Performance and ruminal and intestinal morphometry of Santa Inês sheep submitted to feed restriction and refeeding.

A study was carried out to evaluate the performance and ruminal and intestinal morphology of Santa Inês sheep subjected to feed restriction followed by refeeding. A total of 40 uncastrated lambs with an approximate age of 120 ± 15 days and mean body weight (BW) of 17.04 ± 1.18 kg were randomly divided into two groups of BW (20 and 25 kg of BW), which were subjected to different levels of feed restriction (0%, 25%, and 40% of feed restriction). For performance variables, six treatments were considered (0, 25%, and 40% of feed restriction for both groups (20 and 25 kg of BW)) and five treatments for morphometric variables (ad libitum, 25% and 40% for both groups (20 and 25 kg of BW)). All animals were slaughtered with 14 weeks of experimentation. During the feed restriction phase, the dry matter intake (DMI), feed efficiency (FE), and average daily gain (ADG) decreased (P < 0.05) as the level of restriction increased. During the refeeding phase, lambs with 20 kg of body weight subjected to restriction presented lower (P < 0.05) DMI in the ad libitum treatment. However, lambs with 25 kg of body weight under feed restriction presented DMI, FE, and ADG similar (P > 0.05) to the group ad libitum. The final body weight of restricted lambs after refeeding (both groups 20 and 25 kg of body weight) was lower (P < 0.05) than lambs feed ad libitum. In relation to morphology, restricted lambs showed greater height ruminal papillae and larger (P < 0.05) area of ruminal absorption and intestinal absorption, especially the lambs under treatment 40% of feed restriction. The feed restriction followed by refeeding in sheep provided partial compensatory gain, in addition, caused morphological changes in the rumen and intestine that allowed greater absorption and possibly compensatory gain in periods of greater refeeding.

Mineral requirements for weight gain in growing male Santa Inês and Morada Nova hair sheep.

This study estimated the net macro and micromineral requirement from the 48 male uncastrated lambs (24 growing male Santa Inês and 24 growing male Morada Nova hair sheep), with initial weights of 21.7 ± 1.2 kg and 20.8 ± 0.8 kg using the comparative slaughter method. The experimental diet consisted of 30% forage (Buffel-Cenchrus ciliaris (L) hay) and 70% concentrate (corn grain 43.5%, soybean meal 22.0%, vegetable oil 3.0% and mineral supplement 1.5%). The experimental design was a completely randomized with two breeds, four weights, and six replicate. Mineral requirements sufficient to promote weight gain in Santa Inês sheep ranged from 1.75 to 1.03 g Ca, 1.01 to 0.61 g of P, 0.38 to 0.21 g of K, 0.38 to 0.16 of Na, 0.10 to 0.06 Mg, 28.5 to 16.0 mg of Fe, 6.14 to 3.22 mg of Cu, and Zn 23.0 to 14.0 mg/kg per unit of empty body weight (EBW) gain. In the Morada Nova breed, the requirements ranged from 1.96 to 0.84 g of Ca, 1.15 to 0.46 of P, 0.39 to 0.19 of K, 0.28 to 0.13 of Na, 0.10 to 0.05 Mg, 26.2 to 12.9 mg of Fe, 5.59 to 2.46 Cu, and Zn 23.6 to 10.3 mg/kg of EBW gain. Mineral requirements varied mainly in accordance with the proportion of bone mass and fat concentration in the carcass, which were influenced by the slaughter weight of the animals, and therefore should be used in the formulation of dietary mineral supplements.

Ingestive behavior of lambs fed with guava agro-industrial waste ( Psidium guajava )

ABSTRACT The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of increasing levels of guava agro-industrial waste (GAW) on the ingestive behavior of Santa Inês lambs. Forty non-castrated sheep of the Santa Inês breed were used, at an initial weight of 21.33 ± 2.62 kg, and at the age of 120 days, distributed in a completely randomized design, with five treatments and fed with increasing GAW levels (0.0, 7.5, 15.0, 22.5 and 30.0%). The average daily gain (ADG) showed orthogonal contrast (P 0.05), in which the animals that ingested the control diet had lower performances. The animals with GAW added to the diet obtained more significant weight gains reflected by a better feed conversion. Among the variables, idleness, feeding, and total chewing time had a significant effect (P 0.05); animals spent more time idle at the 30.0% inclusion level and less time in the control group. However, the means of the 7.5, 15.0, and 22.5% GAW inclusion levels were statistically similar to the control group and the 30.0% level. There was a significant effect (P 0.05) on feed efficiency, with the lowest values being presented for the control group and the highest values at the 30% inclusion level of GAW. The 30.0% GAW feed for lambs in confinement reduces feed time, and total chewing prolongs idleness and increases feed efficiency without compromising dry matter intake, neutral detergent fiber intake, and ADG.

RESUMO O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da inclusão de níveis crescentes de resíduo agroindustrial de goiabeira (RAG) no comportamento ingestivo de cordeiros Santa Inês. Foram utilizados 40 cordeiros não castradas da raça Santa Inês, com peso inicial de 21,33 ± 2,62 kg e idade de 120 dias, distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com 5 tratamentos e alimentados com níveis crescentes de GAW (0,0; 7,5, 15,0, 22,5 e 30,0%). O ganho médio diário (GMD) apresentou contraste ortogonal (P 0,05), no qual os animais que ingeriram a dieta controle tiveram desempenho inferior. Os animais com GAW adicionado à dieta obtiveram maiores ganhos de peso refletidos em uma melhor conversão alimentar. Entre as variáveis, ociosidade, alimentação e tempo total de mastigação tiveram efeito significativo (P 0,05); os animais passaram mais tempo ociosos no nível de inclusão de 30,0% e menos tempo no grupo controle. No entanto, as médias dos níveis de inclusão de 7,5, 15,0 e 22,5% no GAW foram estatisticamente semelhantes às do grupo controle e ao nível de 30,0%. Houve efeito significativo (P 0,05) na eficiência alimentar, com os menores valores sendo apresentados para o grupo controle e os maiores valores no nível de inclusão de 30% do GAW. A alimentação de 30,0% GAW para cordeiros em confinamento reduz o tempo de alimentação e mastigação total, prolonga a ociosidade e aumenta a eficiência alimentar sem comprometer o consumo de matéria seca e de fibra em detergente neutron e GMD.

