RESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Penile cancer represents a rarity in daily clinical practice. OBJECTIVES: The aim is to identify global differences concerning the incidence, social and risk factors. METHODS: The past and current epidemiologic literature is analyzed concerning incidence rates and risk factors. The latter are discussed concerning their potential with regard to disease prevention. RESULTS: Globally, incidence rates of penile cancer range from low to nonexistent. Distinct differences are found when comparing industrialized countries with emerging and developing countries. Phimosis seems to be a crucial risk factor in the formation of penile cancer. Additionally, chronic inflammatory diseases of the penis were found to be associated with a higher risk. CONCLUSIONS: Preventive measures should be considered in relation to the rarity of the disease, especially in the valuation of circumcision during early childhood. Regular clinical examination of the penis is a sensible measure of early detection.
Asunto(s)
Neoplasias del Pene/epidemiología , Enfermedad Crónica , Circuncisión Masculina , Comparación Transcultural , Estudios Transversales , Países Desarrollados , Países en Desarrollo , Humanos , Inflamación/complicaciones , Inflamación/etiología , Masculino , Infecciones por Papillomavirus/complicaciones , Infecciones por Papillomavirus/epidemiología , Neoplasias del Pene/etiología , Neoplasias del Pene/prevención & control , Fimosis/complicaciones , Fimosis/epidemiología , Factores de RiesgoRESUMEN
The mode of action of different groups of anti-allergic drugs is described in relation to our current knowledge of the pathomechanism of allergic immediate and late-phase reactions. Recent developments in the therapy of allergic rhinitis are discussed. Knowledge of the principal effects and the clinical properties of the drugs represents the basis for the use of the different compounds.