Laminite crônica em equino - tratamento com uso de ferradura com travessa horizontal e massa epóxi / Chronic laminitis in a horse - treatment with use of horseshoe with horizontal cross and epoxy putty

Background: Laminitis is characterized by an inflammation of the laminar structures of the hoof, which results in lamellar degradation of the suspensory apparatus of the distal phalanx. Despite being a common disease in the equine clinic, it is a medical emergency, which can lead the affected animals not return to sports activities. Due to the severity of laminitis and the poor prognosis, the objective was to report the case of a horse with chronic laminitis with sole perforation in all limbs treated with therapeutic shoeing using a type of horseshoe that has a horizontal crossbar and is filled with mass. Fast-drying epoxy, which has its use little described in the literature Case: A 4-year-old Crioula horse, weighing 325 kg, used in long noose competitions, was referred to the Veterinary Hospital of UFPR with chronic laminitis. The animal had reluctance to move, walk on a trestle position, grade V lameness and phalanx rotation of all limbs. The treatment of laminitis was carried out in the field, for two months, which consisted of trimming and shoeing with a horseshoe in the shape of a heart, and due to the failure of the treatment instituted, the patient presented clinical worsening. The treatment in the HV consisted of cleaning the perforated region of the sole with hydrogen peroxide and 10% iodine and dressing with cotton boots with EVA rubber on the sole to provide comfort. Corrective trimming was performed in order to remove excess forceps, lower the heel, and align the distal phalanx with the hoof wall, using a rasp. Orthopedic shoeing was performed with a normal horseshoe with a horizontal crossbar in the central region. The sole was filled with a quick-drying epoxy putty (Poxilina®), with the aim of preventing sole movement, blocking the rotation of the phalanges and improving the concavity of the hoof. Discussion: In chronic laminitis, the signs observed are claudication and deformation of the hoof, flat sole, enlargement of the white line, uneven growth of the hoof wall, hemorrhage in the abaxial white line, cracks in the hoof wall, which are observed parallel to the coronary band, in addition to phalanx rotation; in this clinical case, all these signs were observed. The trimming of horses with laminitis consists of removing the heels and decreasing the dorsal wall of the hoof, in this case, the trimming performed improved the clinical improvement of the animal five days after the procedure. The horseshoe used in the treatment of this animal has the objective of creating a weight-bearing surface on the middle of the sole, close to the tip of the frog, in this way the weight is not on the supporting edge of the clamp and, in this way, it reduces the pressure. over the most affected area. Despite the scarcity of reports on the use of this type of horseshoe, in this case it played a fundamental role in the treatment of laminitis. In this way, it is an alternative that must be taken into account when choosing the treatment, in view of its effectiveness and lower cost when compared to other methods. This case demonstrates the severity of laminitis in all limbs, especially as it presents a perforation of the sole. It is important to highlight that trimming and shoeing performed at the recommended interval (30-45 days) contributes a lot to the success of the treatment and the return of the animal to sports practice. The horseshoe with a horizontal crossbar was effective in the treatment of chronic laminitis of the forelimbs and pelvic limbs in the reported animal, with progressive improvement of the patient who returned to normal daily activities, without the presence of signs of pain or signs of laminitis after treatment.

Megaesôfago em muar / Megaesophagus in mule

Background: Megaesophagus is a chronic dilation of the esophagus rarely found in horses. Its a non-specific disease that is associated with several causes, and esophageal hypomotility is the dysfunction that most commonly results in organ dilation. In the literature, there are few reports of megaesophagus in horses and, to date, no cases in mule have been reported. The objective of this work is to describe a case of a donkey with thoracic megaesophagus. Case: A 16 year-old donkey, castrated male, mixed breed weighing 195 kg, was referred for clinical care with a history of 5 days of anorexia. On physical examination, apathy, cachexia, 8% dehydration, moderate enophthalmos, ptialism, bilateral nasal discharge, dry and bristling hair were observed. Due to the poor general condition, a nasogastric tube was chosen to perform enteral nutrition, however, it was not possible to progress the tube to the stomach. In order to confirm the suspicion of a possible esophageal obstruction, gastroscopy was performed, where it was possible to observe an esophageal dilation filled with bulky food located in the thoracic portion of the esophagus. In an attempt to stimulate esophageal motility, in order to promote the progression of the material present in the region of dilation, intramuscular metoclopramide was administered (two applications every 6 h), however the treatment had no effect. Due to the unfavorable prognosis and financial limitations of the owner, euthanasia was performed, which was followed by autopsy and histopathological examination. At necropsy, a marked dilation of the esophagus was observed in the thoracic portion, which was filled with approximately 500 grams of bulky food (grass). In the mucosa of this area...(AU)

Colocefalectomia para o tratamento de fratura fisária da cabeça do fêmur em pônei / Colocephalectomy for the treatment of capital physeal fracture of the femoral head in pony

Background: Femoral capital physeal fractures occur in young animals and are generally associated with trauma. They have apoor prognosis and surgical therapy is the most indicated. There are few studies describing surgical treatment and postoperative results, so the objective of the present report was to present the first case in Brazil of a colocefalectomy for the treatmentof femoral capital physeal fracture in a young pony, the post-surgical and the results obtained with the technique employed.Case: An 18-month-old pony, male, not castrated, , weighing 136 kg was referred to the Veterinary Hospital of the FederalUniversity of Paraná (HV-UFPR) with a history of trauma for 4 days. On physical examination, the animal presented lamenessgrade 5 of the right pelvic limb, shortening and lateral deviation of the limb, crackling and painful sensation on abduction, andslight atrophy of the gluteal muscles on the affected side. In the radiographic examination, a femoral capital physeal fracturewas found in the oblique ventro-dorsal projection. Once the diagnosis was performed, a colocefalectomy was realized, as thepatient is a light and short horse. The patient underwent general anesthesia and was placed in the left lateral position. The accessto the coxofemoral joint was made through the lateral face of the right hindlimb. The muscles of the region were incised anddeviated, so a partial myotomy was performed in the deep gluteal and vastus lateralis. This procedure allowed to visualize thefracture, where the head of the femur remained congruent to the acetabulum. A hammer and a curved osteotome were usedto section the round ligament, allowing the dislocation of the femoral head and with the aid of an oscillating orthopedic sawwas performed the femoral neck ostectomy. Previously to the synthesis of the muscular planes and the skin, a passive tubular...(AU)

