Perioperative or Postoperative Probiotics Reduce Treatment-Related Complications in Adult Colorectal Cancer Patients Undergoing Surgery: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

PURPOSE: This systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) aimed to assess the efficacy of perioperative or postoperative probiotics as a therapeutic approach for managing colorectal cancer treatment-related complications in patients undergoing surgery, with or without adjuvant therapy. METHODS: MEDLINE, Embase, and Scopus databases were searched. RESULTS: Ten RCTs with 1276 patients were included. There was a significant decrease in the incidence of diarrhea (odds ratio (OR) 0.42; 95% CI 0.31 to 0.55; p < 0.001), surgical site infection (OR 0.44; 95% CI 0.22 to 0.89; p = 0.023), urinary infection (OR 0.43; 95% CI 0.20 to 0.91; p = 0.028), pulmonary infection (OR 0.30; 95% CI 0.15 to 0.60; p < 0.001), abdominal distention (OR 0.43; 95% CI 0.25 to 0.76; p = 0.004), length of ATB therapy (mean difference (MD) - 1.66 days; 95% CI - 2.13 to - 1.19 days; p < 0.001), and duration of postoperative pyrexia (MD - 0.80 days; 95% CI - 1.38 to - 0.22 days; p = 0.007) in the probiotic group. Nevertheless, length of hospital stay, time to first defecation, and time to first solid diet were not different between groups. CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest that perioperative or postoperative probiotics is effective for reducing treatment-related complications in patients with colorectal cancer undergoing surgery, with a lower rate of adverse events.

Combination of electroconvulsive stimulation with ketamine or escitalopram protects the brain against inflammation and oxidative stress induced by maternal deprivation and is critical for associated behaviors in male and female rats.

This study aimed at evaluating the treatment effects with ketamine, electroconvulsive stimulation (ECS), escitalopram, alone or in combination in adult rats of both sexes, subjected to the animal model of maternal deprivation (MD). All groups were subjected to the forced swimming test (FST), splash and open field tests. The prefrontal cortex (PFC), hippocampus and serum were collected to analyze oxidative stress and inflammatory parameters. MD induced depressive-like behavior in the FST test in males and reduced grooming time in male and female rats. The treatments alone or combined reversed depressive and anhedonic behavior in females. In males, all treatments increased grooming time, except for ECS + escitalopram + ketamine. MD increased lipid peroxidation and protein carbonylation, nitrite/nitrate concentration and myeloperoxidase activity in the PFC and hippocampus of males and females. However, the treatment's response was sex dependent. Catalase activity decreased in the PFC of males and the PFC and hippocampus of females, and most treatments were not able to reverse it. MD increased the inflammation biomarkers levels in the PFC and hippocampus of males and females, and most treatments were able to reverse this increase. In all groups, a reduction in the interleukin-10 levels in the PFC and hippocampus of female and male rats was observed. Our study shows different responses between the sexes in the patterns evaluated and reinforces the use of the gender variable as a biological factor in MDD related to early stress and in the response of the therapeutic strategies used.

Behavior and oxidative stress parameters in rats subjected to the animal's models induced by chronic mild stress and 6-hydroxydopamine.

Major depressive disorder (MDD) is one of the most prevalent forms of mental illness also affecting older adults. Recent evidence suggests a relationship between MDD and neurodegenerative diseases, including Parkinson's disease (PD). Individuals with PD have a predisposition to developing MDD, and both neurobiological conditions are associated with oxidative stress. Thus, we conducted this study to investigate depressive-like behavior and oxidative stress parameters using both animal models of PD and stress. Adult Wistar rats were subjected to chronic mild stress (CMS) protocol by 40 days and then it was used 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) as a model of PD, into the striatum. The experimental groups were: Control + Sham, Stress + Sham, Control+6-OHDA, and Stress+6-OHDA. Depressive like-behavior was evaluated by the forced swimming test (FST) and spontaneous locomotor activity by open-field test. Oxidative stress parameters were measured in the striatum, hippocampus, and prefrontal cortex (PFC). The results showed effects to increase immobility and decrease climbing times in the FST in Stress + Sham, Control+6-OHDA, and Stress+6-OHDA groups. The number of crossings and rearings were decreased in the Stress+6-OHDA group. The lipid peroxidation was increased in the PFC of Stress + Sham, and the hippocampus and striatum of Stress + Sham and Control+6-OHDA groups. Carbonyl protein levels increased in the PFC of Stress + Sham and striatum in Control+6-OHDA. Nitrite/Nitrate concentration was elevated in the PFC of Stress + Sham, in the hippocampus of Control+6-OHDA, the striatum of Stress + Sham, and Control+6-OHDA groups. Myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity was increased in the PFC and hippocampus of Stress + Sham and Control+6-OHDA groups. The activity of catalase decreased in the PFC of the Stress + Sham group. The activity of the superoxide dismutase (SOD) was decreased in the PFC of the Stress + Sham group, in the hippocampus of Stress + Sham and Control+6-OHDA groups, and the striatum of Control+6-OHDA group. These findings suggest that both stress and 6-OHDA induce depressive-like behavior and oxidative stress in the brain. The joining models have little evidence of the effects. Thus these findings suggest that other pathways are involved in the common point of the pathophysiology of PD and MDD.

