Conocimiento, prácticas de prevención y bioseguridad sobre Brucelosis en trabajadores de hatos lecheros de Caaguazú-Paraguay / Knowledge, prevention and biosecurity practices about Brucellosis of workers exposed to risk of dairy data of Caaguazú-Paraguay

Introducción: La Brucelosis es una zoonosis común y en muchos países es un problema sanitario prevalente. En Paraguay no se ha encontrado evidencia de los conocimientos que tienen los trabajadores de hatos lecheros y las prácticas preventivas que utilizan. Objetivo: Evaluar el conocimiento, las prácticas de prevención y de bioseguridad sobre Brucelosis de los trabajadores expuestos a riesgo en hatos lecheros del departamento de Caaguazú, Paraguay. Materiales y métodos: Se realizó un estudio transversal, en una muestra representativa de establecimientos ganaderos del Departamento de Caaguazú. De mayo a junio de 2017 se entrevistó a 720 trabajadores de 360 hatos lecheros, utilizando un cuestionario estructurado, con preguntas cerradas. Se obtuvo información de los conocimientos, prácticas de prevención y bioseguridad sobre Brucelosis. Resultados: La mediana de edad de los trabajadores fue 34 años, 70% eran hombres. El 11,7% era analfabeto y 62,1% solo culminó la primaria. El 90% se desempeñaba como tambero/ordeñador. El 64% manifestó que no conocía la enfermedad, 73,6% ignoraba la forma en que se adquiere la enfermedad, 71,5% nunca recibió información acerca de la Brucelosis. El 73,3% no tenía conocimientos de las prácticas preventivas. Todos consumían subproductos lácteos sin pasteurizar, principalmente queso paraguay Conclusión: Existe desconocimiento de la enfermedad y la forma de transmisión. Las prácticas de riesgo son frecuentes. Es necesario implementar programas de educación y concienciación sobre la Brucelosis. Palabras clave: Brucelosis; conocimientos; prácticas de prevención; medidas de bioseguridad; humanos.

Background: Brucellosis is a common zoonosis and in many countries it is a prevalent health problem. In Paraguay, no evidence has been found of the knowledge that dairy herd workers have and the preventive practices they use. Objective: To evaluate the knowledge, prevention and biosecurity practices on Brucellosis of workers exposed to risk in dairy herds of Caaguazú. Materials and methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out in a representative sample of livestock establishments in the Department of Caaguazú. From May to June 2017, 720 workers from 360 dairy farms were interviewed, using a structured questionnaire with closed questions. Information on the knowledge, prevention and biosecurity practices on brucellosis was obtained. Result: The median age of the workers was 34 years, 70% were men. 11.7% were illiterate and 62.1% only completed the primary. 90% worked as a tambero/milker. Sixty-four percent said they did not know about the disease, 73.6% did not know how the disease was acquired, 71.5% never received information about brucellosis. 73.3% had no knowledge of preventive practices. All consumed unpasteurized dairy byproducts, mainly Paraguayan cheese. Conclusion: There is a lack of knowledge of the disease and the way of transmission. Risk practices are frequent. It is necessary to implement education and awareness programs on brucellosis. Keywords: Brucellosis; knowledge; prevention practices; biosecurity;survey; human.

Colonization of the Mediterranean basin by the vector biting midge species Culicoides imicola: an old story.

Understanding the demographic history and genetic make-up of colonizing species is critical for inferring population sources and colonization routes. This is of main interest for designing accurate control measures in areas newly colonized by vector species of economically important pathogens. The biting midge Culicoides imicola is a major vector of orbiviruses to livestock. Historically, the distribution of this species was limited to the Afrotropical region. Entomological surveys first revealed the presence of C. imicola in the south of the Mediterranean basin by the 1970s. Following recurrent reports of massive bluetongue outbreaks since the 1990s, the presence of the species was confirmed in northern areas. In this study, we addressed the chronology and processes of C. imicola colonization in the Mediterranean basin. We characterized the genetic structure of its populations across Mediterranean and African regions using both mitochondrial and nuclear markers, and combined phylogeographical analyses with population genetics and approximate Bayesian computation. We found a west/east genetic differentiation between populations, occurring both within Africa and within the Mediterranean basin. We demonstrated that three of these groups had experienced demographic expansions in the Pleistocene, probably because of climate changes during this period. Finally, we showed that C. imicola could have colonized the Mediterranean basin in the Late Pleistocene or Early Holocene through a single event of introduction; however, we cannot exclude the hypothesis involving two routes of colonization. Thus, the recent bluetongue outbreaks are not linked to C. imicola colonization event, but rather to biological changes in the vector or the virus.

First overview of the Culicoides Latreille (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) livestock associated species of Reunion Island, Indian Ocean.

