Prevalence of Musculoskeletal Symptoms and Predictors of Seeking Healthcare among Iowa Farmers.

Farmers experience musculoskeletal symptoms such as pain and disability at a higher rate than other professions, yet little is known about the associated environmental and health factors. The objective of this research is to describe health screening data, musculoskeletal symptoms, and farm safety environmental scores to determine the relationships among these variables for Midwest famers. The sample (n = 438) included farmers from 38 counties that surround ten AgriSafe clinic sites in Iowa who were principal farm operators and/or spouses, farmed at least 20 hours per week on average, and had agricultural production of at least $1,000 in sales a year. Musculoskeletal symptom prevalence varied by age and joint, with the lowest prevalence of 28% for the elbow and the highest prevalence of over 73% for the lower back. The average number of painful joints was 4.15 (SD = 2.75) over the last year, with significantly more older farmers experiencing knee pain. Of farmers in the older age category (N = 223), 144 (64.6%) were in the low safety category (safety score ≤ 95). Significant predictors of seeking healthcare due to musculoskeletal symptoms included doctor-diagnosed arthritis (OR = 1.742; 95% CI: 1.024-2.963), employee help on the farm (OR = 2.162; 95% CI: 1.254-3.727), hip pain (OR = 2.959; 95% CI: 1.751-5.001), and upper back pain (OR = 2.036; 95% CI: 1.204-3.443). Health and safety professionals can use a standardized health and safety checklist to identify areas of concern and increase the safety and health of farmers.

Development and utilization of paperless medical records: a unique approach.

The purpose of this article is to describe the development and utilization of a unique paperless medical record system in a large multispeciality group practice setting. The Scott and White integrated health care delivery system provides care over a 34-county area in Central Texas. Since 1988, clinicians at Scott and White have developed a text-based, content-searchable electronic medical record system known as EMRx. This system provides a single clinical data repository that allows patient care activities and aggregate data analyses to occur by using the same set of data on a daily basis. Use of this approach has led to the aggregation of over 9.8 million clinical documents since 1994. Over 1,845 health care providers used the system during May 2000 for direct patient care; 866,114 patient records have been accessed since January 1, 1999 to answer questions related to patient care, quality assurance, outcomes research, and accreditation.

Delirium in elderly patients: an overview of the state of the science.

Delirium is a common and potentially preventable and reversible cause of functional disability, morbidity, mortality, and increased health care use among elderly individuals. Much has been learned about delirium in the past decade. Highlighted in this article are recent advances in the diagnosis of delirium, delirium in long-term care, use of health care resources, outcomes of delirium, etiologies, and interventions to prevent and treat delirium. Suggestions for future research also are proposed.

Training of acute confusion resource nurses. Knowledge, perceived confidence, and role.

Most nurses function as generalists; however, some function in "expert" roles based on informal training as Resource Nurses. Training usually focuses on assessment and management of a specific problem, with the goal of creating a readily available "expert" for every unit. The primary activity of the Resource Nurse is to provide expert care, education, and consultation for patients, families, and staff. The Iowa-Veterans Affairs Nursing Research Consortium (IVANRC) addressed the need to manage acutely confused/delirious clients by training staff nurse volunteers (N = 129) from all units of the four Iowa Veterans Affairs facilities to act as unit-based acute confusion Resource Nurses (ACRNs). A day-long workshop included didactic content addressing etiology and presentation of acute confusion (AC), use of the IVANRC protocol to assess for AC, and basic information on treatment and management of AC. The nurses also participated in an efficacy-based experiential learning program on AC assessment that involved demonstrating assessment of AC and role enactment practice exercises in which ACRNs practiced the assessment. A test of knowledge of AC and perceived level of confidence in assessing acutely confused patients was administered before and after completion of the program. Paired t tests comparing pre- and posttest scores showed that knowledge and confidence significantly increased for the nurses as a result of their participation in the educational program. Eighteen months later, a second program was conducted to update current ACRNs and train additional RNs to enact this role. Pre- and posttest scores were obtained, with paired t tests showing a significant increase in knowledge for the participants. Twenty-four (49%) of the second program attendees had attended the first program. These participants had significantly higher scores on the second program pretest than those participants who had not attended the previous program, indicating a retention of knowledge from the first program.