Colocefalectomia para o tratamento de fratura fisária da cabeça do fêmur em pônei / Colocephalectomy for the treatment of capital physeal fracture of the femoral head in pony

Background: Femoral capital physeal fractures occur in young animals and are generally associated with trauma. They have apoor prognosis and surgical therapy is the most indicated. There are few studies describing surgical treatment and postoperative results, so the objective of the present report was to present the first case in Brazil of a colocefalectomy for the treatmentof femoral capital physeal fracture in a young pony, the post-surgical and the results obtained with the technique employed.Case: An 18-month-old pony, male, not castrated, , weighing 136 kg was referred to the Veterinary Hospital of the FederalUniversity of Paraná (HV-UFPR) with a history of trauma for 4 days. On physical examination, the animal presented lamenessgrade 5 of the right pelvic limb, shortening and lateral deviation of the limb, crackling and painful sensation on abduction, andslight atrophy of the gluteal muscles on the affected side. In the radiographic examination, a femoral capital physeal fracturewas found in the oblique ventro-dorsal projection. Once the diagnosis was performed, a colocefalectomy was realized, as thepatient is a light and short horse. The patient underwent general anesthesia and was placed in the left lateral position. The accessto the coxofemoral joint was made through the lateral face of the right hindlimb. The muscles of the region were incised anddeviated, so a partial myotomy was performed in the deep gluteal and vastus lateralis. This procedure allowed to visualize thefracture, where the head of the femur remained congruent to the acetabulum. A hammer and a curved osteotome were usedto section the round ligament, allowing the dislocation of the femoral head and with the aid of an oscillating orthopedic sawwas performed the femoral neck ostectomy. Previously to the synthesis of the muscular planes and the skin, a passive tubular...

Megaesôfago em muar / Megaesophagus in mule

Background: Megaesophagus is a chronic dilation of the esophagus rarely found in horses. It’s a non-specific disease that is associated with several causes, and esophageal hypomotility is the dysfunction that most commonly results in organ dilation. In the literature, there are few reports of megaesophagus in horses and, to date, no cases in mule have been reported. The objective of this work is to describe a case of a donkey with thoracic megaesophagus. Case: A 16 year-old donkey, castrated male, mixed breed weighing 195 kg, was referred for clinical care with a history of 5 days of anorexia. On physical examination, apathy, cachexia, 8% dehydration, moderate enophthalmos, ptialism, bilateral nasal discharge, dry and bristling hair were observed. Due to the poor general condition, a nasogastric tube was chosen to perform enteral nutrition, however, it was not possible to progress the tube to the stomach. In order to confirm the suspicion of a possible esophageal obstruction, gastroscopy was performed, where it was possible to observe an esophageal dilation filled with bulky food located in the thoracic portion of the esophagus. In an attempt to stimulate esophageal motility, in order to promote the progression of the material present in the region of dilation, intramuscular metoclopramide was administered (two applications every 6 h), however the treatment had no effect. Due to the unfavorable prognosis and financial limitations of the owner, euthanasia was performed, which was followed by autopsy and histopathological examination. At necropsy, a marked dilation of the esophagus was observed in the thoracic portion, which was filled with approximately 500 grams of bulky food (grass). In the mucosa of this area...

Comportamento da membrana biossintética de celulose como implante peritendíneo em potros / Behavior of cellulose biosynthetic membrane as a peritendinous implant in foals

Background: Tendon injuries are common in horses and are commonly associated with lameness and athletic career disruption.Adhesions formed between the tendons and the surrounding tissues compromise the sliding and movement of the structures,compromising their functionality. Therefore, the control of adhesion formation is critical to restore the structural integrity of thetendon, as well as its biomechanical function. The aim of this study was to evaluate the behavior of the biosynthetic cellulosemembrane implanted in foals with surgically induced tendinitis of the superficial digital flexor.Materials, Methods & Results: Six healthy foals were used, which underwent tendinitis induction in the superficial digital flexorof the right and left forelimbs. The lesions was induced by local ischemia by crushing the tendon with hemostatic forceps. Thebiosynthetic cellulose membrane was implanted only in the right forelimb, involving the superficial digital flexor tendon in theregion of the ischemia and the left forelimb was used as control. After surgery, both forelimb were immobilized with syntheticplaster cast for 15 days. Ultrasonography was performed in six foals immediately before (M0), at 15° (M1) at and 30° (M2) day,and three were evaluate at 45° (M3) and 60° (M4) day after surgery. Incisional biopsies were performed in three animals on the30° day and in three animals on the 60° day after surgery. Histopathological examination involved the analysis of tissue disorganization, presence and type of inflammatory infiltrate and neovascularization, according to the score of 0 to 3. Ultrasonographyallowed visualization of the membrane, which was characterized as a continuous hyperechoic line at the edges of the tendon at15 days (M1). In addition, at 30 and 45 days after surgery, interruption of the hyperechoic line and reduction of echogenicitywere observed, and no echogenic lines were observed at 60 days after surgery...

