(-)-Carvone Modulates Intracellular Calcium Signaling with Antiarrhythmic Action in Rat Hearts. / A (-)-Carvona Modula a Sinalização de Cálcio Intracelular com Ação Antiarrítmica em Corações de Ratos.

BACKGROUND: (-)-Carvone is a monoterpene found in essential oils with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this paper was to analyze the antiarrhythmic property of (-)-carvone in the rat heart and its effects on the intracellular Ca2+ signaling. METHODS: The effects of (-)-carvone were evaluated on the ventricular (0.5 mM) and atrial contractility (0.01 - 4 mM) and on electrocardiogram (0.5 mM). Fractional shortening, L-type calcium current (ICa,L) and Ca2+ signaling were measured in the isolated cardiomyocyte (0.5 mM). Antiarrhythmic effect was evaluated in arrhythmia model induced by calcium overload (0.5 mM) (n = 5). P < 0.05 was used as the significance level. RESULTS: In the atrium, (-)-carvone evoked negative inotropism that was concentration-dependent (EC50 0.44 ± 0.11 mM) and decreased the positive inotropism evoked by CaCl2 (0.1 to 8.0 mM) or BAY K8644 (5 to 500 nM), an agonist of L-type Ca2+ channel. In isolated heart, (-)-carvone (0.5 mM) promoted reduction of ventricular contractility (73%) and heart rate (46%), increased PRi (30.7%, time from the onset of the P wave until the R wave) and QTc (9.2%, a measure of the depolarization and repolarization of the ventricles) without changing the QRS complex duration. (-)-Carvone decreased the fractional shortening (61%), ICa,L (79%) and Ca2+ intracellular transient (38%). Furthermore, (-)-carvone showed antiarrhythmic action, verified by decrease of the arrhythmia score (85%) and occurrence of ventricular fibrillation. CONCLUSION: (-)-Carvone decreases Ca2+ entry through L-type Ca2+ channels, reducing the cardiac contractility and intracellular Ca2+, and, therefore, presenting promising antiarrhythmic activity in the rat hearts.

FUNDAMENTO: A (-)-carvona é um monoterpeno encontrado em óleos essenciais com atividade antioxidante e anti-inflamátoria. OBJETIVOS: O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar a propriedade antiarrítmica da (-)-carvona no coração de rato e seus efeitos sobre a sinalização de Ca+2 intracelular. MÉTODOS: Os efeitos da (-)-carvona foram avaliados sobre a contratilidade atrial (0,01 ­ 4 mM) e ventricular (0,5 mM), e no eletrocardiograma (0,5mM). A fração de encurtamento, a corrente de cálcio do tipo L (ICa,L) e a sinalização de Ca+2 foram medidas no cardiomiócito isolado (0,5 mM). O efeito antiarrítmico foi avaliado no modelo de arritmia induzida por sobrecarga de cálcio (0,5 mM) (n = 5). Um p < 0,05 foi adotado como nível de significância estatística. RESULTADOS: No átrio, a (-)-carvona causou inotropismo negativo de maneira concentração-dependente (EC50 0,44 ± 0,11 mM) e diminuiu o inotropismo positivo induzido pelo CaCl2 (0,1 ­ 8,0 mM) e BAY K8644 (5 - 500 nM), um agonista de canal de cálcio do tipo L. Em coração isolado, a (-)-carvona (0,5mM) reduziu a contratilidade ventricular em 73% e a frequência cardíaca (em 46%), aumentou o Pri (30,7%, tempo desde o início da onda P até a onda R) e o QTc (9,2%, uma medida de despolarização e repolarização dos ventrículos), sem mudar a duração do complexo QRS. A (-)-carvona diminuiu a fração de encurtamento (61%), a (ICa,L) (79%) e o transiente intracelular de Ca+2 (38%). Além disso, a (-)-carvona apresentou ação antiarrítmica, identificada pela redução do escore de arritmia (85%) e ocorrência de fibrilação ventricular. CONCLUSÃO: A (-)-carvona reduz a entrada de Ca+2 através de canais de Ca+2 do tipo L e, assim, diminui a contratilidade cardíaca e o Ca+2 intracelular e apresenta promissora atividade antiarrítmica no coração de ratos.