Studying acute confusion in long-term care: clinical investigation or secondary data analysis using the minimum data set?

Clinical investigations of acute confusion have largely been initiated in the acute care setting, where no uniform patient assessment exists. No reliable estimates of the prevalence of acute confusion in long-term care (LTC) residents have been reported. Delirium indicators are present in the nursing home Minimum Data Set (MDS), suggesting that MDS assessments could be used to facilitate studies of acute confusion in LTC. Methods to study acute confusion in LTC are discussed, with an emphasis on the advantages and disadvantages of using secondary analysis of MDS assessments as one research strategy.

Health status and resources of rural homeless women and children. Iowa Homeless Research Team.

The purpose of this research is to describe the health status and health resources for homeless women and children in a Midwestern rural community. A group of 31 rural homeless women in a shelter participated in the study by answering questions on the Rural Homeless Interview developed by the investigators. The findings revealed higher than expected rates of illness, accidents, and adverse life events, with the incidence of substance abuse and mental illness being comparable to data from other homeless populations. The data on children were limited by lack of knowledge on the part of their mothers. Some mothers reported that their children were in foster care, had been adopted, or were being cared for by others. The inability to access health and dental care was reported by half of the participants.

An integrated data warehouse system: development, implementation, and early outcomes.

This paper describes a generic vision of global information flow and the development of an integrated data warehouse system, using clinical data on all patient encounters and administrative data on all operating transactions as part of an integrated health care system. This new integrated data warehouse system has been successfully used for multiple purposes, including patient care, health services research, resource utilization and feasibility studies. During 1999, core analyses included the electronic abstraction, aggregation, and analysis of data on over 400,000 patients. This approach to building a centralized data system comprised of multiple repositories efficiently meets a variety of individual and aggregate information needs, while reducing the need to create duplicate databases.

Acute confusion assessment instruments: clinical versus research usability.

Acute confusion (AC), also referred to as delirium (AC/delirium), is a common problem seen by health professionals who work in a variety of care settings. This is an evaluative report on the clinical usability of instruments to assess AC/delirium as a part of nursing practice. Specifically, five instruments [the Confusion Assessment Method (CAM), Delirium Rating Scale (DRS), Delirium Symptom Inventory (DSI), Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), and Neelon/Champagne (NEECHAM) Confusion Scale] are discussed. The work demonstrates how the cooperation of nurses in practice, education, and research can improve both patient and staff outcomes.

Use of a Web-based process model to implement security and data protection as an integral component of clinical information management.

Delivery of health care at Scott and White, a large integrated health care delivery system, is supported by an Electronic Medical Record (EMR) system repository of six million SGML-based documents. Control of document access is currently based on standard commercial security and confidentiality methodologies. Given the planned release in Fall 1999 of new federal security and confidentiality requirements, we have developed a web-based security process model that "wraps" existing EMR documents with HTML-compliant security attributes. Resulting logical documents are filtered regarding user queries by mapping the security attributes of the data to specific user role characteristics. A key virtue of our approach is that source EMR data do not undergo alteration by the imposition of the security process. It also places no additional work load or query pressure on the existing EMR system.

Family and client perspectives on alternative residential settings for persons with severe mental illness.

OBJECTIVE: The housing preferences of persons with severe mental illness living in three types of community residences were examined, as were their perceptions of problems in these settings and the relationships between clients' and family members' housing preferences and perceptions of problems. METHODS: A closed-ended questionnaire was developed to gather demographic and diagnostic data and information about housing preferences and seven categories of service-related problems. It was completed by clients who lived in group settings with 24-hour on-site staff, in supported housing with on-site visits by staff, and in homes or apartments with no on-site professional services. Questionnaires were returned by 129 family members and 180 clients. RESULTS: Clients who lived in group settings were significantly more likely to be older, less educated, unemployed, and diagnosed as having schizophrenia than clients in other settings. Although a larger proportion of family members than clients preferred housing with more support, for both families and clients a statistically significant association was found between current and preferred residence. A strong and significant correlation was found between clients' and family members' perceptions of problems, which included stress on the family and clients' social isolation and relapse to illness. For clients who lived independently, a significantly greater proportion of both clients and families reported that social isolation was a problem. CONCLUSIONS: Although supported housing works well for some individuals, a continued need exists for an array of housing with varying levels of structure. The results suggest that clients and families identify the same problems as priorities.