Effects of Far-Infrared Emitting Ceramic Materials on Recovery During 2-Week Preseason of Elite Futsal Players.

Nunes, RFH, Cidral-Filho, FJ, Flores, LJF, Nakamura, FY, Rodriguez, HFM, Bobinski, F, De Sousa, A, Petronilho, F, Danielski, LG, Martins, MM, Martins, DF, and Guglielmo, LGA. Effects of far-infrared emitting ceramic materials on recovery during 2-week preseason of elite futsal players. J Strength Cond Res 34(1): 235-248, 2020-We investigated the effects of far-infrared emitting ceramic materials (cFIR) during overnight sleep on neuromuscular, biochemical and perceptual markers in futsal players. Twenty athletes performed a 2-week preseason training program and during sleep wore bioceramic (BIO; n = 10) or placebo pants (PL; n = 10). Performance (countermovement jump [CMJ]; squat jump [SJ]; sprints 5, 10, and 15-m) and biochemical markers (tumor necrosis factor alpha-TNF-α, interleukin 10-IL-10, thiobarbituric acid-reactive species [TBARS], carbonyl, superoxide dismutase [SOD], catalase [CAT]) were obtained at baseline and after the 1st and 2nd week of training. Delayed-onset muscle soreness (DOMS) and training strain were monitored throughout. Changes in ΔCMJ and ΔSJ were possibly (60/36/4 [week-1]) and likely (76/22/2 [week-2]) higher in BIO. Both groups were faster in 5-m sprint in week 2 compared with baseline (p = 0.015), furthermore, BIO was likely faster in 10-m sprint (3/25/72 [week 1]). Significant group × time interaction in %ΔTNF-α were observed (p = 0.024 [week-1]; p = 0.021 [week-2]) with values possibly (53/44/3 [week 1]) and likely (80/19/1 [week 2]) higher in BIO. The %ΔIL-10 decreased across weeks compared with baseline (p = 0.019 [week-1]; p = 0.026 [week-2]), showing values likely higher in BIO (81/16/3 [week-1]; 80/17/3 [week-2]). Significant weekly increases in %ΔTBARS (p = 0.001 [week-1]; p = 0.011 [week-2]) and %ΔCarbonyl (p = 0.002 [week-1]; p < 0.001 [week-2]) were observed compared with baseline, showing likely (91/5/4 [week-1]) and possibly (68/30/2 [week-2]) higher changes in BIO. Significant weekly decreases in %ΔSOD were observed compared with baseline (p = 0.046 [week 1]; p = 0.011 [week-2]), and between week 2 and week 1 (p = 0.021), in addition to significant decreases in %ΔCAT compared with baseline (p = 0.070 [week 1]; p = 0.012 [week 2]). Training strain (p = 0.021; very -likely [0/2/98]; week 1) and DOMS was lower in BIO (likely; 7 sessions) with differences over time (p = 0.001). The results suggest that the daily use of cFIR clothing could facilitate recovery, especially on perceptual markers during the early phases of an intensive training period.

Vitamin B6 reduces oxidative stress in lungs and liver in experimental sepsis.

Sepsis is a life-threatening organ dysfunction induced by a disrupted host response to infecting pathogens. Inflammation and oxidative stress are intrinsically related to sepsis progression and organ failure. Vitamin B6 is an important cellular cofactor for metabolic processes and has anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. We aimed at evaluating the effect of vit B6 on inflammation and oxidative stress markers in the liver and lung of rats subjected to a relevant animal model of polymicrobial sepsis. Adult male Wistar rats were submitted to cecal ligation and perforation model and immediately after sepsis induction, vit B6 was administered as a single dose (600 mg/kg, subcutaneous). Twenty-four hours later, the lung and liver were harvest for neutrophil infiltration, oxidative markers to lipids and protein and antioxidant activity of endogenous enzyme. Vitamin B6 diminished neutrophil infiltration in both organs, oxidative markers in the liver and restored catalase activity levels in the lung of septic animals. Vitamin B6 exerts anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects in peripheral organs after polymicrobial sepsis.