Ingestive behavior of lambs fed with guava agro-industrial waste ( Psidium guajava ) / Comportamento ingestivo de cordeiros alimentados com resíduo agroindustrial de goiaba (Psidium guajava)

The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of increasing levels of guava agro-industrial waste (GAW) on the ingestive behavior of Santa Inês lambs. Forty non-castrated sheep of the Santa Inês breed were used, at an initial weight of 21.33 ± 2.62 kg, and at the age of 120 days, distributed in a completely randomized design, with five treatments and fed with increasing GAW levels (0.0, 7.5, 15.0, 22.5 and 30.0%). The average daily gain (ADG) showed orthogonal contrast (P <0.05), in which the animals that ingested the control diet had lower performances. The animals with GAW added to the diet obtained more significant weight gains reflected by a better feed conversion. Among the variables, idleness, feeding, and total chewing time had a significant effect (P<0.05); animals spent more time idle at the 30.0% inclusion level and less time in the control group. However, the means of the 7.5, 15.0, and 22.5% GAW inclusion levels were statistically similar to the control group and the 30.0% level. There was a significant effect (P<0.05) on feed efficiency, with the lowest values being presented for the control group and the highest values at the 30% inclusion level of GAW. The 30.0% GAW feed for lambs in confinement reduces feed time, and total chewing prolongs idleness and increases feed efficiency without compromising dry matter intake, neutral detergent fiber intake, and ADG.(AU)

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da inclusão de níveis crescentes de resíduo agroindustrial de goiabeira (RAG) no comportamento ingestivo de cordeiros Santa Inês. Foram utilizados 40 cordeiros não castradas da raça Santa Inês, com peso inicial de 21,33 ± 2,62 kg e idade de 120 dias, distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com 5 tratamentos e alimentados com níveis crescentes de GAW (0,0; 7,5, 15,0, 22,5 e 30,0%). O ganho médio diário (GMD) apresentou contraste ortogonal (P <0,05), no qual os animais que ingeriram a dieta controle tiveram desempenho inferior. Os animais com GAW adicionado à dieta obtiveram maiores ganhos de peso refletidos em uma melhor conversão alimentar. Entre as variáveis, ociosidade, alimentação e tempo total de mastigação tiveram efeito significativo (P <0,05); os animais passaram mais tempo ociosos no nível de inclusão de 30,0% e menos tempo no grupo controle. No entanto, as médias dos níveis de inclusão de 7,5, 15,0 e 22,5% no GAW foram estatisticamente semelhantes às do grupo controle e ao nível de 30,0%. Houve efeito significativo (P <0,05) na eficiência alimentar, com os menores valores sendo apresentados para o grupo controle e os maiores valores no nível de inclusão de 30% do GAW. A alimentação de 30,0% GAW para cordeiros em confinamento reduz o tempo de alimentação e mastigação total, prolonga a ociosidade e aumenta a eficiência alimentar sem comprometer o consumo de matéria seca e de fibra em detergente neutron e GMD.(AU)

Effect of the Use of Tomato Pomace on Feeding and Performance of Lactating Goats.

The aim of this research was to evaluate the effect of including different levels of tomato pomace (TP) on performance, blood biochemical parameters, hormones, production and composition of milk, and economic analysis of Saanen goats reared in confinement. Sixteen multiparous goats (Saanen), 21 days in milk, were randomly distributed in two Latin square 4 × 4 (four periods and four treatments), according to the inclusion levels of dehydrated tomato pomace (0%, 20%, 40%, and 60%) in the diet. This inclusion resulted in differences in the intake of dry and organic matter, as well as ether extract, crude protein, water, neutral detergent fiber, and non-fibrous carbohydrates. The inclusion of 60% TP resulted in a significant decrease of body weight (-4.42 kg) in comparison with initial body weight, while the other three treatments did not affect or increase the animal body weight (between -0.05 and +3.07 kg). The addition of 20% and 40% of TP resulted in higher milk production (around 1.5 kg day-1) than in animals from a control (1.2 kg day-1) and 60% TP (1.04 kg day-1). This increase was approximately 28% in the animals with 40% of TP inclusion. Moreover, the addition of 20% or 40% TP also improved the milk quality, which presented a higher fat amount (4.37% and 4.63% in 20% TP and 40% TP animals, respectively) than in a control (3.7%) and animals feed with 60% TP (4.02%). The feed efficiency and feed conversion did not show differences between diets. Thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) were also significantly affected by the inclusion of TP in the diet. The diet with the highest level of TP (60%) had the lowest cost per kilo among the diets evaluated. However, the use of 40% TP in animal diet presented the highest milk production and intermediate production cost.