A (-)-Carvona Modula a Sinalização de Cálcio Intracelular com Ação Antiarrítmica em Corações de Ratos / (-)-Carvone Modulates Intracellular Calcium Signaling with Antiarrhythmic Action in Rat Hearts

Resumo Fundamento: A (-)-carvona é um monoterpeno encontrado em óleos essenciais com atividade antioxidante e anti-inflamátoria. Objetivos: O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar a propriedade antiarrítmica da (-)-carvona no coração de rato e seus efeitos sobre a sinalização de Ca+2 intracelular. Métodos: Os efeitos da (-)-carvona foram avaliados sobre a contratilidade atrial (0,01 - 4 mM) e ventricular (0,5 mM), e no eletrocardiograma (0,5mM). A fração de encurtamento, a corrente de cálcio do tipo L (ICa,L) e a sinalização de Ca+2 foram medidas no cardiomiócito isolado (0,5 mM). O efeito antiarrítmico foi avaliado no modelo de arritmia induzida por sobrecarga de cálcio (0,5 mM) (n = 5). Um p < 0,05 foi adotado como nível de significância estatística. Resultados: No átrio, a (-)-carvona causou inotropismo negativo de maneira concentração-dependente (EC50 0,44 ± 0,11 mM) e diminuiu o inotropismo positivo induzido pelo CaCl2 (0,1 - 8,0 mM) e BAY K8644 (5 - 500 nM), um agonista de canal de cálcio do tipo L. Em coração isolado, a (-)-carvona (0,5mM) reduziu a contratilidade ventricular em 73% e a frequência cardíaca (em 46%), aumentou o Pri (30,7%, tempo desde o início da onda P até a onda R) e o QTc (9,2%, uma medida de despolarização e repolarização dos ventrículos), sem mudar a duração do complexo QRS. A (-)-carvona diminuiu a fração de encurtamento (61%), a (ICa,L) (79%) e o transiente intracelular de Ca+2 (38%). Além disso, a (-)-carvona apresentou ação antiarrítmica, identificada pela redução do escore de arritmia (85%) e ocorrência de fibrilação ventricular. Conclusão: A (-)-carvona reduz a entrada de Ca+2 através de canais de Ca+2 do tipo L e, assim, diminui a contratilidade cardíaca e o Ca+2 intracelular e apresenta promissora atividade antiarrítmica no coração de ratos.

Abstract Background: (-)-Carvone is a monoterpene found in essential oils with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity. Objective: The aim of this paper was to analyze the antiarrhythmic property of (-)-carvone in the rat heart and its effects on the intracellular Ca2+ signaling. Methods: The effects of (-)-carvone were evaluated on the ventricular (0.5 mM) and atrial contractility (0.01 - 4 mM) and on electrocardiogram (0.5 mM). Fractional shortening, L-type calcium current (ICa,L) and Ca2+ signaling were measured in the isolated cardiomyocyte (0.5 mM). Antiarrhythmic effect was evaluated in arrhythmia model induced by calcium overload (0.5 mM) (n = 5). P < 0.05 was used as the significance level. Results: In the atrium, (-)-carvone evoked negative inotropism that was concentration-dependent (EC50 0.44 ± 0.11 mM) and decreased the positive inotropism evoked by CaCl2 (0.1 to 8.0 mM) or BAY K8644 (5 to 500 nM), an agonist of L-type Ca2+ channel. In isolated heart, (-)-carvone (0.5 mM) promoted reduction of ventricular contractility (73%) and heart rate (46%), increased PRi (30.7%, time from the onset of the P wave until the R wave) and QTc (9.2%, a measure of the depolarization and repolarization of the ventricles) without changing the QRS complex duration. (-)-Carvone decreased the fractional shortening (61%), ICa,L (79%) and Ca2+ intracellular transient (38%). Furthermore, (-)-carvone showed antiarrhythmic action, verified by decrease of the arrhythmia score (85%) and occurrence of ventricular fibrillation. Conclusion: (-)-Carvone decreases Ca2+ entry through L-type Ca2+ channels, reducing the cardiac contractility and intracellular Ca2+, and, therefore, presenting promising antiarrhythmic activity in the rat hearts.

Dengue virus infection induces inflammation and oxidative stress on the heart.