Manual Therapy Reduces Pain Behavior and Oxidative Stress in a Murine Model of Complex Regional Pain Syndrome Type I.

Complex regional pain syndrome type I (CRPS-I) is a chronic painful condition. We investigated whether manual therapy (MT), in a chronic post-ischemia pain (CPIP) model, is capable of reducing pain behavior and oxidative stress. Male Swiss mice were subjected to ischemia-reperfusion (IR) to mimic CRPS-I. Animals received ankle joint mobilization 48h after the IR procedure, and response to mechanical stimuli was evaluated. For biochemical analyses, mitochondrial function as well as oxidative stress thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), protein carbonyls, antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) levels were determined. IR induced mechanical hyperalgesia which was subsequently reduced by acute MT treatment. The concentrations of oxidative stress parameters were increased following IR with MT treatment preventing these increases in malondialdehyde (MDA) and carbonyls protein. IR diminished the levels of SOD and CAT activity and MT treatment prevented this decrease in CAT but not in SOD activity. IR also diminished mitochondrial complex activity, and MT treatment was ineffective in preventing this decrease. In conclusion, repeated sessions of MT resulted in antihyperalgesic effects mediated, at least partially, through the prevention of an increase of MDA and protein carbonyls levels and an improvement in the antioxidant defense system.

Mechanism of synergistic action on behavior, oxidative stress and inflammation following co-treatment with ketamine and different antidepressant classes.

BACKGROUND: Major depressive disorder (MDD) affects many people in the world. However, around 40% of patients do not respond to any pharmacological drugs. An alternative is to use a combination of different pharmacological groups or the combination of a classical antidepressant with a substance that can potentiate its effect. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the synergistic interactions between different antidepressants, including fluoxetine, quetiapine and lamotrigine in combination with ketamine, a N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist. METHODS: Wistar rats were acutely treated with fluoxetine (1.25mg/kg), quetiapine (5mg/kg), and lamotrigine (5.0mg/kg) alone or in combination with ketamine (5.0mg/kg), and then subjected to behavioral tests. In addition, oxidative damage and antioxidant capacity were assessed in the rat brain, and pro-inflammatory cytokines levels were evaluated in the serum. RESULTS: It was observed a synergistic effect of ketamine in combination with fluoxetine on the immobility time in the forced swimming test, indicating an antidepressant effect. Other antidepressant did not show effects when administrated alone or joint to ketamine. The combination of ketamine with other antidepressants, particularly quetiapine, in some brain regions induced an increase in damage to lipids and proteins. However, the combination of ketamine with fluoxetine increased the antioxidant activity of superoxide dismutase, and decreased oxidative damage, thus suggesting a neuroprotective effect of the combination of these drugs. The combination of ketamine with fluoxetine or lamotrigine reduced pro-inflammatory cytokines levels. CONCLUSION: In conclusion, ketamine induced antioxidant or pro-antioxidant effects dependent of antidepressant classes or brain area.

LC/QTOF profile and preliminary stability studies of an enriched flavonoid fraction of Cecropia pachystachya Trécul leaves with potential antidepressant-like activity.

There is increasing interest in natural antioxidants that are candidates for the prevention of brain damage occurring in major depressive disorders. Cecropia pachystachya is a tropical tree species of Central and South America and a rich source of polyphenols, particularly flavonoids. The aim of this study was to characterize the flavonoid profile of an enriched flavonoid fraction of C. pachystachya (EFF-Cp) and evaluate the antidepressant-like effects of its acute administration in behavior, cytokine levels, oxidative stress and energy metabolism parameters. The EFF-Cp chemical characterization was performed by HPLC/DAD and LC/QTOF. The antidepressant-like effects were performed by the forced swimming test, splash test and open field test. EFF-Cp revealed 15 flavonoids, including seven new glycosyl flavonoids for C. pachystachya. Quantitatively, EFF-Cp showed isoorientin (43.46 mg/g), orientin (23.42 mg/g) and isovitexin (17.45 mg/g) as major C-glycosyl flavonoids. In addition, EFF-Cp at doses 50 and 100 mg/kg reduced the immobility time in the forced swimming test, without changing the locomotor activity and grooming time. In addition, EFF-Cp was able to prevent the oxidative damage in some brain areas. In conclusion, the results of this study suggest that EFF-Cp exerts antidepressant-like effects with its antioxidant properties.

Ketamine Exhibits Different Neuroanatomical Profile After Mammalian Target of Rapamycin Inhibition in the Prefrontal Cortex: the Role of Inflammation and Oxidative Stress.

