Mortality under early access to antiretroviral therapy vs. Eswatini's national standard of care: the MaxART clustered randomized stepped-wedge trial.

OBJECTIVES: Current WHO guidelines recommend the treatment of all HIV-infected individuals with antiretroviral therapy (ART) to improve survival and quality of life, and decrease infection of others. MaxART is the first implementation trial of this strategy embedded within a government-managed health system, and assesses mortality as a secondary outcome. Because primary findings strongly supported scale-up of the 'treat all' strategy (hereafter Treat All), this analysis examines mortality as an additional indicator of its impact. METHODS: MaxART was conducted in 14 Eswatinian health clinics through a clinic-based stepped-wedge design, by transitioning clinics from then-national standard of care (SoC) to the Treat All intervention. All-cause, disease-related, and HIV-related mortality were analysed using the Cox proportional hazards model, censoring SoC participants at clinic transition. Median follow-up time among study participants was 292 days. There were 36/2034 deaths in SoC (1.77%) and 49/1371 deaths in Treat All (3.57%). RESULTS: Between September 2014 and August 2017, 3405 participants were enrolled. In SoC and Treat All interventions, respectively, the multivariable-adjusted 12-month all-cause mortality rates were 1.42% [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.66-2.17] and 1.60% (95% CI: 0.78-2.40), disease-related mortality rates were 1.02% (95% CI: 0.40-1.64) and 1.10% (95% CI: 0.46-1.73), and HIV-related mortality rates were 1.03% (95% CI: 0.40-1.65) and 0.99% (95% CI: 0.40-1.58). Treat All had no impact on all-cause [hazard ratio (HR) = 1.12, 95% CI: 0.58-2.18, P = 0.73], disease-related (HR = 1.04, 95% CI: 0.52-2.11, P = 0.90), or HIV-related mortality (HR = 0.93, 95% CI: 0.46-1.87, P = 0.83). CONCLUSION: There was no immediate benefit of the Treat All strategy on mortality, nor evidence of harm. Longer follow-up of participants is needed to establish long-term consequences.

Community v. non-community assault among adults in Khayelitsha, Western Cape, South Africa: a case count and comparison of injury severity.

BACKGROUND: Community assault (CA) or vigilantism is widespread in the township of Khayelitsha, Cape Town, South Africa (SA). Anecdotal evidence suggests that victims of CA are worse off than other assault cases. However, scientific data on the rate and severity of CA cases are lacking for SA. OBJECTIVES: To contribute to CA prevention and management strategies by estimating the rate of CA among adults in Khayelitsha and comparing the injury severity and survival probability between cases of CA and other assault (non-CA) cases. METHODS: We studied four healthcare centres in Khayelitsha during July - December 2012. A consecutive case series was conducted to capture all CA cases during this period. A retrospective folder review was performed on all cases of CA and on a control group of non-CA cases to compare injury severity and estimate survival probability. RESULTS: A total of 148 adult cases of CA occurred (case rate 1.1/1 000 person-years) over the study period. The Injury Severity Scores (ISSs) in the CA group were significantly higher than in the non-CA group (p < 0.001), with a median (interquartile range) ISS of 3 (2 - 6) in CA cases v. 1 (1 - 2) in non-CA cases. Comparison between the CA v. non-CA groups showed that a Glasgow Coma Scale < 15 (20.1% v. 5.4%, respectively), referral to the tertiary hospital (33.8% v. 22.6%, respectively), and crush syndrome (25.7% v. 0.0%, respectively) were all more common in CA cases. Survival probabilities were similar in both groups (CA v. non-CA 99.2% v. 99.3%, respectively). CONCLUSION: The rate of CA among adults in Khayelitsha is high, and the severity of injuries sustained by CA victims is substantially higher than in other assault cases.

A Safe Motherhood project in Kenya: assessment of antenatal attendance, service provision and implications for PMTCT.