OBJECTIVE: Dengue fever is one of the most important arboviral diseases in the world, and its severe forms are characterised by a broad spectrum of systemic and cardiovascular hallmarks. However, much remains to be elucidated regarding the pathogenesis triggered by Dengue virus (DENV) in the heart. Herein, we evaluated the cardiac outcomes unleashed by DENV infection and the possible mechanisms associated with these effects. METHODS: A model of an adapted DENV-3 strain was used to infect male BALB/c mice to assess haemodynamic measurements and the functional, electrophysiological, inflammatory and oxidative parameters in the heart. RESULTS: DENV-3 infection resulted in increased systemic inflammation and vascular permeability with consequent reduction of systolic blood pressure and increase in heart rate. These changes were accompanied by a decrease in the cardiac output and stroke volume, with a reduction trend in the left ventricular end-systolic and end-diastolic diameters and volumes. Also, there was a reduction trend in the calcium current density in the ventricular cardiomyocytes of DENV-3 infected mice. Indeed, DENV-3 infection led to leucocyte infiltration and production of inflammatory mediators in the heart, causing pericarditis and myocarditis. Moreover, increased reactive oxygen species generation and lipoperoxidation were also verified in the cardiac tissue of DENV-3 infected mice. CONCLUSIONS: DENV-3 infection induced a marked cardiac dysfunction, which may be associated with inflammation, oxidative stress and electrophysiological changes in the heart. These findings provide new cardiac insights into the mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis triggered by DENV, contributing to the research of new therapeutic targets for clinical practice.

Anti-Bronchospasmodic Effect of JME-173, a Novel Mexiletine Analog Endowed With Highly Attenuated Anesthetic Activity.

Local anesthetics (LAs), such as lidocaine and mexiletine, inhibit bronchoconstriction in asthmatics, but adverse effects limit their use for this specific clinical application. In this study, we describe the anti-spasmodic properties of the mexiletine analog 2-(2-aminopropoxy)-3,5-dimethyl, 4-Br-benzene (JME-173), which was synthesized and screened for inducing reduced activity on Na+ channels. The effectiveness of JME-173 was assessed using rat tracheal rings, a GH3 cell line and mouse cardiomyocytes to access changes in smooth muscle contraction, and Na+, and Ca++ionic currents, respectively. Bronchospasm and airway hyper-reactivity (AHR) were studied using whole-body barometric plethysmography in A/J mice. We observed that the potency of JME-173 was 653-fold lower than mexiletine in inhibiting Na+ currents, but 12-fold higher in inhibiting L-type Ca++ currents. JME-173 was also more potent than mexiletine in inhibiting tracheal contraction by carbachol, allergen, extracellular Ca++, or sodium orthovanadate provocations. The effect of JME-173 on carbachol-induced tracheal contraction remained unaltered under conditions of de-epithelized rings, ß2-receptor blockade or adenylate cyclase inhibition. When orally administered, JME-173 and theophylline inhibited methacholine-induced bronchospasm at time points of 1 and 3 h post-treatment, while only JME-173 remained active for at least 6 h. In addition, JME-173 also inhibited AHR in a mouse model of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced lung inflammation. Thus, the mexiletine analog JME-173 shows highly attenuated activity on Na+ channels and optimized anti-spasmodic properties, in a mechanism that is at least in part mediated by regulation of Ca++ inflow toward the cytosol. Thus, JME-173 is a promising alternative for the treatment of clinical conditions marked by life-threatening bronchoconstriction.