Studies indicated that mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), oxidative stress, and inflammation are involved in the pathophysiology of major depressive disorder (MDD). Ketamine, an N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist, has been identified as a novel MDD therapy; however, the antidepressant mechanism is not fully understood. In addition, the effects of ketamine after mTOR inhibition have not been fully investigated. In the present study, we examined the behavioral and biochemical effects of ketamine in the prefrontal cortex (PFC), hippocampus, amygdala, and nucleus accumbens after inhibition of mTOR signaling in the PFC. Male adult Wistar rats received pharmacological mTOR inhibitor, rapamycin (0.2 nmol) or vehicle into the PFC and then a single dose of ketamine (15 mg/kg, i.p.). Immobility was assessed in forced swimming tests, and then oxidative stress parameters and inflammatory markers were evaluated in the brain and periphery. mTOR activation in the PFC was essential to ketamine's antidepressant-like effects. Ketamine increased lipid damage in the PFC, hippocampus, and amygdala. Protein carbonyl was elevated in the PFC, amygdala, and NAc after ketamine administration. Ketamine also increased nitrite/nitrate in the PFC, hippocampus, amygdala, and NAc. Myeloperoxidase activity increased in the hippocampus and NAc after ketamine administration. The activities of superoxide dismutase and catalase were reduced after ketamine administration in all brain areas studied. Inhibition of mTOR signaling pathways by rapamycin in the PFC was required to protect against oxidative stress by reducing damage and increasing antioxidant enzymes. Finally, the TNF-α level was increased in serum by ketamine; however, the rapamycin plus treatment group was not able to block this increase. Activation of mTOR in the PFC is involved in the antidepressant-like effects of ketamine; however, the inhibition of this pathway was able to protect certain brain areas against oxidative stress, without affecting inflammation parameters.

Diphenyl diselenide attenuates oxidative stress and inflammatory parameters in ulcerative colitis: A comparison with ebselen.

OBJETIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of diphenyl diselenide (PhSe)2 and ebselen (EB) in ulcerative colitis (UC) induced by dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) in rats. METHODS: The effects of (PhSe)2 and EB in rats submitted to DSS-induced colitis were determined by measurement of oxidative stress parameters, inflammatory response and bowel histopathological alterations. RESULTS: Animals developed moderate to severe neutrophil infiltration in histopathology assay in DSS rats and (PhSe)2 improved this response. Moreover, the treatment with (PhSe)2 decreased the oxidative damage in lipids and proteins, as well as reversed the superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) levels in rats treated with DSS. EB was able only to reverse damage in lipids and the low levels of SOD in this animal model. CONCLUSIONS: The organoselenium compounds tested demonstrated an anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity reducing the colon damage, being (PhSe)2 more effective than EB.

Evidence of oxidative stress in brain and liver of young rats submitted to experimental galactosemia.

Galactosemia is a disorder of galactose metabolism, leading to the accumulation of this carbohydrate. Galactosemic patients present brain and liver damage. For evaluated oxidative stress, 30-day-old males Wistar rats were divided into two groups: galactose group, that received a single injection of this carbohydrate (5 µmol/g), and control group, that received saline 0.9 % in the same conditions. One, twelve or twenty-four hours after the administration, animals were euthanized and cerebral cortex, cerebellum, and liver were isolated. After one hour, it was found a significant increase in TBA-RS levels, nitrate and nitrite and protein carbonyl contents in cerebral cortex, as well as protein carbonyl content in the cerebellum and in hepatic level of TBA-RS, and a significant decrease in nitrate and nitrite contents in cerebellum. TBA-RS levels were also found increased in all studied tissues, as well as nitrate and nitrite contents in cerebral cortex and cerebellum, that also present increased protein carbonyl content and impairments in the activity of antioxidant enzymes of rats euthanized at twelve hours. Finally, animals euthanized after twenty-four hours present an increase of TBA-RS levels in studied tissues, as well as the protein carbonyl content in cerebellum and liver. These animals also present an increased nitrate and nitrite content and impairment of antioxidant enzymes activities. Taken together, our data suggest that acute galactose administration impairs redox homeostasis in brain and liver of rats.

Folic acid prevented cognitive impairment in experimental pneumococcal meningitis.

