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1.
Environ Technol ; 39(4): 490-502, 2018 Feb.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28271960

RESUMEN

Post-treatment of anaerobic reactor effluent with maturation ponds is a good option for small to medium-sized communities in tropical climates. The treatment line investigated, operating in Brazil, with an equivalent capacity to treat domestic sewage from 250 inhabitants, comprised a upflow anaerobic sludge blanket reactor followed by two shallow maturation ponds (unbaffled and baffled) and a granular rock filter (decreasing grain size) in series, requiring an area of only 1.5 m2 inhabitant-1. With an overall hydraulic retention time of only 6.7 days, the performance was excellent for a natural treatment system. Based on over two years of continuous monitoring, median removal efficiencies were: biochemical oxygen demand = 93%, chemical oxygen demand = 79%, total suspended solids = 87%, ammonia = 43% and Escherichia coli = 6.1 log units. The final effluent complied with European discharge standards and WHO guidelines for some forms of irrigation, and appeared to be a suitable alternative for treating domestic sewage for small communities in warm areas, especially in developing countries.


Asunto(s)
Reactores Biológicos , Eliminación de Residuos Líquidos/métodos , Amoníaco , Anaerobiosis , Análisis de la Demanda Biológica de Oxígeno , Brasil , Filtración/métodos , Estanques
2.
Rev Saude Publica ; 27(1): 9-14, 1993 Feb.
Artículo en Portugués | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-8310273

RESUMEN

Five cases of malaria were detected among cocaine users by the local health service in Bauru, a city with a population of 260,000, located 324 km from S. Paulo, Brazil, during the first three weeks of July 1990. Autochthonous malaria had not occurred in Bauru since 1978, and all the five cases denied having recently traveled to endemic areas. An extensive epidemiologic survey conducted from July 19 to September 13 revealed that the 5 cases were in fact part of a malaria outbreak among endovenous drug users. Moreover, at least 114 other people, who had in the last three months shared syringes and needles with one or more proved cases, were also involved in the outbreak. One hundred and two people were identified and interviewed orally. The examination of thick smears made from samples collected from 99 of them confirmed 21 cases of vivax malaria. Three people with negative blood smears had an indirect immunofluorescent assay positive to P. vivax antigen. Although the index case could not be discovered, the investigation suggested that one or more people who had recently traveled to the Amazon region might have introduced the disease. The control of the outbreak was achieved after offering treatment with chloroquine (10 tablets) to confirmed cases and contacts, followed by weekly suppressive chloroquine (2 tablets) until the last contact was detected. Malaria examination of 91 blood samples also revealed a high prevalence of hepatitis B virus infection (40%) and HIV infection (58%) among those involved in the outbreak. The strategy used to identify the cases and the contacts and the difficulties overcome in carrying it through are described.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)


Asunto(s)
Brotes de Enfermedades , Malaria/epidemiología , Compartición de Agujas , Abuso de Sustancias por Vía Intravenosa , Síndrome de Inmunodeficiencia Adquirida/epidemiología , Adolescente , Adulto , Brasil/epidemiología , Niño , Cloroquina/uso terapéutico , Cocaína , Brotes de Enfermedades/prevención & control , Femenino , Hepatitis/epidemiología , Humanos , Malaria/tratamiento farmacológico , Malaria/prevención & control , Malaria/transmisión , Masculino , Abuso de Sustancias por Vía Intravenosa/complicaciones
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