Mechanisms of artemether toxicity on single cardiomyocytes and protective effect of nanoencapsulation.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The artemisinin derivative, artemether, has antimalarial activity with potential neurotoxic and cardiotoxic effects. Artemether in nanocapsules (NC-ATM) is more efficient than free artemether for reducing parasitaemia and increasing survival of Plasmodium berghei-infected mice. NCs also prevent prolongation of the QT interval of the ECG. Here, we assessed cellular cardiotoxicity of artemether and how this toxicity was prevented by nanoencapsulation. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH: Mice were treated with NC-ATM orally (120 mg·kg-1 twice daily) for 4 days. Other mice received free artemether, blank NCs, and vehicle for comparison. We measured single-cell contraction, intracellular Ca2+ transient using fluorescent Indo-1AM Ca2+ dye, and electrical activity using the patch-clamp technique in freshly isolated left ventricular myocytes. The acute effect of free artemether was also tested on cardiomyocytes of untreated animals. KEY RESULTS: Artemether prolonged action potentials (AP) upon acute exposure (at 0.1, 1, and 10 µM) of cardiomyocytes from untreated mice or after in vivo treatment. This prolongation was unrelated to blockade of K+ currents, increased Ca2+ currents or promotion of a sustained Na+ current. AP lengthening was abolished by the NCX inhibitor SEA-0400. Artemether promoted irregular Ca2+ transients during pacing and spontaneous Ca2+ events during resting periods. NC-ATM prevented all effects. Blank NCs had no effects compared with vehicle. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS: Artemether induced NCX-dependent AP lengthening (explaining QTc prolongation) and disrupted Ca2+ handling, both effects increasing pro-arrhythmogenic risks. NCs prevented these adverse effects, providing a safe alternative to the use of artemether alone, especially to treat malaria.

Investigation of the Involvement of the Endocannabinoid System in TENS-Induced Antinociception.

Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) promotes antinociception by activating the descending pain modulation pathway and consequently releasing endogenous analgesic substances. In addition, recent studies have shown that the endocannabinoid system controls pain. Thus, the present study investigated the involvement of the endocannabinoid system in TENS-induced antinociception of cancer pain using a cancer pain model induced by intraplantar (i.pl.) injections of Ehrlich tumor cells in male Swiss mice. Low- and high-frequency TENS was applied for 20 minutes to the mice's paws, and to investigate the involvement of the endocannabinoid system were used the N-(peperidin-1-yl)-5-(4-iodophenyl)-1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-4-methyl-1H-pitazole-3-carboixamide (AM251), a cannabinoid CB1 receptor antagonist and (5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)-5,8,11,14-eicosatetraenyl-methylester phosphonofluoridic acid (MAFP), an inhibitor of the endocannabinoid metabolizing enzyme fatty acid amide hydrolase, injected by via i.pl., intrathecal (i.t.), and intradorsolateral periaqueductal gray matter (i.dl.PAG). Furthermore, liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, western blot, and immunofluorescence assays were used to evaluate the endocannabinoid anandamide levels, cannabinoid CB1 receptor protein levels, and cannabinoid CB1 receptor immunoreactivity, respectively. Low- and high-frequency TENS reduced the mechanical allodynia induced by Ehrlich tumor cells and this effect was reversed by AM251 and potentiated by MAFP at the peripheral and central levels. In addition, TENS increased the endocannabinoid anandamide levels and the cannabinoid CB1 receptor protein levels and immunoreactivity in the paw, spinal cord, and dorsolateral periaqueductal gray matter. These results suggest that low- and high-frequency TENS is effective in controlling cancer pain, and the endocannabinoid system is involved in this effect at both the peripheral and central levels. PERSPECTIVE: TENS is a nonpharmacological strategy that may be used to control cancer pain. Identification of a new mechanism involved in its analgesic effect could lead to the development of clinical studies as well as an increase in its application, lessening the need for pharmacological treatments.

Nerol Attenuates Ouabain-Induced Arrhythmias.

Nerol (C10H18O) is a monoterpene found in many essential oils, such as lemon balm and hop. In this study, we explored the contractile and electrophysiological properties of nerol and demonstrated its antiarrhythmic effects in guinea pig heart preparation. Nerol effects were evaluated on atrial and ventricular tissue contractility, electrocardiogram (ECG), voltage-dependent L-type Ca2+ current (ICa,L), and ouabain-triggered arrhythmias. Overall our results revealed that by increasing concentrations of nerol (from 0.001 to 30 mM) there was a significant decrease in left atrium contractile force. This effect was completely and rapidly reversible after washing out (~ 2 min). Nerol (at 3 mM concentration) decreased the left atrium positive inotropic response evoked by adding up CaCl2 in the extracellular medium. Interestingly, when using a lower concentration of nerol (30 µM), it was not possible to clearly observe any significant ECG signal alterations but a small reduction of ventricular contractility was observed. In addition, 300 µM nerol promoted a significant decrease on the cardiac rate and contractility. Important to note is the fact that in isolated cardiomyocytes, peak ICa,L was reduced by 58.9 ± 6.31% after perfusing 300 µM nerol (n=7, p<0.05). Nerol, at 30 and 300 µM, delayed the time of onset of ouabain-triggered arrhythmias and provoked a decrease in the diastolic tension induced by the presence of ouabain (50 µM). Furthermore, nerol preincubation significantly attenuated arrhythmia severity index without changes in the positive inotropism elicited by ouabain exposure. Taken all together, we may be able to conclude that nerol primarily by reducing Ca2+ influx through L-type Ca2+ channel blockade lessened the severity of ouabain-triggered arrhythmias in mammalian heart.