Acute confusion indicators: risk factors and prevalence using MDS data.

Long-term care (LTC) Minimum Data Set (MDS) data from a Midwestern state were analyzed to validate whether components of a conceptual model developed from findings in acute care identified acute confusion risk variables in LTC. The prevalence of probable acute confusion in this sample was 13.98% (n = 324). Using a cross-sectional design, both univariate and unconditional stepwise logistic regression analyses were accomplished with presence or absence of probable acute confusion as the outcome variable (N = 2,318). Variables significantly related to acute confusion by univariate analysis were included in the logistic regression analysis. Inadequate fluid intake was the first variable to enter the stepwise equation and was highly significant (OR 3.40, 95% CI 2.99-3.81, p < .0001). Other significant variables included a diagnosis of dementia or a fall in the last 30 days. Implications for nursing practice, education and research are discussed.

A simple, rapid fluorometric assay for the determination of glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity in dried blood spot specimens.

Glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency is the most common enzymopathy of human beings and is the most common cause of jaundice and acute hemolytic anemia in South East Asia. The deficiency causes acute hemolytic anemia following ingestion of 6-amino quinoline antimalarials, phenacetin, and other substances. The rapid identification of infants or patients with this deficiency would help to prevent their exposure to these substances and subsequent risk to health. The assay is relatively simple. A 3mm punch from a dried blood spot sample is placed in a well of a black fluorescent microtiter plate containing calibrators and controls in duplicate. 100 microl of reagent is added and the sample is allowed to react for 30 minutes at ambient temperature after which 200 microl of stop reagent is added. The plate may be read immediately or up to one hour in a fluorescent reader (ex 355 nm: em 460 nm). Glutathione. ascorbate and bilirubin do not affect the assay. hemoglobin does quench the fluorescence by about 1.1 fluorescence units/g/dHb. This would not cause any false negatives and deficients would not be missed. G6PD activity in whole blood normal samples was examined at -20, 6 and 37 degrees C over 14 days. The samples lost about 20% activity after 48 hours and 31% by the end of 14 days. The samples stored at -20 degrees C and 6 degrees C remained relatively stable over this period. In a preliminary study eight diagnosed G6PD deficient samples had a mean value of 2.0 U/gHb (range 0.8 to 4.4) and fell within 3 SD units of the mean. Forty one normal samples had a mean of 6.6 micromol/min/gHb. Only one sample with a low hemoglobin level fell outside of 3 SD units of the mean. The Wallac assay was compared to the Sigma G6PD assay and although the values appeared lower at normal levels, the deficient samples compared well.

An analysis of body weight and hemodialysis adequacy based on the urea reduction ratio.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate inadequate hemodialysis risk in patients with body weights in the upper quartile of a sample distribution using the urea reduction ratio (URR). Using a case-control design and a simple random sample (n = 315) of hemodialysis (HD) patients, postdialysis weights were divided into quartiles based with a cut-off value at the upper quartile, which was equal to > 81 kilograms (kg). The dichotomous outcome, URR > 65% and URR < 65% constituted the classification for inadequate dialysis risk. The odds ratio (OR) was used to evaluate inadequate dialysis risk based on this outcome. A multivariate logistic regression model was used to adjust for confounding variables and validated for goodness of fit. Those in the > 81 kg group were given more dialysis session time in minutes and used higher efficiency dialyzers as indicated by the coefficient of ultrafiltration (KUf), yet were more likely to have URRs < 65% compared to other patients in the sample (p < 0.001). This finding persisted in the logistic regression model when simultaneously fitting both gender and dialysis session time. Patients weighing > 81 kg experienced an increased risk of inadequate dialysis when compared to all others (OR 4.02, 95% CI [confidence interval] 2.217-7.29). A postdialysis weight > 81 kg increased the risk of inadequate dialysis for patients in this sample. This effect was confounded by a dialysis time x weight interaction term. Also, women were found to have a lower inadequate dialysis risk compared to men after adjusting for weight classification. We, therefore, conclude that patients who weigh > 81 kg may experience inadequate dialysis despite longer, more efficient dialysis sessions. Longer dialysis sessions may benefit some patients, but the effect in larger patients may not be a uniform response.