Comportamento da membrana biossintética de celulose como implante peritendíneo em potros / Behavior of cellulose biosynthetic membrane as a peritendinous implant in foals

Background: Tendon injuries are common in horses and are commonly associated with lameness and athletic career disruption.Adhesions formed between the tendons and the surrounding tissues compromise the sliding and movement of the structures,compromising their functionality. Therefore, the control of adhesion formation is critical to restore the structural integrity of thetendon, as well as its biomechanical function. The aim of this study was to evaluate the behavior of the biosynthetic cellulosemembrane implanted in foals with surgically induced tendinitis of the superficial digital flexor.Materials, Methods & Results: Six healthy foals were used, which underwent tendinitis induction in the superficial digital flexorof the right and left forelimbs. The lesions was induced by local ischemia by crushing the tendon with hemostatic forceps. Thebiosynthetic cellulose membrane was implanted only in the right forelimb, involving the superficial digital flexor tendon in theregion of the ischemia and the left forelimb was used as control. After surgery, both forelimb were immobilized with syntheticplaster cast for 15 days. Ultrasonography was performed in six foals immediately before (M0), at 15° (M1) at and 30° (M2) day,and three were evaluate at 45° (M3) and 60° (M4) day after surgery. Incisional biopsies were performed in three animals on the30° day and in three animals on the 60° day after surgery. Histopathological examination involved the analysis of tissue disorganization, presence and type of inflammatory infiltrate and neovascularization, according to the score of 0 to 3. Ultrasonographyallowed visualization of the membrane, which was characterized as a continuous hyperechoic line at the edges of the tendon at15 days (M1). In addition, at 30 and 45 days after surgery, interruption of the hyperechoic line and reduction of echogenicitywere observed, and no echogenic lines were observed at 60 days after surgery...(AU)

Ruptura do ligamento da cabeça do fêmur em uma égua: dor, limitação de movimento e achados de necrópsia / Rupture of the femoral head ligament in a mare: pain, motion limited and necropsy tindings / Ruptura del conexión de la cabeza del fémur en una égua: dolor, limitación de movimiento y achados de necropsia

Uma égua, 6,5 anos, mestiça da raça Quarto de Milha, foi atendida com claudicação grau 4 no membro pélvico esquerdo. Foram realizados bloqueios anestésicos perineurais e articulares no intuito de diagnóstico, porém não responsivos. O animal progrediu pela dor, em menos de trinta dias, para prostração e decúbito contínuo. Optou-se pela eutanásia, sendo que no diagnóstico post-mortem constatou-se ruptura do ligamento da cabeça do fêmur (LCF), degeneração acetabular e sub-luxação. Os casos de ruptura do LCF são pouco descritos e/ou diagnosticados na rotina clínica de equinos, havendo necessidade de mais estudos em relação ao diagnóstico com utilização de ultrassonografia, prognóstico e viabilidade de manutenção de vida do animal.(AU)

A 6.5-year-old mare, half-blooded Quarter Horse was assisted with grade 4 lameness on the left pelvic limb. Perineural and articular anesthetic blocks were performed for diagnosis, but not responsive. Animal progressed through pain, in less than thirty days, to prostration and continuous decubitus. Euthanasia was chosen, and post-mortem diagnosis revealed rupture of the femoral head ligament (LCF). acetabular degeneration and sub-luxation. The cases of LCF rupture are few described and / or diagnosed in the clinical routine of horses, requiring further studies in relation to the diagnosis using ultrasound, prognosis and viability of life maintenance of the animal.(AU)

Una yegua, 6,5 anos mestiza de la raza Cuarto de Milla, fue atendida con claudicación grado 4 en el miembro pélvico izquierdo. Se realizaron bloqueos anestésicos perineurales y articulares con el propósito de diagnóstico, pero no responsivos. El animal progresó por el dolor, en menos de treinta días, para postración y decúbito continuo. Se optó por la eutanasia, siendo que en el diagnóstico post-mortem se constató ruptura del ligamento de la cabeza del fémur (LCF), degeneración acetabular y sub-luxación. Los casos de ruptura del LCF son poco descritos y/o diagnosticados en la rutina clínica de equinos, habiendo necesidad de más estudios em relación al diagnóstico con utilización de ultrasonografía, pronóstico y viabilidad de mantenimiento de vida del animal.(AU)

Ruptura do ligamento da cabeça do fêmur em uma égua: dor, limitação de movimento e achados de necrópsia / Rupture of the femoral head ligament in a mare: pain, motion limited and necropsy tindings / Ruptura del conexión de la cabeza del fémur en una égua: dolor, limitación de movimiento y achados de necropsia

Uma égua, 6,5 anos, mestiça da raça Quarto de Milha, foi atendida com claudicação grau 4 no membro pélvico esquerdo. Foram realizados bloqueios anestésicos perineurais e articulares no intuito de diagnóstico, porém não responsivos. O animal progrediu pela dor, em menos de trinta dias, para prostração e decúbito contínuo. Optou-se pela eutanásia, sendo que no diagnóstico post-mortem constatou-se ruptura do ligamento da cabeça do fêmur (LCF), degeneração acetabular e sub-luxação. Os casos de ruptura do LCF são pouco descritos e/ou diagnosticados na rotina clínica de equinos, havendo necessidade de mais estudos em relação ao diagnóstico com utilização de ultrassonografia, prognóstico e viabilidade de manutenção de vida do animal.

A 6.5-year-old mare, half-blooded Quarter Horse was assisted with grade 4 lameness on the left pelvic limb. Perineural and articular anesthetic blocks were performed for diagnosis, but not responsive. Animal progressed through pain, in less than thirty days, to prostration and continuous decubitus. Euthanasia was chosen, and post-mortem diagnosis revealed rupture of the femoral head ligament (LCF). acetabular degeneration and sub-luxation. The cases of LCF rupture are few described and / or diagnosed in the clinical routine of horses, requiring further studies in relation to the diagnosis using ultrasound, prognosis and viability of life maintenance of the animal.

Una yegua, 6,5 anos mestiza de la raza Cuarto de Milla, fue atendida con claudicación grado 4 en el miembro pélvico izquierdo. Se realizaron bloqueos anestésicos perineurales y articulares con el propósito de diagnóstico, pero no responsivos. El animal progresó por el dolor, en menos de treinta días, para postración y decúbito continuo. Se optó por la eutanasia, siendo que en el diagnóstico post-mortem se constató ruptura del ligamento de la cabeza del fémur (LCF), degeneración acetabular y sub-luxación. Los casos de ruptura del LCF son poco descritos y/o diagnosticados en la rutina clínica de equinos, habiendo necesidad de más estudios em relación al diagnóstico con utilización de ultrasonografía, pronóstico y viabilidad de mantenimiento de vida del animal.