Hydrogen peroxide and nitric oxide induce anticontractile effect of perivascular adipose tissue via renin angiotensin system activation.

The perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT) is located around the adventitia, composed primarily by adipocytes, stromal cells, leukocytes, fibroblasts and capillaries. It is well described that PVAT is an important modulator of the vascular tone being considered a biologically active tissue, releasing both vasoconstrictor and vasodilators factors. The literature shows that the anti-contractile effect induced by PVAT may be due to activation of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS). AIM: Investigate whether the renin-angiotensin system participates in the effect exerted by perivascular adipose tissue on the vascular tone. METHODS AND RESULTS: For this study we used thoracic aorta from Balb/c mice and performed vascular reactivity, nitric oxide and hydrogen peroxide quantification using selective probes and fluorescence microscopy, immunofluorescence to locate receptors and enzymes involved in this response. Our results demonstrated that perivascular adipose tissue induces an anti-contractile effect in endothelium-independent manner and involves Mas and AT2 receptors participation with subsequent PI3K/Akt pathway activation. This pathway culminated with nitric oxide and hydrogen peroxide production by neuronal nitric oxide synthase, being hydrogen peroxide most relevant for the anti-contractile effect of perivascular adipose tissue. CONCLUSION: For the first time in the literature, our results show the presence of Mas and AT2 receptors, as well as, nitric oxide synthase on perivascular adipose tissue. Furthermore, our results show the involvement of Mas and AT2 receptors and consequently nitric oxide synthase activation in the anti-contractile effect exerted by perivascular adipose tissue.

Increased oxidative stress and CaMKII activity contribute to electro-mechanical defects in cardiomyocytes from a murine model of Huntington's disease.

Huntington's disease (HD) is a neurodegenerative genetic disorder. Although described as a brain pathology, there is evidence suggesting that defects in other systems can contribute to disease progression. In line with this, cardiovascular defects are a major cause of death in HD. To date, relatively little is known about the peripheral abnormalities associated with the disease. Here, we applied a range of assays to evaluate cardiac electro-mechanical properties in vivo, using a previously characterized mouse model of HD (BACHD), and in vitro, using cardiomyocytes isolated from the same mice. We observed conduction disturbances including QT interval prolongation in BACHD mice, indicative of cardiac dysfunction. Cardiomyocytes from these mice demonstrated cellular electro-mechanical abnormalities, including a prolonged action potential, arrhythmic contractions, and relaxation disturbances. Cellular arrhythmia was accompanied by an increase in calcium waves and increased Ca2+ /calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II activity, suggesting that disruption of calcium homeostasis plays a key part. We also described structural abnormalities in the mitochondria of BACHD-derived cardiomyocytes, indicative of oxidative stress. Consistent with this, imbalances in superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase activities were detected. Our data provide an in vivo demonstration of cardiac abnormalities in HD together with new insights into the cellular mechanistic basis, providing a possible explanation for the higher cardiovascular risk in HD.

ÓXIDO NÍTRICO E DINÂMICA DE CA2+ EM CARDIOMIÓCITOS: INFLUÊNCIA DA CAPACIDADE DE EXERCÍCIO / NITRIC OXIDE AND CA2+ DYNAMICS IN CARDIOMYOCYTES: INFLUENCE OF EXERCISE CAPACITY / ÓXIDO NÍTRICO Y DINAMICA DE CA2+ EN CARDIOMIOCITOS: INFLUENCIA DE LA CAPACIDAD DE EJERCÍCIO