OBJECTIVES: To investigate uptake and provision of antenatal care (ANC) services in the Uzazi Bora project: a demonstration-intervention project for Safe Motherhood and prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV in Kenya. METHODS: Data were extracted from antenatal clinic, laboratory and maternity ward registers of all pregnant women attending ANC from January 2004 until September 2006 at three antenatal clinics in Mombasa and two in rural Kwale district of Coast Province, Kenya (n = 25 364). Multiple logistic and proportional odds logistic regression analyses assessed changes over time, and determinants of the frequency and timing of ANC visits, uptake of HIV testing, and provision of iron sulphate, folate and single-dose nevirapine (sd-NVP). RESULTS: About half of women in rural and urban settings (52.2% and 49.2%, respectively) attended antenatal clinics only once. Lower parity, urban setting, older age and having received iron sulphate and folate supplements during the first ANC visit were independent predictors of more frequent visits. The first ANC visit occurred after 28 weeks of pregnancy for 30% (5894/19 432) of women. By mid-2006, provision of nevirapine to HIV-positive women had increased from 32.5% and 11.7% in rural and urban clinics, to 67.0% and 74.6%, respectively. Equally marked improvements were observed in the uptake of HIV testing and the provision of iron sulphate and folate. CONCLUSION: Provision of ANC services, including sd-NVP, increased markedly over time. While further improvements in quality are necessary, particular attention is needed to implement evidence-based interventions to alter ANC utilization patterns. Encouragingly, improved provision of basic essential obstetric care may increase attendance.

Prevalence of Sexually Transmitted Infections in Women Attending Antenatal Care in Tete Province; Mozambique

Objective. To determine the prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis (CT); Neisseria gonorrhoeae (NG) and syphilis in pregnant women. Methods. A cross-sectional study was conducted among women attending antenatal care clinics (ANCs). Blood samples were tested for syphilis using the rapid plasma reagin (RPR) and treponemal haemaggluti- nation (TPHA) tests; CT and NG were diagnosed using a manual polymerase chain reaction assay on first-void urine samples. A socio-demographic questionnaire was completed. Results were compared with previous published data on sexually transmitted infection (STI) prevalence in Mozambique. Results. Blood and urine samples were collected from 1 119 and 835 women; respectively. The prevalence of CT was 4.1; and that of NG 2.5. The RPR test was positive in 5.2of the women; and 7.1had a positive TPHA test. Active syphiliswas found in 4.7. In univariate analysis; CT was associated with having had any level of education (p0.05); reactive RPR and TPHA were associated with illiteracy (p0.05); and TPHA was associated with age 25. Multivariate analysis did not show any significant association. In comparisonwith published data from 1993; a decline was observed for CT (p0.05); NG and syphilis (p0.001). Conclusions. Compared with available data; a decline of STI prevalence was observed in our setting. This might be the result of community-based education programmes focusing on changes to sexual behaviour; as well as the widespread use of the syndromic approach to managing STIs and the expansion of syphilis screening in primary health care settings. However; STI rates are still high; and the problem needs more concrete and sustained efforts for its control

Sexual behaviour and contraceptive use among youth in the Balkans.

OBJECTIVES: To assess sexual and health seeking behaviour related to contraception among high school students in Bosnia (Sarajevo), the FYR of Macedonia (Skopje), and Serbia and Montenegro (Belgrade and Podgorica). METHODS: A standardized questionnaire was self-administered by 2150 urban high school students. Multiple logistic regression analyses accounting for within-class correlation were applied to identify determinants of sexual behaviour, and the use of contraception and sexual and reproductive health (SRH) care. RESULTS: In this group of youth with a mean age of 16.7 years, 41.3% of the boys and 20.8% of the girls had already experienced sexual intercourse. Mean age at sexual debut differed between sexually active boys (15.5) and girls (16.3). A condom was used at first sex by 73.7% of the boys and by 69.0% of the girls. Condoms were consistently used during sexual intercourse with the current or last partner by 64.3% of the boys and 48.5% of the girls. Oral contraception was resorted to by 0.0% (Macedonia) to 10.6% (Bosnia) of sexually active girls. One third of sexually active girls and 18.0% of sexually active boys had ever refrained from seeking medical advice on SRH despite feeling the need for it, mainly because of feelings of shame, fear and insecurity. TV or radio and friends were mostly mentioned as useful sources of information on contraceptives. CONCLUSIONS: Age at sexual debut and the proportion of sexually active youth in these Balkan states do not differ from those in other parts of Europe. However, declining condom use after sexual initiation is not compensated by having recourse to other contraceptive methods, as seen in some West-European countries. The role of mass media in dissemination of information and tackling barriers to SRH care should be explored.