Unit-based acute confusion resource nurse: an educational program to train staff nurses.

Despite the high prevalence of acute confusion among elders and the importance of its early detection, there are few reports of systematic efforts to increase staff competence. This article describes the development and evaluation of an 8-hour educational program designed to prepare staff nurses to perform in a new role, the unit-based acute confusion Resource Nurse (ACRN). Pre- and posttest scores were obtained for the 80 registered nurses who participated in the program. Paired t tests showed that knowledge and confidence significantly increased for participants as a result of their participation in the educational program. This program can serve as an effective model for geriatric staff education.

Using the Quetelet body mass index as a mortality indicator for patients starting renal replacement therapy.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to compare clinical profiles and mortality risk of patients starting renal replacement therapy (RRT) across three Quetelet body mass index (BMI) classifications: lean, normal, and obese. SAMPLE/SETTING: All patients applying for dialysis services using Health Care Financing Administration (HCFA) from 2728-U4 were sampled during the period of April 1, 1995 through June 30, 1995 in two end-stage renal disease (ESRD) Networks. These two ESRD networks encompassed 7 states and provided 846 patients for this analysis. DESIGN: A descriptive survival study was used with a follow-up period of 18 months. METHODS: The Quetelet BMI was calculated based on dividing the predialysis (i.e. before the first dialysis) weight in kilograms by the height in meters squared (kg/m2). Lean, normal, and obese groups were established by quartiles for each gender. A normal BMI consisted of all patients in which the observed BMI was greater than the 25th percentile or less than the 75th percentile. RESULTS: The lean risk group had more health problems than either the normal or obese group, most notably, a higher prevalence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (n = 35, 16.99%) [p = 0.007] and peripheral vascular disease (n = 51, 24.76%) [p = 0.005]. CONCLUSIONS: Death risk was higher in the lean group compared to the normal group after adjusting for age, sex, diabetes, coronary artery disease (CAD), and albumin ratio levels. Based on the simplicity of this technique, recommendations for using the Quetelet BMI as a part of routine patient screening is advocated. Obtaining height and weight are necessary assessment parameters for patients starting dialysis therapy. Using the Quetelet BMI will help nurses to identify those patients who are at nutritional risk.

Intrahospital transport of the critically ill adult: a research review and implications.

Transporting the critically ill adult from the relative stability of the critical care environment to a testing site or new area is a nursing responsibility. Yet current research about the risks and benefits of intrahospital transport is at times conflicting. This article provides an analysis of available research on the critical elements involved in intrahospital transport and suggests recommendations for clinical practice.

Screening for acute confusion in elderly long-term care residents.

While acute confusion (AC) is frequently studied in the hospitalized elderly population, this phenomena has been largely ignored in elders who are residents in long-term care (LTC) facilities. The purpose of this study was to estimate the prevalence of AC in older LTC residents, the antecedent conditions present at the time of the AC event and the recognition rate of AC when assessed by staff nurses in two LTC facilities. This is a descriptive, longitudinal study with a 14 day follow-up period which incorporates a screening algorithm using AC instruments with established psychometric properties. A behavioral symptom instrument was also used in order to classify AC cases into clinical subtypes: hyperkinetic, hypokinetic and mixed. Staff nurses, using traditional assessment techniques and blinded to the case screening algorithm outcome, were asked to randomly evaluate both residents who were "clear" and those experiencing AC. Screening was conducted at both daytime and evening time-points. Of the 37 subjects followed. 15 (40.5%) screened positive for AC. Those AC cases with compromised cortical functioning indicative of Alzheimer's disease (n = 4) were particularly vulnerable to poor fluid intake. High risk medications (n = 7) and urinary tract infections (n = 7) were the most frequent antecedents. Most of the subjects experienced two or more antecedent conditions at the time of their AC. Staff nurses were able to identify 4 (26.7%) of the 15 instrument-positive residents, none of which were of a hypokinetic clinical subtype. These early results suggest a high prevalence of AC among elders in LTC, which may go unrecognized by bedside care providers.