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Pseudorabies virus (PRV) variants were discovered in immunized pigs in Northern China and have become the dominant strains since 2011, which caused huge economic losses. In this study, a classical PRV strain was successfully isolated in a PRV gE positive swine farm. The complete genome sequence was obtained using a high-throughput sequencing method and the virus was named JS-2020. The nucleotide homology analysis and phylogenetic tree based on complete genome sequences or gC gene showed that the JS-2020 strain was relatively close to the classical Ea strain in genotype II clade. However, a large number of amino acid variations occurred in the JS-2020 strain compared with the Ea strain, including multiple immunogenic and virulence-related genes. In particular, the gE protein of JS-2020 was similar to earlier Chinese PRV strains without Aspartate insertion. However, the amino acid variations analysis based on major immunogenic and virulence-related genes showed that the JS-2020 strain was not only homologous with earlier PRV strains, but also with strains isolated in recent years. Moreover, the JS-2020 strain was identified as a recombinant between the GXGG-2016 and HLJ-2013 strains. The pathogenicity analysis proved that the PRV JS-2020 strain has typical neurogenic infections and a strong pathogenicity in mice. Together, a novel recombinant classical strain was isolated and characterized in the context of the PRV variant pandemic in China. This study provided some valuable information for the study of the evolution of PRV in China.
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Akabane virus (AKAV) is a world wide epidemic arbovirus belonging to the Bunyavirales order that predominantly infects livestock and causes severe congenital malformations. The nucleocapsid (N) protein of AKAV possesses multiple important functions in the virus life cycle, and it is an ideal choice for AKAV detection. In this study, we successfully constructed two stable BHK-21 cell lines (C8H2 and F7E5) that constitutively express the AKAV N protein using a lentivirus system combined with puromycin selection. RT-PCR analysis confirmed that the AKAV N gene was integrated into the BHK-21 cell genome and consistently transcribed. Indirect immunofluorescence (IFA) and Western blot (WB) assays proved that both C8H2 and F7E5 cells could react with the AKAV N protein mAb specifically, indicating potential applications in AKAV detection. Furthermore, we analyzed the growth kinetics of AKAV in the C8H2 and F7E5 cell lines and observed temporary inhibition of viral replication at 12, 24 and 36 h postinfection (hpi) compared to BHK-21 cells. Subsequent investigations suggested that the reduced viral replication was linked to the down-regulation of the viral mRNAs (Gc and RdRp). In summary, we have established materials for detecting AKAV and gained new insights into the function of the AKAV N protein.
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Cytoplasmic stress granules (SGs) are generally triggered by stress-induced translation arrest for storing mRNAs. Recently, it has been shown that SGs are regulated by different stimulators including viral infection, which is involved in the antiviral activity of host cells to limit viral propagation. To survive, several viruses have been reported to execute various strategies, such as modulating SG formation, to create optimal surroundings for viral replication. African swine fever virus (ASFV) is one of the most notorious pathogens in the global pig industry. However, the interplay between ASFV infection and SG formation remains largely unknown. In this study, we found that ASFV infection inhibited SG formation. Through SG inhibitory screening, we found that several ASFV-encoded proteins are involved in inhibition of SG formation. Among them, an ASFV S273R protein (pS273R), the only cysteine protease encoded by the ASFV genome, significantly affected SG formation. ASFV pS273R interacted with G3BP1 (Ras-GTPase-activating protein [SH3 domain] binding protein 1), a vital nucleating protein of SG formation. Furthermore, we found that ASFV pS273R cleaved G3BP1 at the G140-F141 to produce two fragments (G3BP1-N1-140 and G3BP1-C141-456). Interestingly, both the pS273R-cleaved fragments of G3BP1 lost the ability to induce SG formation and antiviral activity. Taken together, our finding reveals that the proteolytic cleavage of G3BP1 by ASFV pS273R is a novel mechanism by which ASFV counteracts host stress and innate antiviral responses.