Streptococcus pneumoniae is a common cause of bacterial meningitis, with a high mortality rate and neurological sequelae. In contrast, folic acid plays an important role in neuroplasticity and the preservation of neuronal integrity. In the present study, we evaluated the influence of folic acid on memory, oxidative damage, enzymatic defence, and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) expression in experimental pneumococcal meningitis. In animals that received folic acid at a dose of 10 or 50 mg, there was a reduction in both crossing and rearing during an open-field task compared with the training session, demonstrating habituation memory. During a step-down inhibitory avoidance task, there was a difference between the training and the test sessions, demonstrating aversive memory. In the hippocampus, BDNF expression decreased in the meningitis group; however, adjuvant treatment with 10 mg of folic acid increased BDNF expression, decreased lipid peroxidation, protein carbonylation, nitrate/nitrite levels, and myeloperoxidase activity and increased superoxide dismutase activity. In frontal cortex adjuvant treatment with 10 mg of folic acid decreased lipid peroxidation and protein carbonylation. There is substantial interest in the role of folic acid and related pathways in nervous system function and in folic acid's potential therapeutic effects. Here, adjuvant treatment with vitamin B9 prevented memory impairment in experimental pneumococcal meningitis.

Cellulose acetate butyrate/poly(caprolactonetriol) blends: Miscibility, mechanical properties, and in vivo inflammatory response.

This study reports the results of the characterization of cellulose acetate butyrate and polycaprolactone-triol blends in terms of miscibility, swelling capacity, mechanical properties, and inflammatory response in vivo. The cellulose acetate butyrate film was opaque and rigid, with glass transition (T g ) at 134℃ and melting temperature of 156℃. The cellulose acetate butyrate/polycaprolactone-triol films were transparent up to a polycaprolactone-triol content of 60%. T g of the cellulose acetate butyrate films decreased monotonically as polycaprolactone-triol was added to the blend, thus indicating miscibility. FTIR spectroscopy revealed a decrease in intramolecular hydrogen bonding in polycaprolactone-triol, whereas no hydrogen bonding was observed between cellulose acetate butyrate and -OH from polycaprolactone-triol. The increase in polycaprolactone-triol content in the blend decreased the water uptake. An increase in polycaprolactone-triol content decreased the modulus of elasticity and increased the elongation at break. A cellulose acetate butyrate/polycaprolactone-triol 70/30 blend implanted in rats showed only an acute inflammatory response 7 days after surgery. No change in inflammation mediators was observed.

Neuroinflammation: microglial activation during sepsis.

Neuroinflammation is presented in the acute phase brain damage as well as chronic diseases. Cells that are directly or indirectly involved in immune responses compose the central nervous system (CNS). Microglia are resident cells of the CNS and, as peripheral macrophages, are activated in presence of some cellular insult, producing a large number of cytokines and chemokines in order to remove toxins from the extracellular space. This activation can lead to a breakdown of the blood-brain barrier, production of reactive oxygen species that is involved in the progression of CNS damage as occurs in septic encephalopathy. Given the growing relevance of microglia in the area of neurotoxicology, we describe the role of microglia and the cellular mechanisms that activate these cells during sepsis. Thus, in this review we focused on the relationship between microglia and neuroinflammation associated with sepsis.

Anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties of hydroalcoholic crude extract from Casearia sylvestris Sw. (Salicaceae).

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Casearia sylvestris Sw. is widely used in popular medicine to treat inflammatory conditions. AIM OF THE STUDY: To investigate the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties of hydroalcoholic crude extract (HCE) taken from Casearia sylvestris Sw. (Salicaceae). METHODS AND RESULTS: The effect of the HCE from this plant (3-300 mg/kg) on the reduction of inflammatory response to carrageenan was investigated in pleurisy in rats (intrapleural, 2% in 0.2 mL) or paw edema in mice (intraplantar, 300 µg/20 µL, right hind paw). The plant anti-inflammatory action was assessed by its capability in inhibiting cell migration, enzymatic activity of myeloperoxidase (MPO) and production of nitrite/nitrate or edema. The in vitro antioxidant activity of this extract against lipid peroxidation and damage to proteins was assessed as possible pathways to contribute as anti-inflammatory mechanisms. Carrageenan-induced hind paw edema (739.3 ± 11.9 µm) was reduced by HCE (30 mg/kg: 462.8 ± 28.38 µm) to similar extents as dexametasone (365.1 ± 16.7). In pleurisy, treatment of the animals with HCE (100mg/kg: 0.010 ± 0.001 mU/mg of protein) also reduced MPO activity augmented by carrageenan (0.020 ± 0.001 mU/mg of protein) as well as leukocytes migration (carrageenan: 17.8890 ± 2.3900 leukocytes/mL, HCE 100mg/kg: 7.0880 ± 9631 leukocytes/mL). Significant effects were also observed in animals treated with different doses of HCE in biochemical tests for oxidative stress analysis. CONCLUSION: The anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects of HCE from Casearia sylvestris Sw. suggests a potential therapeutic benefit of this plant in treatment of inflammatory conditions.