RESUMO Introdução: A capacidade intrínseca para o exercício aeróbico está relacionada com o inotropismo cardíaco. Por outro lado, a participação do óxido nítrico (NO) como mensageiro intracelular sobre a dinâmica do Ca2+ ainda permanece desconhecida em ratos com diferentes capacidades intrínsecas para o exercício. Objetivo: Avaliar se o NO modula diferentemente o transiente intracelular de Ca2+ e liberações espontâneas de Ca2+(sparks) em cardiomiócitos de ratos com diferentes capacidades intrínsecas para o exercício. Métodos: Ratos machos Wistar foram selecionados como desempenho padrão (DP) e alto desempenho (AD), de acordo com a capacidade de exercício até a fadiga, mensurada através de teste de esforço progressivo em esteira. Os cardiomiócitos dos ratos foram utilizados para determinar o transiente intracelular de Ca2+ e Ca2+sparks em microscópio confocal. Para estimar a contribuição do NO foi utilizado o inibidor das sínteses do NO (L-NAME, 100 µM). Os dados foram analisados através de ANOVA two-way seguido do pós-teste de Tukey e apresentados como médias ± EPM. Resultados: Os cardiomiócitos de ratos AD exibiram aumentos na amplitude do transiente de Ca2+ em comparação aos DP. Entretanto, o L-NAME aumentou a amplitude do transiente de Ca2+ somente em ratos DP. Não foram encontradas diferenças na constante de tempo de decaimento do transiente de Ca2+ (t) em cardiomiócitos de ratos com DP e AP, contudo, a administração do L-NAME diminuiu o t em cardiomiócitos em ambos os grupos. cardiomiócitos de ratos AD apresentaram menor amplitude e frequência de Ca2+sparks em comparação ao grupo DP. A administração de L-NAME aumentou a amplitude de Ca2+sparks em cardiomiócitos do grupo AD. Conclusão: O NO modula o transiente de Ca2+ e as sparks de Ca2+ em cardiomiócitos de ratos com diferentes capacidades intrínsecas para o exercício.

ABSTRACT Introduction: The intrinsic capacity to aerobic exercise is associated with cardiac inotropism. On the other hand, the contribution of nitric oxide (NO) as an intracellular messenger on Ca2+ dynamics remains unknown in rats with different intrinsic capacities to exercise. Objective: To evaluate whether NO modulates differently Ca2+ intracellular transient and spontaneous Ca2+ releases (sparks) in cardiomyocytes of rats with different intrinsic capacities to exercise. Methods: Male Wistar rats were selected as standard-performance (SP) and high-performance (HP), according to the exercise capacity until fatigue, assessed through a treadmill progressive stress test. Cardiomyocytes of rats were used to determine Ca2+ intracellular transient and Ca2+ sparks evaluated using confocal microscope. To estimate NO contribution, a NO synthase inhibitor (L-NAME, 100 µM) was used. Data were analyzed through two-way ANOVA followed by Tukey's post hoc test and expressed as means ± SEM. Results: Cardiomyocytes of HP rats exhibited higher Ca2+ transient amplitude compared to SP. However, L-NAME increased Ca2+ transient amplitude only in SP rats. No differences were found in Ca2+ transient decay time constant ( t) in cardiomyocytes of SP and HP rats. However, administration of L-NAME caused reduction of tin cardiomyocytes of both groups. Lower amplitude and frequency of Ca2+ sparks were found in cardiomyocytes of HS rats compared to SP group. Administration of L-NAME increased the amplitude of Ca2+ sparks in cardiomyocytes of the HP group. Conclusion: NO modulates Ca2+ transient and Ca2+ sparks in cardiomyocytes of rats with different intrinsic exercise capacities.