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Virus de la Fiebre Porcina Africana , Gránulos de Estrés , Proteínas Virales , Animales , Fiebre Porcina Africana/metabolismo , Fiebre Porcina Africana/virología , Virus de la Fiebre Porcina Africana/enzimología , Virus de la Fiebre Porcina Africana/genética , Proteínas de Unión a Poli-ADP-Ribosa/metabolismo , Gránulos de Estrés/metabolismo , Porcinos , Replicación Viral/fisiología , Chlorocebus aethiops , Humanos , Células HEK293 , Células Cultivadas , Macrófagos Alveolares/virología , Proteínas Virales/metabolismo , ProteolisisRESUMEN
Aim: To investigate the association between serum bilirubin and disease severity in patients with pneumoconiosis. Methods: The study comprised 45 patients with pneumoconiosis retrospectively; all pneumoconiosis patients were classified into I, II, and III stage according to the radiological severity. Results: Serum direct bilirubin levels were significantly lower in III stage pneumoconiosis patients than those in I/II stage (p = 0.012) but not serum indirect bilirubin. Serum direct bilirubin was negatively correlated with radiological severity in patients with pneumoconiosis (r = -0.320; p = 0.032); by multiple linear-regression analysis, we observed that serum direct bilirubin levels had independent association with radiological severity in patients with pneumoconiosis (beta = -0.459; p = 0.005). Conclusions: Serum direct bilirubin levels are negatively associated with disease severity in patients with pneumoconiosis.
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Neumoconiosis , Humanos , Estudios Retrospectivos , Neumoconiosis/diagnóstico por imagen , Gravedad del Paciente , Índice de Severidad de la Enfermedad , BilirrubinaRESUMEN
African swine fever (ASF) causes high morbidity and mortality of both domestic pigs and wild boars and severely impacts the swine industry worldwide. ASF virus (ASFV), the etiologic agent of ASF epidemics, mainly infects myeloid cells in swine mononuclear phagocyte system (MPS), including blood-circulating monocytes, tissue-resident macrophages, and dendritic cells (DCs). Since their significant roles in bridging host innate and adaptive immunity, these cells provide ASFV with favorable targets to manipulate and block their antiviral activities, leading to immune escape and immunosuppression. To date, vaccines are still being regarded as the most promising measure to prevent and control ASF outbreaks. However, ASF vaccine development is delayed and limited by existing knowledge gaps in viral immune evasion, pathogenesis, etc. Recent studies have revealed that ASFV can employ diverse strategies to interrupt the host defense mechanisms via abundant self-encoded proteins. Thus, this review mainly focuses on the antagonisms of ASFV-encoded proteins towards IFN-I production, IFN-induced antiviral response, NLRP3 inflammasome activation, and GSDMD-mediated pyroptosis. Additionally, we also make a brief discussion concerning the potential challenges in future development of ASF vaccine.
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Fiebre Porcina Africana , Animales , Porcinos , Evasión Inmune , Monocitos , Inmunidad Adaptativa , Antivirales , Sus scrofaRESUMEN
Pseudorabies caused by pseudorabies virus (PRV) infection is still a major disease affecting the pig industry; its eradication depends on effective vaccination and antibody (Ab) detection. For a more rapid and accurate PRV detection method that is suitable for clinical application, here, we established a poly(dimethylsiloxane)-based (efficient removal of non-specific binding) solid-phase protein chip platform (blocking ELISA) for dual detection of PRV gD and gE Abs. The purified gD and gE proteins expressed in baculovirus were coated into the highly hydrophobic nanomembrane by an automatic spotter, and the gray values measured by a scanner were used for the S/N (sample/negative) value calculation (gD and gE Abs standard, positive: S/N value ≤0.6; negative: S/N value >0.7; suspicious: 0.6 < S/N ≤ 0.7). The method showed an equal sensitivity in the gD Ab test of immunized pig serum samples compared to the neutralization test and higher sensitivity in the gE Ab test compared to the commercial gE Ab detection kit. In the clinical evaluation, we found an agreement of 100% (122/122) in the gD Ab detection compared to the neutralization test and an agreement of 97.5% (119/122) in the gE Ab detection compared to the commercial PRV gE Ab detection kit. In summary, the protein chip platform for dual detection of PRV gD and gE Abs showed high sensitivity and specificity, which is suitable for PRV immune efficacy evaluation and epidemic monitoring.