Trans-endoscopic ventriculocordectomy in horses using monopolar electrocautery / Ventriculocordectomia trans-endoscópica em equinos, com uso de eletrocautério monopolar

Laryngeal hemiplegia is one of the most common upper airway affections in horses. Laringoplasty is indicated in high-performance animals, and when the only complaint is noisy breathing, ventriculectomy and cordectomy can be performed. This study aimed to establish a minimally invasive surgical approach to ventriculocordectomy in horses, through a videoendoscopic procedure. The technique was developed in two stages, the first one was a cadaveric study and the second one was in vivo, both using two flexible endoscopes. A bilateral ventriculocordectomy was performed in two cadavers, totaling the removal of four vocal cords. In the second stage, a left unilateral ventriculocordectomy was performed in three animals with laryngeal hemiplegia. The vocal cords were pulled by one of the endoscopes with 3.2mm grasping forceps, while the second equipment was used for the resection of vocal cords with a flexible electrode adapted for monopolar electrosurgery (electrocautery). The average time for removal of the vocal cords was 23±5 minutes. In the postoperative care, moderate inflammation around the surgical wound was observed, with complete healing in 21 days in one horse and 28 days in the other two. One animal presented exuberant granulation tissue on the surgical site. Other complications due to the tested technique were not noticed; therefore, it could be a less invasive option for ventriculocordectomy in horses. The developed technique proved to be effective for ventriculocordectomy execution in horses. The main advantages of this approach were reduced surgical time, shorter healing average time, no need for daily dressings and return to normal activities in a shorter period when compared to other surgical approaches. The limitation of the technique consists of the need for two endoscopes for its accomplishment. Further studies, with more animals, are needed to improve the technique.(AU)

Hemiplegia de laringe representa uma das afecções mais frequentes em vias aéreas anteriores de cavalos. Em animais de alto desempenho esportivo a laringoplastia é indicada, e nos casos em que a única queixa é o ruído respiratório recomenda-se realizar a ventriculectomia e a cordectomia. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo estabelecer uma abordagem cirúrgica minimamente invasiva, através de videocirurgia, para realização da ventriculocordectomia em cavalos. A técnica cirúrgica foi desenvolvida em duas etapas, sendo a primeira cadavérica e a segunda in vivo, ambas utilizando videoendoscópios flexíveis. A primeira consistiu na realização de ventriculocordectomia bilateral em dois cadáveres, para padronização da técnica, totalizando quatro cordas vocais removidas. Na segunda, procedeu-se a ventriculocordectomia unilateral esquerda em três animais naturalmente afetados pela hemiplegia de laringe. As cordas vocais foram tracionadas utilizando uma pinça de preensão de 3,2mm, através do canal de trabalho de endoscópio flexível, e com o segundo equipamento similar, realizou-se a ressecção da corda vocal com eletrodo flexível monopolar adaptado para eletrocirurgia (eletrocautério), também através do canal de trabalho. O tempo médio dos procedimentos foi de 23±5 minutos. No período pós-operatório observou-se moderada inflamação ao redor da incisão, sendo o tempo de cicatrização total de 21 dias em um cavalo e 28 dias nos outros dois. Um dos animais apresentou tecido de granulaçãoexuberante no local de excisão da corda vocal, que foi tratado com infiltração de corticosteróide. Nãoforam observadas outras intercorrências inerentes à técnica proposta, sendo esta uma opção poucoinvasiva, que dispensa a realização da laringotomia. A técnica desenvolvida no presente trabalhomostrou-se promissora para realização da ventriculocordectomia em cavalos. As principais vantagensdesta abordagem foram: tempo trans cirúrgico reduzido, tempo médio de cicatrização menor...(AU)

Utilização Da Ultrassonografia Transabdominal Para Auxilio Propedêutico Em Equinos Com Síndrome Cólica: Relato De Casos / Using Transabdominal Ultrasound As Support Diagnosis In Equine With Colic Syndrome: Cases Reports / Uso Del Ultrasonido Transabdominal Como Apoyo Diagnóstico En Equinos Con Síndrome Cólico: Série De 16 Casos

O abdome agudo na espécie equina é considerado uma emergência, sendo de grande importância a determinação precoce da necessidade ou não da intervenção cirúrgica como medida terapêutica. Os objetivos dessa descrição de casos foram: identificar quais os achados ultrassonográficos (US) que auxiliam na determinação do paciente clínico ou cirúrgico, qual a possibilidade de identificação da causa da cólica e expor as dificuldades de execução da técnica. Foi realizado um estudo prospectivo observacional para análise ultrassonografica transabdominal em 16 equinos com sinais de dor abdominal aguda. Um aparelho portátil de alta resolução, acoplado a um transdutor convexo multifrequencial de 2,5 a 5,0 MHz foi utilizado. Como resultados verificou-se que o exame US transabdominal contribuiu para a determinação da conduta a ser adotada em todos os casos. Propiciando o diagnóstico final, detectando achados sugestivos de processo obstrutivo ou descartando-o. Os achados importantes para tomada de decisão e que indicam processo obstrutivo foram: a identificação de anormalidades na topografia intestinal, alterações de motilidade e grau de distenção intestinal, principalmente em intestino delgado, alterações no conteúdo intraluminal e em alguns casos do espessamento de parede intestinal. A atitude do animal em resposta a dor, como agitação/excitação, tremores musculares e eventualmente o tipo de conteúdo intraluminal são alguns fatores que podem prejudicar a análise. Concluiu-se que o exame US transabdominal auxilia na determinação da próxima conduta a ser adotada, cirúrgica ou clínico dos animais com síndrome cólica.