Determining anthelmintic residues in goat milk in Brazil / Determinação de resíduos anti-helmínticos no leite caprino no Brasil

Anthelmintics are used to combat nematodes. The misuse of anthelmintics can raise the cost of milk production. The objective of this research was to determine the presence of anthelmintics in goat milk. Twenty goats were used, divided into four groups of five animals: I- animals treated with an ivermectin-based anthelmintic; II- animals treated with moxidectin; III- animals treated with levamisole hydrochloride; and IV: animals treated with albendazole. Milk samples were collected individually: before, and 1, 2, 3, 15 and 21 days after administration of the anthelmintics. Determination of anthelmintic residues was performed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). According to the results, there was an exponential effect (P<0.05) for ivermectin and moxidectin. Moxidectin was the anthelmintic that left a residue in the milk for the longest time, up to 21 days. However, with all the anthelmintics researched, residues were below the maximum limit recommended by the inspecting agencies.(AU)

Anthelmintics são usados ​​para combater nematodes. O mau uso de anti-helmínticos pode aumentar o custo da produção de leite. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi determinar a presença de anti-helmínticos no leite de cabra. Foram utilizados vinte cabras, divididos em quatro grupos de cinco animais: I - animais tratados com um antihelmíntico à base de ivermectina; II - animais tratados com moxidectina; III- animais tratados com cloridrato de levamisol; E IV: animais tratados com albendazole. Amostras de leite foram coletadas individualmente: antes, e 1, 2, 3, 15 e 21 dias após a administração dos anti-helmínticos. A determinação dos resíduos antihelmínticos foi realizada por cromatografia líquida-espectrometria de massa (LC-MS). De acordo com os resultados, houve um efeito exponencial (P <0.05) para ivermectina e moxidectina. A moxidectina foi o anti-helmíntico que deixou um resíduo no leite por mais tempo, até 21 dias. Contudo, com todos os anthelmintics pesquisados, os resíduos estavam abaixo do limite máximo recomendado pelas agências de inspeção.(AU)

Estimativas de parâmetros genéticos e de ambiente para medidas repetidas de produção leiteira em caprinos / Estimates of genetic and environmental parameters for repeated measures of milk production in goats

Objetivou-se com este estudo comparar funções matemáticas no ajuste da curva de lactação média e individual de caprinos e estimar parâmetros genéticos e ambientais para medidas repetidas de produção de leite. Foram utilizadas 183 lactações, sendo 121 de cabras Saanen e 62 de cabras Alpinas, de animais pertencentes ao Laboratório de Caprinocultura e Ovinocultura da UFPB/CCHSA. O controle leiteiro foi realizado em intervalos de sete dias. O ajuste foi feito para curva média utilizando-se seis funções matemáticas: polinomial inversa, linear hiperbólica, gama incompleta, quadrática logarítmica, linear e quadrática, sendo ajustada por processos interativos, através de regressão não linear. Os critérios utilizados para verificar a qualidade do ajuste para cada função foram: coeficiente de determinação ajustado (R2a), percentuais de desvio entre as produções totais observadas e estimadas, percentuais de curvas típicas, desvio médio absoluto e quadrado médio dos resíduos. Verificou-se que qualquer um dos modelos testados pode ser utilizado para estimativas da curva média, porém, para o estudo das curvas individuais, o modelo Gama Incompleto deve ser preferido por apresentar melhores estimativas dos componentes da curva de lactação.(AU)

The objective of this study was to compare mathematical functions in adjusting the mean and individual lactation curve of goats and to estimate genetic and environmental parameters for repeated measures of milk production. 183 lactations were used, 121 of Saanen goats and 62 of Alpine goats, of animals belonging to the Laboratory of goat and Sheep of UFPB/CCHSA. The milk control was performed at intervals of seven days. The adjustment was made to the mean curve using six mathematical functions: inverse polynomial, linear hyperbolic, incomplete gamma, quadratic logarithmic, linear and quadratic, and adjusted by interactive processes through non-linear regression. The criteria used to verify the fit quality for each function were adjusted coefficient of determination (R2a), percentages of deviation between observed and estimated total yields, percentages of typical curves, mean absolute deviation and mean square of residues. It was verified that any of the models tested can be used for mean curve estimates, but for the study of the individual curves, the incomplete gamma model should be preferred because it presents better estimates of the components of the lactation curve.(AU)

Determining anthelmintic residues in goat milk in Brazil / Determinação de resíduos anti-helmínticos no leite caprino no Brasil

Anthelmintics are used to combat nematodes. The misuse of anthelmintics can raise the cost of milk production. The objective of this research was to determine the presence of anthelmintics in goat milk. Twenty goats were used, divided into four groups of five animals: I- animals treated with an ivermectin-based anthelmintic; II- animals treated with moxidectin; III- animals treated with levamisole hydrochloride; and IV: animals treated with albendazole. Milk samples were collected individually: before, and 1, 2, 3, 15 and 21 days after administration of the anthelmintics. Determination of anthelmintic residues was performed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). According to the results, there was an exponential effect (P<0.05) for ivermectin and moxidectin. Moxidectin was the anthelmintic that left a residue in the milk for the longest time, up to 21 days. However, with all the anthelmintics researched, residues were below the maximum limit recommended by the inspecting agencies.