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Herpesvirus Suido 1 , Seudorrabia , Enfermedades de los Porcinos , Animales , Anticuerpos Antivirales , Dimetilpolisiloxanos , Seudorrabia/diagnóstico , Seudorrabia/prevención & control , Porcinos , Enfermedades de los Porcinos/diagnóstico , Proteínas del Envoltorio ViralRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Akabane virus (AKAV) is an important insect-borne virus which is widely distributed throughout the world except the Europe and is considered as a great threat to herbivore health. RESULTS: An AKAV strain defined as TJ2016 was firstly isolated from the bovine sera in China in 2016. Sequence analysis of the S and M segments suggested that the isolated AKAV strain was closely related to the AKAV strains JaGAr39 and JaLAB39, which belonged to AKAV genogroup II. To further study the pathogenic mechanism of AKAV, the full-length cDNA clone of TJ2016 S, M, and L segment was constructed separately into the TVT7R plasmid at the downsteam of T7 promoter and named as TVT7R-S, TVT7R-M, and TVT7R-L, respectively. The above three plasmids were further transfected into the BSR-T7/5 cells simultaneously with a ratio of 1:1:1 to produce the rescued virus AKAV. Compared with the parental wild type AKAV (wtAKAV), the rescued virus (rAKAV) was proved to be with similar cytopathic effects (CPE), plaque sizes and growth kinetics in BHK-21 cells. CONCLUSION: We successfully isolated a AKAV strain TJ2016 from the sera of cattle and established a reverse genetic platform for AKAV genome manipulation. The established reverse genetic system is also a powerful tool for further research on AKAV pathogenesis and even vaccine studies.
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Infecciones por Bunyaviridae/veterinaria , Orthobunyavirus/genética , Orthobunyavirus/aislamiento & purificación , Animales , Infecciones por Bunyaviridae/virología , Bovinos , Enfermedades de los Bovinos/virología , Línea Celular , Cricetinae , Genotipo , Orthobunyavirus/patogenicidad , Filogenia , Genética Inversa/veterinariaRESUMEN
Minks are raised in many countries and have transmitted severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) to humans. However, the biologic properties of SARS-CoV-2 in minks are largely unknown. Here, we investigated and found that SARS-CoV-2 replicates efficiently in both the upper and lower respiratory tracts, and transmits efficiently in minks via respiratory droplets; pulmonary lesions caused by SARS-CoV-2 in minks are similar to those seen in humans with COVID-19. We further found that a spike protein-based subunit vaccine largely prevented SARS-CoV-2 replication and lung damage caused by SARS-CoV-2 infection in minks. Our study indicates that minks are a useful animal model for evaluating the efficacy of drugs or vaccines against COVID-19 and that vaccination is a potential strategy to prevent minks from transmitting SARS-CoV-2.
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COVID-19 , Pandemias , Animales , Animales Salvajes , Gatos , China/epidemiología , Humanos , SARS-CoV-2RESUMEN
The pandemic SARS-CoV-2 has been reported in 123 countries with more than 5,000 patients died from it. However, the original and intermediate hosts of the virus remain unknown. In this study, 1,914 serum samples from 35 animal species were used for detection of SARS-CoV-2-specific antibodies using double-antigen sandwich ELISA after validating its specificity and sensitivity. The results showed that no SARS-CoV-2-specific antibodies were detected in above samples which excluded the possibility of 35 animal species as intermediate host for SARS-CoV-2. More importantly, companion animals including pet dogs (including one dog the SARS-CoV-2 patient kept and two dogs which had close contact with it) and cats, street dogs and cats also showed serological negative to SARS-CoV-2, which relieved the public concerns for the pets as SARS-CoV-2 carriers.