The acute abdomen in the equine species is considered an emergency. In these cases, it is of great importance the early determination of whether or not a surgical intervention is needed. The aims of this cases descriptions were to identify which sonographic findings help to differ the clinical or surgical patient, to define which lesions can be diagnosed sonographically and to determine the difficulties of the exam. A cross-sectional study was conducted. Sixteen horses with signs of acute abdominal pain were evaluated by means of transabdominal ultrasonography. Ultrasound examination was performed using a portatil high resolution machine with a 2.5 to 5,0MHz, multifrequential convex probe. All abdominal cavity was examined using the starndart ultrasound techinique previous reported. Ultrasound contributed to determine the therapeutic approach in all cases, helping in final diagnosis, and detecting findings of gastrointestinal obstructive process or excluded. The mainly findings in detecting obstructive intestinal process are abnormalities in intestinal topography, pattern of motility and diameter distension, predominantly in small intestine, different intraluminal content and in some cases thickening of intestinal wall. The attitude of the animal in response to pain, agitation/excitement, muscle trembling and sometimes changes in the type of intraluminal content, were factors that interfered in the images. We concluded that transabdominal ultrasonography can assist in determining the next conduct to be adopted, surgical or clinical therapeutics in horses with colic syndrome.

El abdomen agudo en la especie equina se considera una emergencia y en esos casos es de gran importancia determinar precozmente si una intervención quirúrgica será necesaria o no. Los objetivos al describir esta serie de casos fueron: identificar los hallazgos ultrasonográficos importantes para determinar si los casos eran clínicos o quirúrgicos; verificar la posibilidad de identificar la causa del cólico; y exponer las dificultades al realizar el examen ultrasonográfico en esos casos. De forma prospectiva, fueron incluidos 16 equinos con signos de dolor abdominal agudo. Para el examen ultrasonográfico transabdominal (USTA) fue usado un transductor convexo multifrecuencial de 2,5 a 5,0 MHz acoplado a un ecografo portátil de alta resolución. Fue verificado que el USTA contribuyó para determinar la conducta a ser adoptada en todos los casos; posibilitó llegar a un diagnóstico final; y permitió detectar hallazgos sugestivos de proceso obstructivo e descartar obstrucción. Los hallazgos importantes para tomar decisiones y que indicaron procesos obstructivos fueron: identificación de anormalidades en la topografía intestinal, alteraciones de motilidad y distensión intestinal, principalmente en intestino delgado, alteraciones en el contenido intraluminal y, en algunos casos, espesamiento de la pared intestinal. La actitud del animal en respuesta al dolor, como agitación/excitación, temblores musculares y, eventualmente, el tipo de contenido intraluminal, son algunos factores que pueden perjudicar el examen. Concluimos que el USTA auxilia a determinar si la próxima conducta a ser adoptada en equinos con síndrome cólica será clínica o quirúrgica.

Utilização Da Ultrassonografia Transabdominal Para Auxilio Propedêutico Em Equinos Com Síndrome Cólica: Relato De Casos / Using Transabdominal Ultrasound As Support Diagnosis In Equine With Colic Syndrome: Cases Reports / Uso Del Ultrasonido Transabdominal Como Apoyo Diagnóstico En Equinos Con Síndrome Cólico: Série De 16 Casos

O abdome agudo na espécie equina é considerado uma emergência, sendo de grande importância a determinação precoce da necessidade ou não da intervenção cirúrgica como medida terapêutica. Os objetivos dessa descrição de casos foram: identificar quais os achados ultrassonográficos (US) que auxiliam na determinação do paciente clínico ou cirúrgico, qual a possibilidade de identificação da causa da cólica e expor as dificuldades de execução da técnica. Foi realizado um estudo prospectivo observacional para análise ultrassonografica transabdominal em 16 equinos com sinais de dor abdominal aguda. Um aparelho portátil de alta resolução, acoplado a um transdutor convexo multifrequencial de 2,5 a 5,0 MHz foi utilizado. Como resultados verificou-se que o exame US transabdominal contribuiu para a determinação da conduta a ser adotada em todos os casos. Propiciando o diagnóstico final, detectando achados sugestivos de processo obstrutivo ou descartando-o. Os achados importantes para tomada de decisão e que indicam processo obstrutivo foram: a identificação de anormalidades na topografia intestinal, alterações de motilidade e grau de distenção intestinal, principalmente em intestino delgado, alterações no conteúdo intraluminal e em alguns casos do espessamento de parede intestinal. A atitude do animal em resposta a dor, como agitação/excitação, tremores musculares e eventualmente o tipo de conteúdo intraluminal são alguns fatores que podem prejudicar a análise. Concluiu-se que o exame US transabdominal auxilia na determinação da próxima conduta a ser adotada, cirúrgica ou clínico dos animais com síndrome cólica.(AU)

The acute abdomen in the equine species is considered an emergency. In these cases, it is of great importance the early determination of whether or not a surgical intervention is needed. The aims of this cases descriptions were to identify which sonographic findings help to differ the clinical or surgical patient, to define which lesions can be diagnosed sonographically and to determine the difficulties of the exam. A cross-sectional study was conducted. Sixteen horses with signs of acute abdominal pain were evaluated by means of transabdominal ultrasonography. Ultrasound examination was performed using a portatil high resolution machine with a 2.5 to 5,0MHz, multifrequential convex probe. All abdominal cavity was examined using the starndart ultrasound techinique previous reported. Ultrasound contributed to determine the therapeutic approach in all cases, helping in final diagnosis, and detecting findings of gastrointestinal obstructive process or excluded. The mainly findings in detecting obstructive intestinal process are abnormalities in intestinal topography, pattern of motility and diameter distension, predominantly in small intestine, different intraluminal content and in some cases thickening of intestinal wall. The attitude of the animal in response to pain, agitation/excitement, muscle trembling and sometimes changes in the type of intraluminal content, were factors that interfered in the images. We concluded that transabdominal ultrasonography can assist in determining the next conduct to be adopted, surgical or clinical therapeutics in horses with colic syndrome.(AU)