Anthelmintics são usados ​​para combater nematodes. O mau uso de anti-helmínticos pode aumentar o custo da produção de leite. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi determinar a presença de anti-helmínticos no leite de cabra. Foram utilizados vinte cabras, divididos em quatro grupos de cinco animais: I - animais tratados com um antihelmíntico à base de ivermectina; II - animais tratados com moxidectina; III- animais tratados com cloridrato de levamisol; E IV: animais tratados com albendazole. Amostras de leite foram coletadas individualmente: antes, e 1, 2, 3, 15 e 21 dias após a administração dos anti-helmínticos. A determinação dos resíduos antihelmínticos foi realizada por cromatografia líquida-espectrometria de massa (LC-MS). De acordo com os resultados, houve um efeito exponencial (P <0.05) para ivermectina e moxidectina. A moxidectina foi o anti-helmíntico que deixou um resíduo no leite por mais tempo, até 21 dias. Contudo, com todos os anthelmintics pesquisados, os resíduos estavam abaixo do limite máximo recomendado pelas agências de inspeção.

Estimativas de parâmetros genéticos e de ambiente para medidas repetidas de produção leiteira em caprinos / Estimates of genetic and environmental parameters for repeated measures of milk production in goats

Objetivou-se com este estudo comparar funções matemáticas no ajuste da curva de lactação média e individual de caprinos e estimar parâmetros genéticos e ambientais para medidas repetidas de produção de leite. Foram utilizadas 183 lactações, sendo 121 de cabras Saanen e 62 de cabras Alpinas, de animais pertencentes ao Laboratório de Caprinocultura e Ovinocultura da UFPB/CCHSA. O controle leiteiro foi realizado em intervalos de sete dias. O ajuste foi feito para curva média utilizando-se seis funções matemáticas: polinomial inversa, linear hiperbólica, gama incompleta, quadrática logarítmica, linear e quadrática, sendo ajustada por processos interativos, através de regressão não linear. Os critérios utilizados para verificar a qualidade do ajuste para cada função foram: coeficiente de determinação ajustado (R2a), percentuais de desvio entre as produções totais observadas e estimadas, percentuais de curvas típicas, desvio médio absoluto e quadrado médio dos resíduos. Verificou-se que qualquer um dos modelos testados pode ser utilizado para estimativas da curva média, porém, para o estudo das curvas individuais, o modelo Gama Incompleto deve ser preferido por apresentar melhores estimativas dos componentes da curva de lactação.

The objective of this study was to compare mathematical functions in adjusting the mean and individual lactation curve of goats and to estimate genetic and environmental parameters for repeated measures of milk production. 183 lactations were used, 121 of Saanen goats and 62 of Alpine goats, of animals belonging to the Laboratory of goat and Sheep of UFPB/CCHSA. The milk control was performed at intervals of seven days. The adjustment was made to the mean curve using six mathematical functions: inverse polynomial, linear hyperbolic, incomplete gamma, quadratic logarithmic, linear and quadratic, and adjusted by interactive processes through non-linear regression. The criteria used to verify the fit quality for each function were adjusted coefficient of determination (R2a), percentages of deviation between observed and estimated total yields, percentages of typical curves, mean absolute deviation and mean square of residues. It was verified that any of the models tested can be used for mean curve estimates, but for the study of the individual curves, the incomplete gamma model should be preferred because it presents better estimates of the components of the lactation curve.

Biochemical and hormonal parameters of lambs using guava (Psidium guajava L.) agro-industrial waste in the diet.

The objective of this research was to evaluate the biochemical and hormonal parameters of Santa Inês sheep that received diets with different levels of guava agro-industrial waste (GAW). Forty non-castrated male animals of the Santa Inês breed were used, with an average initial weight of 21.3 ± 2.6 kg, and an average age of 120 days. The animals were distributed in a completely randomized design, with five treatments and eight replicates, and fed with increasing GAW levels replacing hay (0.0, 7.5, 15.0, 22.5 and 30.0%). After the beginning of the diet period, blood samples were collected every 2 weeks approximately 3 h after feeding. Cholesterol concentration had a significant effect (P < 0.01) with the inclusion of GAW. The animals that ingested the control diet had the highest concentrations of cholesterol. T3 and T4 hormones showed a significant difference (P < 0.01) among the treatments, i.e. the animals that ingested the control diet had the lowest concentrations of these hormones. We concluded that the inclusion of GAW in up to 30% decreases the concentration of cholesterol and increases the concentrations of T3 and T4 in the blood, aiding the metabolism of the animals.

The fatty acid profile of fat depots from Santa Inês sheep fed spineless cactus (Opuntia ficus-indica Mill.).

BACKGROUND: Fat is the tissue that varies most in animals from both a quantitative and distribution perspective. It plays a fundamental biological role as energy storage during food scarcity. Renal, pelvic and internal fat are deposited first. These fats are used to identify fatty acid profiles that may be considered beneficial or unhealthy. The aim of this study is to evaluate the fatty acid profile of fat depots in Santa Inês sheep finished in confinement with spineless cactus in their diets. RESULTS: The treatments included increasing levels of spineless cactus (Opuntia fícus-indica Mill.): T1 = 0%, T2 = 30%, T3 = 50%, and T4 = 70%. The diets significantly affected the adipose depots. The orthogonal contrast between the diet with no cactus (control) and the other diets indicates that the quantity of saturated fatty acids decreased and that the levels of mono-unsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids increased in animals fed spineless cactus. CONCLUSION: The use of spineless cactus in the diets of Santa Inês sheep affects the lipid profile of their fat depots, reducing the quantity of saturated fatty acids and increasing the quantity of mono-unsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids. The fatty acid profile of the fat depots indicates that these fats can be used to formulate meat products and add economic and nutritional value to such products, which increases sheep farmers' incomes. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry.

Physicochemical and sensory characteristics of yoghurts made from goat and cow milk.