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Técnicas de Laboratorio Clínico/veterinaria , Infecciones por Coronavirus/epidemiología , Pandemias , Neumonía Viral/epidemiología , Animales , Animales Salvajes , Anticuerpos Antivirales/sangre , Betacoronavirus/inmunología , COVID-19 , Prueba de COVID-19 , Gatos , Infecciones por Coronavirus/diagnóstico , Infecciones por Coronavirus/veterinaria , Perros , Ensayo de Inmunoadsorción Enzimática/veterinaria , Mascotas , SARS-CoV-2RESUMEN
Advances in molecular testing and microfluidic technologies have opened new avenues for rapid detection of animal viruses. We used a centrifugal microfluidic disk (CMFD) to detect 6 important swine viruses, including foot-and-mouth disease virus, classical swine fever virus, porcine reproductive and respiratory swine virus-North American genotype, porcine circovirus 2, pseudorabies virus, and porcine parvovirus. Through integrating the loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) method and microfluidic chip technology, the CMFD could be successfully performed at 62â in 60 min. The detection limit of the CMFD was 3.2 × 102 copies per reaction, close to the sensitivity of tube-type LAMP turbidity methods (1 × 102 copies per reaction). In addition, the CMFD was highly specific in detecting the targeted viruses with no cross-reaction with other viruses, including porcine epidemic diarrhea virus, transmissible gastroenteritis virus, and porcine rotavirus. The coincidence rate of CMFD and conventional PCR was ~94%; the CMFD was more sensitive than conventional PCR for detecting mixed viral infections. The positive detection rate of 6 viruses in clinical samples by CMFD was 44.0% (102 of 232), whereas PCR was 40.1% (93 of 232). Thirty-six clinical samples were determined to be coinfected with 2 or more viruses. CMFD can be used for rapid, sensitive, and accurate detection of 6 swine viruses, offering a reliable assay for monitoring these pathogens, especially for detecting viruses in widespread mixed-infection clinical samples.
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Técnicas de Amplificación de Ácido Nucleico/veterinaria , Porcinos/virología , Virus/clasificación , Virus/aislamiento & purificación , Animales , Límite de Detección , Técnicas de Amplificación de Ácido Nucleico/métodos , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa , Sensibilidad y Especificidad , Virus/genéticaRESUMEN
Postweaning multisystemic wasting disease (PMWS) in piglets caused by porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) is one of the major threats to most pig farms worldwide. Among all the PCV types, PCV2 is the dominant genotype causing PMWS and associated diseases. Considerable efforts were made to study the virus-like-particle (VLP) assembly and the specific PCV2-associated epitope(s) in order to establish the solid foundation for engineered PCV2 vaccine development. Although the N-terminal fragment including Nuclear Localization Signal (NLS) sequence seems important for recombinant PCV2 capsid protein expression and VLP assembly, the detailed structural and functional information regarding this important fragment are largely unknown. In this study, we report crystal structure of PCV2 VLP assembled from N-terminal NLS truncated PCV2 capsid protein at 2.8 Å resolution and cryo-EM structure of PCV2 VLP assembled from full-length PCV2 capsid protein at 4.1Å resolution. Our in vitro PCV2 VLP assembly results show that NLS-truncated PCV2 capsid protein only forms instable VLPs which were easily disassembled in solution, whereas full-length PCV2 capsid protein forms stable VLPs due to interaction between 15PRSHLGQILRRRP27 (α-helix) and 33RHRYRWRRKN42 (NLS-B) in a repeated manner. In addition, our results also showed that N-terminal truncation of PCV2 capsid protein up to 27 residues still forms PCV2 particles in solution with similar size and immunogenicity, while N-terminal truncation of PCV2 capsid protein with more than 30 residues is not able to form stable PCV2 particles in solution, demonstrating the importance of interaction between the α-helix at N-terminal and NLS-B in PCV2 VLP formation. Moreover, we also report the cryo-EM structure of PCV2 VLP in complex with 3H11-Fab, a PCV2 type-specific neutralizing antibody, at 15 Å resolution. MAb-3H11 specifically recognizes one exposed epitope located on the VLP surface EF-loop (residues 128-143), which is further confirmed by PCV1-PCV2 epitope swapping assay. Hence, our results have revealed the structural roles of N-terminal fragment of PCV2 capsid protein in PCV2 particle assembly and pinpointed one PCV2 type-specific neutralizing epitope for the first time, which could provide clear clue for next generation PCV2 vaccine and diagnostic kits development.