El abdomen agudo en la especie equina se considera una emergencia y en esos casos es de gran importancia determinar precozmente si una intervención quirúrgica será necesaria o no. Los objetivos al describir esta serie de casos fueron: identificar los hallazgos ultrasonográficos importantes para determinar si los casos eran clínicos o quirúrgicos; verificar la posibilidad de identificar la causa del cólico; y exponer las dificultades al realizar el examen ultrasonográfico en esos casos. De forma prospectiva, fueron incluidos 16 equinos con signos de dolor abdominal agudo. Para el examen ultrasonográfico transabdominal (USTA) fue usado un transductor convexo multifrecuencial de 2,5 a 5,0 MHz acoplado a un ecografo portátil de alta resolución. Fue verificado que el USTA contribuyó para determinar la conducta a ser adoptada en todos los casos; posibilitó llegar a un diagnóstico final; y permitió detectar hallazgos sugestivos de proceso obstructivo e descartar obstrucción. Los hallazgos importantes para tomar decisiones y que indicaron procesos obstructivos fueron: identificación de anormalidades en la topografía intestinal, alteraciones de motilidad y distensión intestinal, principalmente en intestino delgado, alteraciones en el contenido intraluminal y, en algunos casos, espesamiento de la pared intestinal. La actitud del animal en respuesta al dolor, como agitación/excitación, temblores musculares y, eventualmente, el tipo de contenido intraluminal, son algunos factores que pueden perjudicar el examen. Concluimos que el USTA auxilia a determinar si la próxima conducta a ser adoptada en equinos con síndrome cólica será clínica o quirúrgica.(AU)

Trans-endoscopic ventriculocordectomy in horses using monopolar electrocautery / Ventriculocordectomia trans-endoscópica em equinos, com uso de eletrocautério monopolar

Laryngeal hemiplegia is one of the most common upper airway affections in horses. Laringoplasty is indicated in high-performance animals, and when the only complaint is noisy breathing, ventriculectomy and cordectomy can be performed. This study aimed to establish a minimally invasive surgical approach to ventriculocordectomy in horses, through a videoendoscopic procedure. The technique was developed in two stages, the first one was a cadaveric study and the second one was in vivo, both using two flexible endoscopes. A bilateral ventriculocordectomy was performed in two cadavers, totaling the removal of four vocal cords. In the second stage, a left unilateral ventriculocordectomy was performed in three animals with laryngeal hemiplegia. The vocal cords were pulled by one of the endoscopes with 3.2mm grasping forceps, while the second equipment was used for the resection of vocal cords with a flexible electrode adapted for monopolar electrosurgery (electrocautery). The average time for removal of the vocal cords was 23±5 minutes. In the postoperative care, moderate inflammation around the surgical wound was observed, with complete healing in 21 days in one horse and 28 days in the other two. One animal presented exuberant granulation tissue on the surgical site. Other complications due to the tested technique were not noticed; therefore, it could be a less invasive option for ventriculocordectomy in horses. The developed technique proved to be effective for ventriculocordectomy execution in horses. The main advantages of this approach were reduced surgical time, shorter healing average time, no need for daily dressings and return to normal activities in a shorter period when compared to other surgical approaches. The limitation of the technique consists of the need for two endoscopes for its accomplishment. Further studies, with more animals, are needed to improve the technique.

Hemiplegia de laringe representa uma das afecções mais frequentes em vias aéreas anteriores de cavalos. Em animais de alto desempenho esportivo a laringoplastia é indicada, e nos casos em que a única queixa é o ruído respiratório recomenda-se realizar a ventriculectomia e a cordectomia. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo estabelecer uma abordagem cirúrgica minimamente invasiva, através de videocirurgia, para realização da ventriculocordectomia em cavalos. A técnica cirúrgica foi desenvolvida em duas etapas, sendo a primeira cadavérica e a segunda in vivo, ambas utilizando videoendoscópios flexíveis. A primeira consistiu na realização de ventriculocordectomia bilateral em dois cadáveres, para padronização da técnica, totalizando quatro cordas vocais removidas. Na segunda, procedeu-se a ventriculocordectomia unilateral esquerda em três animais naturalmente afetados pela hemiplegia de laringe. As cordas vocais foram tracionadas utilizando uma pinça de preensão de 3,2mm, através do canal de trabalho de endoscópio flexível, e com o segundo equipamento similar, realizou-se a ressecção da corda vocal com eletrodo flexível monopolar adaptado para eletrocirurgia (eletrocautério), também através do canal de trabalho. O tempo médio dos procedimentos foi de 23±5 minutos. No período pós-operatório observou-se moderada inflamação ao redor da incisão, sendo o tempo de cicatrização total de 21 dias em um cavalo e 28 dias nos outros dois. Um dos animais apresentou tecido de granulaçãoexuberante no local de excisão da corda vocal, que foi tratado com infiltração de corticosteróide. Nãoforam observadas outras intercorrências inerentes à técnica proposta, sendo esta uma opção poucoinvasiva, que dispensa a realização da laringotomia. A técnica desenvolvida no presente trabalhomostrou-se promissora para realização da ventriculocordectomia em cavalos. As principais vantagensdesta abordagem foram: tempo trans cirúrgico reduzido, tempo médio de cicatrização menor...