Substituting goats' milk for cows' milk could improve the quality of dairy products, because it adds new sensorial characteristics. The aim of this study was to develop a type of yoghurt using goats' milk (25, 50, 75 and 100%) in place of cows' milk and to compare their characteristics. Physicochemical, microbiological and sensory characteristics were evaluated using a nine-point hedonic scale and purchase intention test. The data obtained in the physicochemical analysis were submitted to regression analysis and the sensory results were evaluated through analysis of variance. Among the physicochemical characteristics of the yoghurts, variation (P < 0.05) of ash, acidity and lactose was observed. Tasters in the sensory analysis indicated that yoghurts up to 50% of goats' milk received favorable averages; with lower scores for higher goats' milk concentrations (75% and 100%). No difference was reported in acidity. Replacing cows' milk with goats' milk in yoghurt preparation promotes variations in the physicochemical characteristics for ash, acidity and lactose. However, it does not cause alterations in the sensory attributes (50% goat milk) and therefore could be considered as an alternative for the production of dairy products. © 2016 Japanese Society of Animal Science.

Partial replacement of corn by sorghum in pig feeding at the nursery, growing and finishing phases / Substituição parcial do milho por sorgo granífero na alimentação de suínos nas fases de creche, crescimento e terminação

The study evaluated the effect of partial substitution of corn by sorghum in diet of castrated pigs and the effects on performance, carcass traits and economic feasibility. It were used 27 crossbred barrows from commercial line with 19.66 ± 2,92kg of initial live weight, divided in three groups with increasing rates of sorghum - 0%, 25% and 50% - replacing corn, distributed in a completely randomized design. The trial evaluated: daily weight gain, daily feed intake and feed:gain ratio, backfat thickness and blood biochemical parameters urea, total proteins, creatinine, glucose, triglycerides and cholesterol. For carcass traits it was evaluated: hot and cold carcass weight, hot and cold carcass yield, pH and temperature in hot and cold carcasses and industrial weight cuts. For economy feasibility was calculated the cost of feed consumed, cost of pig kg, average cost index and economy efficiency rate. It was used regression analysis to evaluate the productive variables. No effects were found for performance data and carcass traits. For the biochemical variables, the effects were linear for urea and total protein, with animals in control group (0% of sorghum) showing higher rates. The bioeconomical performance showed that 50% sorghum had the lowest cost and the highest rate of economic efficiency.

Avaliou-se o efeito da substituição parcial do milho por sorgo granífero na dieta de suínos castrados sobre as características de desempenho, carcaça e avaliação econômica. Foram utilizados 27 machos híbridos, oriundos de linhagem comercial, com 19,66 2,92kg de peso inicial, distribuídos em três tratamentos com porcentagens crescentes de sorgo granífero - 0%, 25% e 50% - em substituição ao milho, em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado. Foram avaliados: ganho diário de peso, consumo diário de ração, conversão alimentar, espessura de toucinho e parâmetros bioquímicos sanguíneos - ureia, proteínas totais, creatinina, glicose, triglicerídeos e colesterol. Para as características de carcaça foram avaliados: peso nas carcaças quente e fria, rendimento nas carcaças quente e fria, pH e temperatura nas carcaças quente e fria e peso de cortes industriais. Para o desempenho econômico foi calculado o custo da ração, custo do kg suíno e índices de custo médio e de eficiência econômica. Foi utilizada análise de regressão para as variáveis produtivas. Não foram encontrados efeitos para o desempenho e características de carcaça. Nas variáveis bioquímicas, foram encontrados efeitos lineares para a ureia e proteínas totais, com os animais com 0% de sorgo apresentando os maiores valores.

Partial replacement of corn by sorghum in pig feeding at the nursery, growing and finishing phases / Substituição parcial do milho por sorgo granífero na alimentação de suínos nas fases de creche, crescimento e terminação

The study evaluated the effect of partial substitution of corn by sorghum in diet of castrated pigs and the effects on performance, carcass traits and economic feasibility. It were used 27 crossbred barrows from commercial line with 19.66 ± 2,92kg of initial live weight, divided in three groups with increasing rates of sorghum - 0%, 25% and 50% - replacing corn, distributed in a completely randomized design. The trial evaluated: daily weight gain, daily feed intake and feed:gain ratio, backfat thickness and blood biochemical parameters urea, total proteins, creatinine, glucose, triglycerides and cholesterol. For carcass traits it was evaluated: hot and cold carcass weight, hot and cold carcass yield, pH and temperature in hot and cold carcasses and industrial weight cuts. For economy feasibility was calculated the cost of feed consumed, cost of pig kg, average cost index and economy efficiency rate. It was used regression analysis to evaluate the productive variables. No effects were found for performance data and carcass traits. For the biochemical variables, the effects were linear for urea and total protein, with animals in control group (0% of sorghum) showing higher rates. The bioeconomical performance showed that 50% sorghum had the lowest cost and the highest rate of economic efficiency.(AU)

Avaliou-se o efeito da substituição parcial do milho por sorgo granífero na dieta de suínos castrados sobre as características de desempenho, carcaça e avaliação econômica. Foram utilizados 27 machos híbridos, oriundos de linhagem comercial, com 19,66 2,92kg de peso inicial, distribuídos em três tratamentos com porcentagens crescentes de sorgo granífero - 0%, 25% e 50% - em substituição ao milho, em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado. Foram avaliados: ganho diário de peso, consumo diário de ração, conversão alimentar, espessura de toucinho e parâmetros bioquímicos sanguíneos - ureia, proteínas totais, creatinina, glicose, triglicerídeos e colesterol. Para as características de carcaça foram avaliados: peso nas carcaças quente e fria, rendimento nas carcaças quente e fria, pH e temperatura nas carcaças quente e fria e peso de cortes industriais. Para o desempenho econômico foi calculado o custo da ração, custo do kg suíno e índices de custo médio e de eficiência econômica. Foi utilizada análise de regressão para as variáveis produtivas. Não foram encontrados efeitos para o desempenho e características de carcaça. Nas variáveis bioquímicas, foram encontrados efeitos lineares para a ureia e proteínas totais, com os animais com 0% de sorgo apresentando os maiores valores.(AU)