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Proteínas de la Cápside/inmunología , Circovirus/metabolismo , Circovirus/ultraestructura , Animales , Anticuerpos Antivirales/inmunología , Cápside/metabolismo , Proteínas de la Cápside/metabolismo , Circovirus/inmunología , Epítopos , Señales de Localización Nuclear , Síndrome Multisistémico de Emaciación Posdestete Porcino/metabolismo , Dominios Proteicos , Dominios y Motivos de Interacción de Proteínas , Proteínas Recombinantes , Porcinos , Vacunas de Partículas Similares a Virus/inmunología , Vacunas de Partículas Similares a Virus/metabolismo , Vacunas Virales/biosíntesis , Vacunas Virales/inmunologíaRESUMEN
Porcine cirvovirus type 3 (PCV3) is a newly emerging swine virus with worldwide distribution. The pathogenesis of PCV3 remains unknown due to failures in propagating and isolating the virus on successive cell lines. The virus cap protein is the only structural protein of PCV3 and no monoclonal antibodies against it are available. Although antisera are available from PCV3-infected pigs, they are not suitable for immunoassays such as immunohistochemical staining of infected tissues due to high non-specific background. Developing monoclonal antibodies against the cap protein is indispensable for elucidating PCV3 biological properties. In this study, a monoclonal antibody (mAb 1H1) with a titer of 1/25,600 that recognized the PCV3 cap protein was developed. Western-blot results showed that mAb 1H1 reacted strongly with the recombinant PCV3 cap protein preparation but not with the PCV2 cap protein. MAb 1H1 was also applied successfully for the detection of the cap protein in PCV3-infected pig tissues using immunochemistry staining. In conclusion, mAb 1H1 has significant potential uses in PCV3 diagnosis as well as the study of PCV3 biology.
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Anticuerpos Monoclonales/inmunología , Anticuerpos Monoclonales/aislamiento & purificación , Anticuerpos Antivirales/inmunología , Anticuerpos Antivirales/aislamiento & purificación , Circovirus/inmunología , Proteínas Estructurales Virales/inmunología , Animales , Western Blotting , Infecciones por Circoviridae/patología , Infecciones por Circoviridae/veterinaria , Infecciones por Circoviridae/virología , Inmunohistoquímica , Porcinos , Enfermedades de los Porcinos/patología , Enfermedades de los Porcinos/virologíaRESUMEN
Porcine circovirus type 3 (PCV3) was initially reported in 2016 in the United States of America. Since then, the virus has been detected on swine farms in Poland, South Korea, and China using PCR. However, a serological survey of PCV3 in pig populations has never been conducted. In this study, for the first time, we established an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent (ELISA) assay and performed a national retrospective serological survey for PCV3. Our results showed that the PCV3-postive rate increased from 22.35% to 51.88% between 2015 and 2017. The above results suggest PCV3 has spread widely in China with increased positive rates since 2015.
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Infecciones por Circoviridae/veterinaria , Circovirus/aislamiento & purificación , Ensayo de Inmunoadsorción Enzimática/métodos , Enfermedades de los Porcinos/sangre , Animales , Anticuerpos Antivirales/sangre , China , Infecciones por Circoviridae/sangre , Infecciones por Circoviridae/diagnóstico , Infecciones por Circoviridae/virología , Circovirus/genética , Circovirus/inmunología , República de Corea , Estudios Retrospectivos , Porcinos , Enfermedades de los Porcinos/diagnóstico , Enfermedades de los Porcinos/virologíaRESUMEN
Pseudorabies virus (PRV) belongs to the Herpesviridae family, and is an important veterinary pathogen. Highly pathogenic PRV variants have caused severe epidemics in China since 2011, causing huge economic losses. To tackle the epidemics, we identified a panel of mouse monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against PRV glycoprotein B (gB) that effectively block PRV infection. Among these 15 mAbs, fourteen of them block PRV entry in a complement-dependent manner. The remaining one, 1H1 mAb, however can directly neutralize the virus independent of complement and displays broad-spectrum neutralizing activities. We further determined the crystal structure of PRV gB and mapped the epitopes of these antibodies on the structure. Interestingly, all the complement-dependent neutralizing antibodies bind gB at the crown region (domain IV). In contrast, the epitope of 1H1 mAb is located at the bottom of domain I, which includes the fusion loops, indicating 1H1 mAb might neutralize the virus by interfering with the membrane fusion process. Our studies demonstrate that gB contains multiple B-cell epitopes in its crown and base regions and that antibodies targeting different epitopes block virus infection through different mechanisms. These findings would provide important clues for antiviral drug design and vaccine development.