This study establishes the first faunistic inventory of livestock associated Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) species of Reunion Island (Indian Ocean), where bluetongue and epizootic hemorrhagic disease are regularly recorded. Single night-catches were performed at 41 sites using light suction traps at altitudes ranging from 0 to 1525 m, from March to April 2005. Five species were recorded: Culicoides imicola, Culicoides bolitinos, Culicoides enderleini, Culicoides grahamii, and Culicoides kibatiensis, among which at least the first three species are known to be involved in virus transmission to ruminants and equids. This is the first record of C. bolitinos, C. kibatiensis, and C. enderleini on the island. C. imicola was the most abundant species along the sea coast. C. bolitinos was more abundant inland and on two sites on the east coast. C. kibatiensis and C. grahamii were less abundant than the other three species and limited to two foci. Spatial distribution analysis of the different species showed that C. bolitinos, C. enderleini and C. imicola were collected at low altitudes, while the other two species were found at higher altitude. A morphological identification key for adult females and males is given, as well as cytochrome oxydase subunit I sequences. Phylogenetic reconstructions showed a clear divergence between C. bolitinos from Reunion Island and mainland Africa. This monograph will help to identify the Culicoides species in the poorly known entomological fauna of the south-western Indian Ocean region.

Endemicity of leptospirosis in domestic and wild animal species from Reunion Island (Indian Ocean).

Leptospirosis is the major infectious disease on Reunion Island but little is known about the animal reservoir. We conducted a wide-ranging survey that included samples from 574 animals belonging to 12 species. The seroprevalence and prevalence of renal carriage varied greatly depending on the species, with the highest seroprevalence (79·5%) found in Norway rats, and the lowest (13·2%) in tenrecs. The renal carriage rate ranged from 84·6% in mice to 0% in tenrecs. Our results suggest that rodents are the most important reservoirs of leptospirosis on Reunion Island. The epidemiological role that animals play in human infection is discussed. For the first time, we quantified the renal concentration of leptospires in ten naturally infected mammals. The history of Reunion Island colonization probably explains why the circulating Leptospira serogroups were similar to those found in Europe. Our study provides evidence that will help implement preventive measures against this zoonosis.

Influence of risk factors on renal leptospiral load in naturally infected wild black rats.

In 2009, a survey was conducted in Reunion Island to determine the renal leptospiral load in black rats trapped in the field. The concentration of leptospires in kidney tissue was calculated using qPCR. Our results showed high inter-individual variations of renal bacterial load in naturally infected black rats (mean=8.27 ± 4.72 log-genome copies per mg kidney tissue). The objective of this study was to model the renal leptospiral load in 50 naturally infected black rats as a function of sex, age, and weight. Statistical analysis by sex showed that, in naturally infected males, the renal leptospiral load was correlated with weight (p-value=0.032). Moreover, our model showed that weight and sex were significant explanatory variables for the renal leptospiral load in naturally infected young black rats (R(2)=0.953). Laboratory experimentation could not replicate naturally acquired infection, but field studies also present many limitations. Our study is the first attempt to explain individual variations in the renal leptospiral load in naturally infected reservoir animals but further research is needed.

Animal leptospirosis in small tropical areas.

Leptospirosis is the most widespread zoonosis in the world. Humans become infected through contact with the urine of carrier animals, directly or via contaminated environments. This review reports available data on animal leptospirosis in ten tropical islands: Barbados, Martinique, Guadeloupe, Grenada, Trinidad, New Caledonia, Hawaii, French Polynesia, La Réunion and Mayotte. Leptospirosis is endemic in these insular wild and domestic fauna. Each island presents a specific panel of circulating serovars, closely linked with animal and environmental biodiversity, making it epidemiologically different from the mainland. Rats, mongooses and mice are proven major renal carriers of leptospires in these areas but dogs also constitute a significant potential reservoir. In some islands seroprevalence of leptospirosis in animals evolves with time, inducing changes in the epidemiology of the human disease. Consequently more investigations on animal leptospirosis in these ecosystems and use of molecular tools are essential for prevention and control of the human disease.

[Tailless tenrec (Tenrec ecaudatus): natural maintenance host of leptospires?]. / Le tanrec (Tenrec ecaudatus): réservoir animal de leptospires?

In order to know if the Tailless tenrec (Tenrec ecaudatus), endemic insectivorous mammal of Madagascar and present only on Indian Ocean islands, is a natural maintenance host of leptospires carrier in La Reunion, we conducted a research of anti-leptospire antibodies by microagglutination test in 37 individuals. 81.1% of serums tested were positive, (> 1/50) with the highest titers for the Icteroharmorrhagiae serogroup. So, in la Reunion, the Tailless tenrec can be suspected of being a reservoir of leptospires. A more detailed study should confirm or not this hypothesis and should possibly quantify its importance.