Substituição parcial do milho por sorgo granífero na alimentação de suínos nas fases de creche, crescimento e terminação

The study evaluated the effect of partial substitution of corn by sorghum in diet of castrated pigs and the effects on performance, carcass traits and economic feasibility. It were used 27 crossbred barrows from commercial line with 19.66 ± 2,92kg of initial live weight, divided in three groups with increasing rates of sorghum - 0%, 25% and 50% - replacing corn, distributed in a completely randomized design. The trial evaluated: daily weight gain, daily feed intake and feed:gain ratio, backfat thickness and blood biochemical parameters - urea, total proteins, creatinine, glucose, triglycerides and cholesterol. For carcass traits it was evaluated: hot and cold carcass weight, hot and cold carcass yield, pH and temperature in hot and cold carcasses and industrial weight cuts. For economy feasibility was calculated the cost of feed consumed, cost of pig kg, average cost index and economy efficiency rate. It was used regression analysis to evaluate the productive variables. No effects were found for performance data and carcass traits. For the biochemical variables, the effects were linear for urea and total protein, with animals in control group (0% of sorghum) showing higher rates. The bioeconomical performance showed that 50% sorghum had the lowest cost and the highest rate of economic efficiency. Thus, it was concluded that substitution of corn by sorghum at levels up to 50% of the diet represents an alternative to sustainability of regional swine production.

Avaliou-se o efeito da substituição parcial do milho por sorgo granífero na dieta de suínos castrados sobre as características de desempenho, carcaça e avaliação econômica. Foram utilizados 27 machos híbridos, oriundos de linhagem comercial, com 19,66 ± 2,92kg de peso inicial, distribuídos em três tratamentos com porcentagens crescentes de sorgo granífero - 0%, 25% e 50% - em substituição ao milho, em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado. Foram avaliados: ganho diário de peso, consumo diário de ração, conversão alimentar, espessura de toucinho e parâmetros bioquímicos sanguíneos - ureia, proteínas totais, creatinina, glicose, triglicerídeos e colesterol. Para as características de carcaça foram avaliados: peso nas carcaças quente e fria, rendimento nas carcaças quente e fria, pH e temperatura nas carcaças quente e fria e peso de cortes industriais. Para o desempenho econômico foi calculado o custo da ração, custo do kg suíno e índices de custo médio e de eficiência econômica. Foi utilizada análise de regressão para as variáveis produtivas. Não foram encontrados efeitos para o desempenho e características de carcaça. Nas variáveis bioquímicas, foram encontrados efeitos lineares para a ureia e proteínas totais, com os animais com 0% de sorgo apresentando os maiores valores. Quanto ao desempenho econômico, o grupo com 50% de sorgo apresentou o menor índice de custo e o maior de eficiência econômica. Dessa forma, conclui-se que a substituição do milho pelo sorgo granífero em níveis de até 50% da dieta representa uma alternativa sustentável na suinocultura regional.

Características microbiológicas, físico-químicas e sensoriais de "almôndegas" à base de polpa de Tilápia (Oreochromis niloticus) / Microbiological, physicochemical and sensory characteristics of pulp-of-Tilapia-based (Oreochromis niloticus) meatballs

O consumo mundial per capita de pescado e produtos derivados vem crescendo gradualmente nas últimas décadas. Este trabalho teve como objetivo elaborar um reestruturado, tipo almôndegas, utilizando-se polpa bruta de tilápia (Oreochromis niloticus - PBT) e proteína texturizada de soja (PTS). Para obtenção do reestruturado, o PTS, de coloração marrom e sabor carne, teve sua concentração variada nos diferentes tratamentos: 0, 5 e 2,5% de PTS em T1, T2 e T3, respectivamente. Foram realizadas análises microbiológicas e físico-químicas da matéria prima e das ?almôndegas?; a análise sensorial foi realizada somente no produto final. Os resultados das análises microbiológicas da polpa e das ?almôndegas? estavam dentro dos padrões exigidos pela legislação brasileira. Os parâmetros físico-químicos não apresentaram muitas alterações e também estavam de acordo com os padrões exigidos para alimentos. As ?almôndegas? elaboradas com 5% PTS (T2) mostraram menores valores para a capacidade de retenção de água e perda de peso por cocção. No teste de aceitação das ?almôndegas? não houve diferença significativa (p? 0,05) entre os tratamentos, com aceitabilidade acima de 70% para todos os atributos avaliados. O teste de intenção de compra mostrou que mais de 50% dos consumidores que participaram do teste tinham a intenção de comprar os produtos, se os encontrasse à venda. O processo de elaboração das ?almôndegas? à base polpa de tilápia foi obtido com sucesso, sendo que o melhor tratamento foi o que continha 5%de PTS.