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Anticuerpos Antivirales/inmunología , Herpesvirus Suido 1/inmunología , Proteínas del Envoltorio Viral/inmunología , Vacunas Virales/inmunología , Animales , Anticuerpos Monoclonales/inmunología , Anticuerpos Neutralizantes/inmunología , Anticuerpos Antivirales/clasificación , Especificidad de Anticuerpos , China , Cristalografía por Rayos X , Diseño de Fármacos , Mapeo Epitopo , Herpesvirus Suido 1/genética , Herpesvirus Suido 1/patogenicidad , Ratones , Modelos Moleculares , Conformación Proteica , Seudorrabia/inmunología , Seudorrabia/prevención & control , Sus scrofa , Porcinos , Enfermedades de los Porcinos/inmunología , Enfermedades de los Porcinos/prevención & control , Proteínas del Envoltorio Viral/química , Proteínas del Envoltorio Viral/genéticaRESUMEN
Five canine distemper virus monoclonal antibodies were developed by immunizing BALB/c mice with a traditional vaccine strain Snyder Hill. Among these monoclonal antibodies, four antibodies recognized both field and vaccine strains of canine distemper virus without neutralizing ability. One monoclonal antibody, 1A4, against hemagglutinin protein of canine distemper virus was found to react only with vaccine strain virus but not field isolates, and showed neutralizing activity to vaccine strain virus. These monoclonal antibodies could be very useful tools in the study of the pathogenesis of canine distemper virus and the development of diagnostic reagents.
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Anticuerpos Monoclonales/biosíntesis , Anticuerpos Neutralizantes/biosíntesis , Anticuerpos Antivirales/biosíntesis , Virus del Moquillo Canino/inmunología , Moquillo/prevención & control , Vacunas Virales/administración & dosificación , Animales , Anticuerpos Monoclonales/química , Anticuerpos Monoclonales/aislamiento & purificación , Anticuerpos Neutralizantes/química , Anticuerpos Neutralizantes/aislamiento & purificación , Anticuerpos Antivirales/química , Anticuerpos Antivirales/aislamiento & purificación , Chlorocebus aethiops , Moquillo/inmunología , Moquillo/virología , Virus del Moquillo Canino/efectos de los fármacos , Virus del Moquillo Canino/genética , Perros , Femenino , Hemaglutininas Virales/química , Hemaglutininas Virales/inmunología , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos BALB C , Pruebas de Neutralización , Vacunación , Células VeroRESUMEN
A canine parainfluenza virus type 5 strain was isolated from a lung sample from a diseased dog. The genome sequene of this isolate, named HeN0718, was determined and compared tho those of other previously reported canine parainfluenza viruses. Unlike previously reported viruses, the HeN0718 strain contained several nucleotide mutations in the SH gene that led to a frame shift in the open reading frame. Phylogenetic analysis based on the complete virus genome and the P, F, and HN genes showed that HeN0718 was genetically closest to D277, a Korean strain that was isolated in 2008.
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Enfermedades de los Perros/virología , Virus de la Parainfluenza 5/genética , Virus de la Parainfluenza 5/aislamiento & purificación , Infecciones por Paramyxoviridae/veterinaria , Animales , China , ADN Viral/genética , Perros/virología , Genoma Viral , Sistemas de Lectura Abierta , Infecciones por Paramyxoviridae/virología , Filogenia , Polimorfismo de Nucleótido Simple , Análisis de Secuencia de ADNRESUMEN
Female BALB/c mice were immunized with a commercial PCV2 vaccine, and a monoclonal antibody (MAb) designated as 3H11 was achieved by hybridoma techniques. The MAb specifically reacted with Cap protein of PCV2, which has been identified by western blot. Immunoperoxidase monolayer assay results showed that 3H11 did not cross-react with PCV1-infected cells. Therefore, this work suggested that 3H11 could be a useful tool as a specific diagnostic reagent for PCV2 research.