge drinking and drinking and driving. For the majority of health behaviors and status measures, AI/ANs were more likely than respondents of other racial/ethnic groups to be at increased risk. For example, AI/ANs were more likely than respondents of other racial/ethnic groups to report obesity (23.9% versus 18.7%) and no leisure-time physical activity (32.5% versus 27.5%). INTERPRETATION: The 1997-2000 BRFSS data demonstrate that health behaviors vary regionally among AI/ANs and by sex. The data also reveal disparities in health behaviors between AI/ANs and other racial/ethnic groups. The reasons for these differences by region and sex, and for the racial/ethnic disparities, are subjects for further study. However, such patterns should be monitored through continued surveillance, and the data should be used to guide prevention and research activities. For example, states with substantial AI/AN populations, and certain tribes, have successfully used BRFSS data to develop and monitor diabetes and tobacco prevention and control programs. PUBLIC HEALTH ACTIONS: Federal and state agencies, tribes, Indian health boards, and urban Indian health centers will continue to use BRFSS data to develop and guide public health programs and policies. The BRFSS data will also be used to monitor progress in eliminating racial and ethnic health disparities. Regional Indian health boards, tribal epidemiology centers, and Indian Health Service Area Offices can use the findings of this report to prioritize interventions to prevent specific health problems in their geographic areas. Moreover, tribes and other institutions that promote AI/AN health care can use the report to document health needs when applying for resources.

Venous thromboembolism hospitalizations among American Indians and Alaska Natives.

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) has been reported to be on the increase in the American Indian/Alaska Native (AI/AN) population. The Indian Health Service (IHS) hospital discharge database was used to describe venous thromboembolism (VTE)-associated hospitalizations among patients receiving IHS-reported medical care in the United States from 1980 through 1996. The average overall VTE-associated hospitalization rate in the AI/AN population during 1980-1996 was 33.1 per 100,000, however, the rate significantly decreased from 38.4 per 100,000 AI/ANs in 1980-1982 to 33.2 in 1994-1996. The average age at hospitalization was 50.4 years, which was consistent during the 17-year period. The overall annual VTE hospitalization rate was higher for females than for males (38.0 versus 27.7 per 100,000). The female VTE hospitalization rates decreased significantly from 46.1 per 100,000 in 1980-1982 to 36.7 per 100,000 in 1994-1996 (risk ratio: RR=1.3; 95% confidence interval: CI=1.1-1.4), while the rates for males remained unchanged. The VTE hospitalization rates also varied by geographic region. The hospitalization rate was highest in the East region (52.2 per 100,000) and lowest in the Alaska region (16.1 per 100,000). These data indicate that the overall VTE rate for AI/ANs may not have only decreased, but appears lower than the reported rate for Caucasians.