RESUMEN Introducción: La capacidad intrínseca para el ejercicio aeróbico está relacionada con el inotropismo cardiaco. Por otro lado, todavía se desconoce la contribución del óxido nítrico (ON) como mensajero intracelular sobre la dinámica del Ca2+ en ratones con diferentes capacidades intrínsecas para el ejercicio. Objetivo: Evaluar si el ON modula diferencialmente la variación transitoria intracelular de Ca2+ y las liberaciones espontaneas de Ca2+ (sparks) en cardiomiocitos de ratones con diferentes capacidades intrínsecas para el ejercicio. Métodos: Ratones machos Wistar fueron seleccionados como desempeño estándar (DE) y alto desempeño (AD), de acuerdo con la capacidad de ejercicio hasta la fatiga, medida a través del test de fuerza progresiva en la caminadora o cinta eléctrica. Los cardiomiocitos de los ratones fueron utilizados para determinar el tránsito intracelular y sparks de Ca2+ evaluados en microscopio confocal. Para estimar la contribución del ON fue utilizado un inhibidor de síntesis del ON (L-NAME, 100 µM). Los datos fueron analizados a través de un ANOVA two-way seguido de un post-test Tukey y presentados como promedios ± EPM. Resultados: Los cardiomiocitos de ratones AD mostraron aumento en la amplitud de la variación transitoria de Ca2+ en comparación con los DE. Así mismo, el L-NAME incremento la amplitud transitoria de Ca2+ solamente en ratones DE. No se encontraron diferencias en la constante del tiempo de decaimiento de la variación transitoria ( t ) de Ca2+ en cardiomiocitos de ratones DE e AD. Todavía, la administración de L-NAME mostro una reducción en el t en cardiomiocitos de ambos los grupos. Cardiomiocitos de ratones AD presentaron menor amplitud y frecuencia de sparks de Ca2+ en comparación al grupo DE. La administración de L-NAME incrementó la amplitud de sparks de Ca2+ en cardiomiocitos del grupo AD. Conclusión: El ON modula la variación de Ca2+ y sparks de Ca2+ en cardiomiocitos de ratones con diferentes capacidades intrínsecas para el ejercicio.

Morfologia e contratilidade em cardiomiócitos de ratos com baixo desempenho para o exercício físico / Morphology and contractility in cardiomyocytes of rats with low exercise performance

FUNDAMENTO: A capacidade aeróbica é fundamental para o desempenho físico, e a baixa capacidade aeróbica está relacionada ao desencadeamento de diversas doenças cardiovasculares. OBJETIVO: Comparar a contratilidade e a morfologia de cardiomiócitos isolados de ratos com baixo desempenho e desempenho padrão para o exercício físico. MÉTODOS: Ratos Wistar, com 10 semanas de idade, foram submetidos a um protocolo de corrida em esteira até a fadiga, e foram divididos em dois grupos: Baixo Desempenho (BD) e Desempenho Padrão (DP). Em seguida, após eutanásia, o coração foi removido rapidamente e, por meio de dissociação enzimática, os cardiomiócitos do ventrículo esquerdo foram isolados. O comprimento celular e dos sarcômeros e a largura dos cardiomiócitos foram medidos usando-se um sistema de detecção de bordas. Os cardiomiócitos isolados foram estimulados eletricamente a 1 e 3 Hz e a contração celular foi medida registrando-se a alteração do seu comprimento. RESULTADOS: O comprimento celular foi menor no grupo BD (157,2 ± 1,3µm; p < 0,05) em relação ao DP (161,4 ± 1,3 µm), sendo o mesmo resultado observado para o volume dos cardiomiócitos (BD, 25,5 ± 0,4 vs. DP, 26,8 ± 0,4 pL; p < 0,05). Os tempos para o pico de contração (BD, 116 ± 1 vs. DP, 111 ± 2ms) e para o relaxamento total (BD, 143 ± 3 vs. DP, 232 ± 3 ms) foram maiores no grupo BD. CONCLUSÃO: Conclui-se que os miócitos do ventrículo esquerdo dos animais de baixo desempenho para o exercício físico apresentam menores dimensões que os dos animais de desempenho padrão, além de apresentarem perdas na capacidade contrátil.

BACKGROUND: Aerobic capacity is essential to physical performance, and low aerobic capacity is related to the triggering of various cardiovascular diseases. OBJECTIVE: To compare the morphology and contractility of isolated rat cardiomyocytes with low performance and standard performance for exercise. METHODS: Wistar rats with 10 weeks of age underwent a protocol of treadmill running to fatigue, and were divided into two groups: Low Performance (LP) and Standard Performance (SP). Then, the animals were sacrificed, the heart was quickly removed and, by means of enzymatic dissociation, left ventricular cardiomyocytes were isolated. The cell and sarcomeres length and width of cardiomyocytes were measured using an edge detection system. The isolated cardiomyocytes were electrically stimulated at 1 and 3 Hz and cell contraction was measured by registering the change of their length. RESULTS: The cell length was shorter in the LP group (157.2 1.3µm; p < 0.05) compared to SP (161.4 1.3µm), and the same result was observed for the volume of cardiomyocytes (LP, 25.5 0.4. vs. SP, 26.8 ± 0.4 pL; p < 0.05). The time to peak contraction (LP, 116 1 vs. SP 111 2ms) and total relaxation (LP, 143 3 vs. SP 232 3ms) were higher in the LP group. CONCLUSION: We conclude that left ventricular myocytes of animals with low performance for exercise are smaller than animals with standard performance. In addition to that, they present losses in contractile capacity.