Worldwide per capita consumption of fish and derivative products has been increasing gradually in the last few decades. This study aimed to formulate a restructured product, like meatballs, using gross pulp of tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus ? GPT) and textured protein of soybean (TPS). In order to achieve the restructured product, brown-colored and meat-flavored, TPS had its concentration diversified in the different treatments: 0.5 and 2.5% of TPS in T1, T2 and T3, respectively. Microbiological and physiochemical analyses of raw material and meatballs were carried out; the sensory analysis was carried out only with the final product. The results of microbiological analyses of the pulp and meatballs fit the patterns demanded by Brazilian legislation. Physiochemical parameters did not show many alterations and also fit the patterns demanded for food. ?Meatballs? formulated with 5% TPS (T2) showed lower values for the capacity of water and cooking-loss-of-weight retention. In the acceptance test of ?meatballs? there was no significant difference (p? 0,05) among treatments, with acceptability higher than 70% for all the evaluated attributes. The test of purchase intent showed that over 50% of consumers who took part in the test had the intention of buying the products if they were for sale. The process of elaboration of the pulp-of-tilapia-based ?meatballs? was successful, once the best treatment was the one which contained TPS 5%.

Profile and habits of consumers of cachaça in the State of Paraíba / Perfil e hábitos dos consumidores de cachaça no Estado da Paraíba

The objective in this work was to study the profile and the habits of consumers of cachaça in the state of Paraíba. The study was descriptive and quantitative and has been carried out through the application of 595 structured questionnaires in the four paraiban meso-regions: the Coastal region, Agreste, Borborema and the Sertão. For statistical analysis the Hertley test and Students t-test at 5% probability were used. As far as the gender of the interviewed consumers of cachaça was concerned, 84,2% were male and 15,8% were female. It was observed that the daily and weekly consumption was higher among consumers of low scolarity. The consumers with the highest scolarity presented the lowest daily consumption. The preferred locale for acquisition of cachaça  were bars (51,4%) and supermarkets (26,2%). In the meso-region, Agreste, 4,7% of the consumers confirmed acquiring cachaça directly from the producer. Industrial cachaça was indicated as the preferred one by 50,4% of the paraiban consumers, whereas, in the meso-region Agreste, where there is a concentration of artisan cachaça production, 46,3% of the consumers expressed a preference for artisan cachaças, 29,5% for industrial cachaças and 24,2% expressed not being able to distinguish the difference between the two types of cachaça.

O objetivo neste trabalho foi estudar o perfil e os hábitos do consumidor de cachaça no estado da Paraíba. A pesquisa foi descritiva e quantitativa, realizada por meio da aplicação de 595 questionários estruturados nas quatro mesorregiões paraibanas: Litoral, Agreste, Borborema e Sertão. A análise estatística utilizou o teste de Hertley e o teste t de Student a 5% de probabilidade. Quanto ao gênero dos consumidores de cachaça entrevistados, 84,2% são masculinos, e 15,8%, femininos. Observou-se que a frequência de consumo diária e semanal é maior entre os consumidores de baixa escolaridade, e os com ensino superior apresentaram o menor consumo diário. Os locais preferidos para a aquisição da cachaça foram os bares (51,4%) e os supermercados (26,2%). Na Mesorregião Agreste, 4,7% dos consumidores afirmaram que adquirem a cachaça diretamente do produtor. A cachaça de produção industrial foi apontada como a preferida por 50,4% dos consumidores paraibanos, entretanto, na Mesorregião do Agreste, reduto que produz a cachaça de forma artesanal, os consumidores relataram preferência por cachaça produzida artesanalmenete. Em todo o estado, um percentual elevado de consumidores relatou que não sabe a diferença entre cachaça de produção artesanal e industrial.

Profile and habits of consumers of cachaça in the State of Paraíba / Perfil e hábitos dos consumidores de cachaça no Estado da Paraíba

The objective in this work was to study the profile and the habits of consumers of cachaça in the state of Paraíba. The study was descriptive and quantitative and has been carried out through the application of 595 structured questionnaires in the four paraiban meso-regions: the Coastal region, Agreste, Borborema and the Sertão. For statistical analysis the Hertley test and Students t-test at 5% probability were used. As far as the gender of the interviewed consumers of cachaça was concerned, 84,2% were male and 15,8% were female. It was observed that the daily and weekly consumption was higher among consumers of low scolarity. The consumers with the highest scolarity presented the lowest daily consumption. The preferred locale for acquisition of cachaça  were bars (51,4%) and supermarkets (26,2%). In the meso-region, Agreste, 4,7% of the consumers confirmed acquiring cachaça directly from the producer. Industrial cachaça was indicated as the preferred one by 50,4% of the paraiban consumers, whereas, in the meso-region Agreste, where there is a concentration of artisan cachaça production, 46,3% of the consumers expressed a preference for artisan cachaças, 29,5% for industrial cachaças and 24,2% expressed not being able to distinguish the difference between the two types of cachaça.

O objetivo neste trabalho foi estudar o perfil e os hábitos do consumidor de cachaça no estado da Paraíba. A pesquisa foi descritiva e quantitativa, realizada por meio da aplicação de 595 questionários estruturados nas quatro mesorregiões paraibanas: Litoral, Agreste, Borborema e Sertão. A análise estatística utilizou o teste de Hertley e o teste t de Student a 5% de probabilidade. Quanto ao gênero dos consumidores de cachaça entrevistados, 84,2% são masculinos, e 15,8%, femininos. Observou-se que a frequência de consumo diária e semanal é maior entre os consumidores de baixa escolaridade, e os com ensino superior apresentaram o menor consumo diário. Os locais preferidos para a aquisição da cachaça foram os bares (51,4%) e os supermercados (26,2%). Na Mesorregião Agreste, 4,7% dos consumidores afirmaram que adquirem a cachaça diretamente do produtor. A cachaça de produção industrial foi apontada como a preferida por 50,4% dos consumidores paraibanos, entretanto, na Mesorregião do Agreste, reduto que produz a cachaça de forma artesanal, os consumidores relataram preferência por cachaça produzida artesanalmenete. Em todo o estado, um percentual elevado de consumidores relatou que não sabe a diferença entre cachaça de produção artesanal e industrial.