An update on equine laminitis / Atualização sobre laminite equina

Laminitis is a severe podal affection, which pathophysiology remains partially renowned. Ischemic, enzymatic, metabolic and inflammatory mechanisms are connected to the development of laminar lesions. However, few therapeutic measures are effective to prevent or control the severity of acute laminitis and its prodromal stage, which often determines serious complications such as rotation and/or sinking of the distal phalanx and even the loss of hoof. The purpose of this study is to compile the actual knowledge in respect to the pathophysiology and treatment of equine laminitis.(AU)

A laminite é uma grave afecção podal, que permanece com fisiopatogenia parcialmente conhecida. Sabe-se que mecanismos isquêmicos, enzimáticos, metabólicos e inflamatórios estão envolvidos no desenvolvimento das lesões laminares. No entanto, poucas medidas terapêuticas são eficazes para prevenir ou controlar a gravidade da laminite nas fases prodrômica e aguda, o que frequentemente determina sérias complicações como rotação ou afundamento da falange distal e até mesmo perda do estojo córneo. O objetivo deste trabalho é compilar os mais atuais conhecimentos sobre a fisiopatologia e tratamento da laminite em equinos.(AU)

An update on equine laminitis / Atualização sobre laminite equina

ABSTRACT: Laminitis is a severe podal affection, which pathophysiology remains partially renowned. Ischemic, enzymatic, metabolic and inflammatory mechanisms are connected to the development of laminar lesions. However, few therapeutic measures are effective to prevent or control the severity of acute laminitis and its prodromal stage, which often determines serious complications such as rotation and/or sinking of the distal phalanx and even the loss of hoof. The purpose of this study is to compile the actual knowledge in respect to the pathophysiology and treatment of equine laminitis.

RESUMO: A laminite é uma grave afecção podal, que permanece com fisiopatogenia parcialmente conhecida. Sabe-se que mecanismos isquêmicos, enzimáticos, metabólicos e inflamatórios estão envolvidos no desenvolvimento das lesões laminares. No entanto, poucas medidas terapêuticas são eficazes para prevenir ou controlar a gravidade da laminite nas fases prodrômica e aguda, o que frequentemente determina sérias complicações como rotação ou afundamento da falange distal e até mesmo perda do estojo córneo. O objetivo deste trabalho é compilar os mais atuais conhecimentos sobre a fisiopatologia e tratamento da laminite em equinos.

Modified steel basket technique for the treatment of equine cervical vertebral stenotic myelopathy: a case report / Modificação da técnica do cesto de aço para tratamento de mielopatia estenótica cervical em equino: relato de caso

Cervical vertebral stenotic myelopathy (CVSM), also known as cervical ataxia or wobbler syndrome, is caused by the narrowing of the medullary canal due to a malformation of the cervical vertebrae, resulting in compression of the spinal cord and neurological alterations such as ataxia, hypermetria, weakness, and abnormal stance. The treatment options can be conservative or surgical, with varied effectiveness. The most appropriate surgical technique in the majority of cases is arthrodesis, providing quick and efficient decompression of the spinal cord. The goal of this case report is to present an equine patient with CVSM that was surgically treated using a new modified cage model. The diagnosis was based on history, clinical signs and radiographic evidence of spinal cord compression between the C3 and C4 vertebrae, after ruling out possible infectious agents. The surgical procedure for the decompression and stabilization of the point of stenosis was performed using a modified Clowards technique and a new cage model fixed with two screws. Evidence of fusion was obtained by periodic radiographs over six months of postoperative care. The new cage model used in this surgery proved to be efficient for the decompression and stabilization of the vertebrae, allowing arthrodesis development and remission of the clinical signs. Fixation of the cage with screws reduces the risk of...(AU)

A mielopatia estenótica cervical (MEC), também conhecida com ataxia cervical ou síndrome de Wobbler, é causada por um estreitamento do canal vertebral devido à malformação das vertebrais cervicais, resultando em uma compressão da medula espinhal e alterações neurológicas como ataxia, fraqueza e postura anormal. As opções de tratamento podem ser conservador ou cirúrgico, sendo que ambos apresentam eficácia variável. A técnica cirúrgica mais apropriada para a maioria dos casos é a artrodese, promovendo rápida e eficiente descompressão da medula espinhal. O objetivo deste trabalho é relatar o caso de um equino com MEC que foi tratado cirurgicamente aplicando-se uma técnica modificada com um novo tipo de cesto metálico. O diagnóstico foi realizado por meio do histórico, sinais clínicos e evidências radiográficas de compressão medular entre as vértebras C3 e C4, após descartar possíveis agentes infecciosos. O procedimento cirúrgico para descompressão e estabilização do ponto de estenose foi realizado utilizando-se a técnica modificada de Cloward e um novo modelo de cesto de aço fixado com dois parafusos. Evidências de fusão foram obtidas por exames radiográficos periódicos durante seis meses de pós-operatório. O novo modelo de cesto de aço utilizado nessa cirurgia provou ser eficiente para descompressão e estabilização das vértebras, permitindo o desenvolvimento da artrodese e...(AU)

Medidas ecocardiográficas de cavalos de tração da região metropolitana de Curitiba-PR / Echocardiographic measurement of cart horses in the metropolitan region of Curitiba-PR

Para manter o desempenho dos cavalos durante o exercício físico o coração se adapta às variações das atividades metabólicas, o que resulta em adaptações do músculo cardíaco. Desta maneira, o uso da ecocardiografia permite avaliar possíveis adaptações cardíacas e falhas no bombeamento sanguíneo. Pouco se sabe sobre alterações ecocardiográficas em cavalos de tração de materiais recicláveis, que puxam carroças, cujas condições gerais de saúde e manejo quase sempre são inadequadas para o tipo de exercício físico ao qual são submetidos. Objetivou-se estabelecer valores ecocardiográficos para cavalos de carroceiros. Dezenove cavalos sem raça definida foram submetidos ao exame ecocardiográfico, e valores da distância do ponto E (maior abertura da valva mitral) ao septo interventricular; diâmetro da cavidade do ventrículo esquerdo; espessura do septo interventricular e espessura da parede livre do ventrículo esquerdo durante a sístole e diástole; fração de encurtamento e ejeção foram obtidos pelo modo-M. No modo bidimensional foram avaliados o diâmetro da valva aórtica e átrio esquerdo, além de sua relação. Foram avaliadas as velocidades do fluxo de sangue na artéria pulmonar e aorta e valva mitral por meio do Doppler pulsado e/ou contínuo, além de detectar possíveis refluxos por meio do Doppler colorido. Neste estudo ficam estabelecidos os valores médios dos parâmetros...(AU)