Morphology and contractility in cardiomyocytes of rats with low exercise performance.

BACKGROUND: Aerobic capacity is essential to physical performance, and low aerobic capacity is related to the triggering of various cardiovascular diseases. OBJECTIVE: To compare the morphology and contractility of isolated rat cardiomyocytes with low performance and standard performance for exercise. METHODS: Wistar rats with 10 weeks of age underwent a protocol of treadmill running to fatigue, and were divided into two groups: Low Performance (LP) and Standard Performance (SP). Then, the animals were sacrificed, the heart was quickly removed and, by means of enzymatic dissociation, left ventricular cardiomyocytes were isolated. The cell and sarcomeres length and width of cardiomyocytes were measured using an edge detection system. The isolated cardiomyocytes were electrically stimulated at 1 and 3 Hz and cell contraction was measured by registering the change of their length. RESULTS: The cell length was shorter in the LP group (157.2 ± 1.3 µm; p < 0.05) compared to SP (161.4 ± 1.3 µm), and the same result was observed for the volume of cardiomyocytes (LP, 25.5 ± 0.4 vs. SP, 26.8 ± 0.4 pL; p < 0.05). The time to peak contraction (LP, 116 ± 1 vs. SP 111 ± 2 ms) and total relaxation (LP, 143 ± 3 vs. SP 232 ± 3 ms) were higher in the LP group. CONCLUSION: We conclude that left ventricular myocytes of animals with low performance for exercise are smaller than animals with standard performance. In addition to that, they present losses in contractile capacity.

Swim training does not protect mice from skeletal muscle oxidative damage following a maximum exercise test.

We investigated whether swim training protects skeletal muscle from oxidative damage in response to a maximum progressive exercise. First, we investigated the effect of swim training on the activities of the antioxidant enzymes, superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx), in the gastrocnemius muscle of C57Bl/6 mice, 48 h after the last training session. Mice swam for 90 min, twice a day, for 5 weeks at 31°C (± 1°C). The activities of SOD and CAT were increased in trained mice (P < 0.05) compared to untrained group. However, no effect of training was observed in the activity of GPx. In a second experiment, trained and untrained mice were submitted to a maximum progressive swim test. Compared to control mice (untrained, not acutely exercised), malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were increased in the skeletal muscle of both trained and untrained mice after maximum swim. The activity of GPx was increased in the skeletal muscle of both trained and untrained mice, while SOD activity was increased only in trained mice after maximum swimming. CAT activity was increased only in the untrained compared to the control group. Although the trained mice showed increased activity of citrate synthase in skeletal muscle, swim performance was not different compared to untrained mice. Our results show an imbalance in the activities of SOD, CAT and GPx in response to swim training, which could account for the oxidative damage observed in the skeletal muscle of trained mice in response to maximum swim, resulting in the absence of improved exercise performance.

Detection of oral streptococci in dental biofilm from caries-active and caries-free children / Detecção de estreptococos orais em biofilme dental de crianças cárie-ativas e livres de cárie

This work correlated the presence of oral streptococci in dental biofilm with clinical indexes of caries and oral hygiene in caries-active and caries-free children. S. mutans and/or S. sobrinus in the dental biofilm does not indicate a direct risk for developing dental caries.

Este trabalho correlacionou a presença de estreptococos orais no biofilme dental com índices clínicos de cárie dentária e higiene oral em crianças com alta e baixa atividade de cárie. S. mutans e/ou S. sobrinus no biofilme dental não significa o imediato desenvolvimento de lesões cariosas

Detection of oral streptococci in dental biofilm from caries-active and caries-free children.

This work correlated the presence of oral streptococci in dental biofilm with clinical indexes of caries and oral hygiene in caries-active and caries-free children. S. mutans and/or S. sobrinus in the dental biofilm does not indicate a direct risk for developing dental caries.