Typology production system of swine in Brejo Paraibano micro area / Tipologia dos Sistemas de produção de suínos na microrregião do brejo paraibano

This research aims to characterize the creations of pigs in the Brejo Paraibano. Visits were made to 183 pig farmers in the municipalities cited, which addressed issues relevant on the property: size, location and labor force used; issues relating to managements: food and sanitary. From the information provided by 183 farmers surveyed, 149 are in rural areas and 34 in urban areas, farmers are small producers, where most have 1.5 to 5 hectares (29.51%). It was found that 53% of interviewed are owners of properties, which use these areas for farming and ranching. Use these areas for farming and ranching. In assessing the importance of pig farming in income from the property, it was found that 25.14% of them have pig activity the main source of income, 42.50% have a swine as a second source of income and 32.36% have as the third source of income. The systems creation used by pig farmers is extensive with restrain (86,34%). Most of these producers creat their animals only at the stage to fatten (78,69%), a small portion has matrices (5,46%) and some producers make the full cycle of reproduction and finishing (15,85%). The number of animals per producer is small of two to ten pigs (47,54%) and just 3,83% over have twenty animals. Was analyzed that 57,92% pratice eventually management sanitary, while 42,08% not prarice. There is need search and policies public seeking improvements in

Objetivou-se caracterizar as criações de suínos na microrregião do Brejo paraibano. Foram realizadas visitas a 183 criadores de suínos dos municípios pesquisados. Nessas visitas foram abordadas questões relevantes sobre a propriedade: tamanho, localização e mão-de-obra utilizada; questões referentes aos manejos: alimentar e sanitário. Com base nas informações fornecidas pelos 183 criadores pesquisados, observou-se que, 149 encontram-se na zona rural, 34 na zona urbana e esses criadores classificam-se como pequenos produtores, pois a maioria possui de 1,5 a 5 hectares (29,51%). Verificou-se que 53% dos entrevistados são donos das propriedades, e as utilizam para exploração agrícola e pecuária. Quanto à importância da suinocultura na renda da propriedade, constatou-se que 25,14% têm na atividade suinícola a principal fonte de renda, 42,50%, como segunda fonte de renda e 32,36% como a terceira fonte de renda. O sistema de criação utilizado pelos criadores é o extensivo com contenção (86,34%). Maior parte desses produtores cria só na fase para engorda (78,69%), pequena parcela tem matrizes (5,46%) e alguns fazem o ciclo completo de reprodução e a fase de terminação (15,85%). A quantidade de animais por produtor é de dois a dez suínos (47,54%) e apenas 3,83% possuem acima de vinte animais. Observou-se que 57,92% praticavam eventualmente manejo sanitário, enquanto que 42,08% não prat

Typology production system of swine in Brejo Paraibano micro area / Tipologia dos Sistemas de produção de suínos na microrregião do brejo paraibano

This research aims to characterize the creations of pigs in the Brejo Paraibano. Visits were made to 183 pig farmers in the municipalities cited, which addressed issues relevant on the property: size, location and labor force used; issues relating to managements: food and sanitary. From the information provided by 183 farmers surveyed, 149 are in rural areas and 34 in urban areas, farmers are small producers, where most have 1.5 to 5 hectares (29.51%). It was found that 53% of interviewed are owners of properties, which use these areas for farming and ranching. Use these areas for farming and ranching. In assessing the importance of pig farming in income from the property, it was found that 25.14% of them have pig activity the main source of income, 42.50% have a swine as a second source of income and 32.36% have as the third source of income. The systems creation used by pig farmers is extensive with restrain (86,34%). Most of these producers creat their animals only at the stage to fatten (78,69%), a small portion has matrices (5,46%) and some producers make the full cycle of reproduction and finishing (15,85%). The number of animals per producer is small of two to ten pigs (47,54%) and just 3,83% over have twenty animals. Was analyzed that 57,92% pratice eventually management sanitary, while 42,08% not prarice. There is need search and policies public seeking improvements in

Objetivou-se caracterizar as criações de suínos na microrregião do Brejo paraibano. Foram realizadas visitas a 183 criadores de suínos dos municípios pesquisados. Nessas visitas foram abordadas questões relevantes sobre a propriedade: tamanho, localização e mão-de-obra utilizada; questões referentes aos manejos: alimentar e sanitário. Com base nas informações fornecidas pelos 183 criadores pesquisados, observou-se que, 149 encontram-se na zona rural, 34 na zona urbana e esses criadores classificam-se como pequenos produtores, pois a maioria possui de 1,5 a 5 hectares (29,51%). Verificou-se que 53% dos entrevistados são donos das propriedades, e as utilizam para exploração agrícola e pecuária. Quanto à importância da suinocultura na renda da propriedade, constatou-se que 25,14% têm na atividade suinícola a principal fonte de renda, 42,50%, como segunda fonte de renda e 32,36% como a terceira fonte de renda. O sistema de criação utilizado pelos criadores é o extensivo com contenção (86,34%). Maior parte desses produtores cria só na fase para engorda (78,69%), pequena parcela tem matrizes (5,46%) e alguns fazem o ciclo completo de reprodução e a fase de terminação (15,85%). A quantidade de animais por produtor é de dois a dez suínos (47,54%) e apenas 3,83% possuem acima de vinte animais. Observou-se que 57,92% praticavam eventualmente manejo sanitário, enquanto que 42,08% não prat