In order to maintain the horses performance during the exercise, their hearts adapt to the variations on metabolic activity, resulting in muscular adaptation. Thus, echocardiography allows to assess on both eventual adaptations of heart tissue and impairment of the ability to pump blood. Little is yet known about echocardiography in cart horses, whose general conditions of health and treatment are often inappropriate to the type of exercise they are submitted to. The goal of this study was to establish echocardiographic numbers for cart horses. Nineteen mongrel horses were submitted for echocardiographic examination, and values of the distance from E point (maximum opening mitral valve) to the interventricular septum; diameter of left ventricle cavity, interventricular septum thickness and thickness of left ventricle free wall during systole and diastole, fractional shortening and ejection fraction were obtained by M-mode. In the 2D images, diameter of the aortic valve and left atrium were evaluated, and their relationship. The velocities of the blood flow were evaluated in aorta and pulmonary artery and the mitral valve by means of Doppler, and possible insufficiency was detected through the color Doppler. Mean values for echocardiographic parameters were established considering 19 traction horses that worked pulling cart loads. There were no significant values that indicated...(AU)

Medidas ecocardiográficas de cavalos de tração da região metropolitana de Curitiba-PR / Echocardiographic measurement of cart horses in the metropolitan region of Curitiba-PR

Para manter o desempenho dos cavalos durante o exercício físico o coração se adapta às variações das atividades metabólicas, o que resulta em adaptações do músculo cardíaco. Desta maneira, o uso da ecocardiografia permite avaliar possíveis adaptações cardíacas e falhas no bombeamento sanguíneo. Pouco se sabe sobre alterações ecocardiográficas em cavalos de tração de materiais recicláveis, que puxam carroças, cujas condições gerais de saúde e manejo quase sempre são inadequadas para o tipo de exercício físico ao qual são submetidos. Objetivou-se estabelecer valores ecocardiográficos para cavalos de carroceiros. Dezenove cavalos sem raça definida foram submetidos ao exame ecocardiográfico, e valores da distância do ponto E (maior abertura da valva mitral) ao septo interventricular; diâmetro da cavidade do ventrículo esquerdo; espessura do septo interventricular e espessura da parede livre do ventrículo esquerdo durante a sístole e diástole; fração de encurtamento e ejeção foram obtidos pelo modo-M. No modo bidimensional foram avaliados o diâmetro da valva aórtica e átrio esquerdo, além de sua relação. Foram avaliadas as velocidades do fluxo de sangue na artéria pulmonar e aorta e valva mitral por meio do Doppler pulsado e/ou contínuo, além de detectar possíveis refluxos por meio do Doppler colorido. Neste estudo ficam estabelecidos os valores médios dos parâmetros...

In order to maintain the horses performance during the exercise, their hearts adapt to the variations on metabolic activity, resulting in muscular adaptation. Thus, echocardiography allows to assess on both eventual adaptations of heart tissue and impairment of the ability to pump blood. Little is yet known about echocardiography in cart horses, whose general conditions of health and treatment are often inappropriate to the type of exercise they are submitted to. The goal of this study was to establish echocardiographic numbers for cart horses. Nineteen mongrel horses were submitted for echocardiographic examination, and values of the distance from E point (maximum opening mitral valve) to the interventricular septum; diameter of left ventricle cavity, interventricular septum thickness and thickness of left ventricle free wall during systole and diastole, fractional shortening and ejection fraction were obtained by M-mode. In the 2D images, diameter of the aortic valve and left atrium were evaluated, and their relationship. The velocities of the blood flow were evaluated in aorta and pulmonary artery and the mitral valve by means of Doppler, and possible insufficiency was detected through the color Doppler. Mean values for echocardiographic parameters were established considering 19 traction horses that worked pulling cart loads. There were no significant values that indicated...

Equine infectious anemia in carthorses from urban areas of southern Brazil / Anemia infecciosa equina em cavalos carroceiros de áreas urbanas do sul do Brasil

Equine infectious anemia (EIA) is an infectious viral disease caused by a Lentivirus, which affects equids worldwide. The disease has no currently treatment and euthanasia of infected animals is mandatory by the Brazilian Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Supply (MAPA) as basis for disease control. Carthorses are used to move daily throughout the cities with their owners to collect recycling materials. Considering the socio-economic importance of this group of horses, the aim of this study was to determine the infection rate of EIA virus in carthorses from urban areas of Curitiba and surroundings. The detection of anti-EIA virus antibodies was performed by the agar gel immunodiffusion test (AGID). One out of 97 (1.03%) horse was positive for EIA. Active surveillance programs are crucial for monitoring, prevention and control of infectious diseases, particularly in carthorses, which may act as disseminators of pathogens.

A anemia infecciosa equina (AIE) é uma doença infecciosa causada por um Lentivírus, acometendo equídeos em todo o mundo. Esta doença não possui tratamento e a eutanásia dos animais infectados é obrigatória pelo Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento (MAPA) como base para o controle da doença. Os cavalos carroceiros são utilizados diariamente pelos seus proprietários na coleta de materiais recicláveis nas cidades. Considerando a importância socioeconômica deste grupo de cavalos, o objetivo deste estudo foi determinar a taxa de infecção pelo vírus da AIE em cavalos carroceiros de áreas urbanas de Curitiba e região metropolitana. A detecção de anticorpos anti-AIE foi realizada pelo teste de imunodifusão em ágar gel (IDGA). Apenas 1 de um total de 97 (1,03%) cavalos foi positivo para AIE. Programas de vigilância ativa são cruciais para o monitoramento, prevenção e controle de doenças infecciosas, particularmente em cavalos carroceiros que podem atuar como disseminadores de patógenos.