InvaCost, a public database of the economic costs of biological invasions worldwide.

Biological invasions are responsible for tremendous impacts globally, including huge economic losses and management expenditures. Efficiently mitigating this major driver of global change requires the improvement of public awareness and policy regarding its substantial impacts on our socio-ecosystems. One option to contribute to this overall objective is to inform people on the economic costs linked to these impacts; however, until now, a reliable synthesis of invasion costs has never been produced at a global scale. Here, we introduce InvaCost as the most up-to-date, comprehensive, harmonised and robust compilation and description of economic cost estimates associated with biological invasions worldwide. We have developed a systematic, standardised methodology to collect information from peer-reviewed articles and grey literature, while ensuring data validity and method repeatability for further transparent inputs. Our manuscript presents the methodology and tools used to build and populate this living and publicly available database. InvaCost provides an essential basis (2419 cost estimates currently compiled) for worldwide research, management efforts and, ultimately, for data-driven and evidence-based policymaking.

[Evaluation of Physical Integrity and Biological Efficacy of Two Types of LLINs Aged 5 to 36 Months Sampled in 11 Districts of Senegal]. / Évaluation de l'état physique et de l'efficacité biologique de deux types de moustiquaires imprégnées à longue durée d'action utilisés depuis 5 à 36 mois et collectés dans 11 districts du Sénégal.

The long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) have been promulgated to compensate the low re-impregnation rate of conventional mosquito nets. Today, the cornerstone of the fight against malaria vectors is based on a large distribution of these LLINs for universal coverage. Despite this promotion, the question of their effective life in operational conditions remains unresolved. Between September and October 2013, a survey was conducted in 11 districts of Senegal where LLINs were sampled and routed to the laboratory for assessing their physical integrity and biological effectiveness. A total of 207 LLINs that were sampled in the 11 districts have been monitored during this study. Our results showed that Olyset® Net and PermaNet® 2.0 are the most represented brands in the districts. These two major brands have a good biological efficiency providing a high rate of knockdown despite their failing physical integrity.

Les moustiquaires imprégnées à longue durée d'action (MILDA) ont été promues pour pallier le faible taux de réimprégnation des moustiquaires conventionnelles. Aujourd'hui, la pierre angulaire de la lutte antivectorielle repose sur une forte distribution de ces MILDA pour une couverture universelle. En dépit de cette promotion, la question de leur durée de vie effective en conditions opérationnelles reste toujours posée. Entre septembre et octobre 2013, une enquête a été menée dans 11 districts du Sénégal. Des MILDA y ont été échantillonnées et acheminées au laboratoire pour évaluer leur intégrité physique et leur efficacité biologique. Au total, 207 MILDA ont été collectées dans les 11 districts suivis au cours de cette étude. Nos résultats ont montré que les deux marques majoritairement distribuées présentaient une bonne efficacité biologique, car induisant un taux élevé de knock-down malgré leur état détérioré.

[Hepatitis B infection in infantile population of Sénégal]. / Etude de l'infection par le virus de l'hépatite B dans la population infantile au Sénégal.

Hepatitis B is endemic in Senegal. According to many data, the prevalence of this infection in adult population is up 85%. Young children are victims of the intensive circulation of this virus. Indeed, the risk of becoming chronic carrier which can further lead to Hepatocellular Carcinoma, is related to the age at which the infection had been contracted. In this study, we investigated the prevalence of HBV markers in children less than 5 years living in two regions of Senegal: Dakar and Thies. Using specific Elisa methods, HBV markers were determined in 2962 sera of newborns and children: AgHBs, antiHBc, antiHBs for all children; AgHBe and IgM antiHBc for AgHBs carriers. HBV markers were detected in 59.38% of sera; in 39.26% of the samples only one marker was detected: AgHBs (3.18%), antiHBc (36.08%), antiHBs (0.49%). In 20.12% of samples, markers were associated. So, the global prevalence of the infection is 59.38% with the predominance of chronic forms compared to acute one. The rate of chronic carriage is independent of the sex but is influenced by age and geographic area. The post- infection immunization rate is 7.11%. In Senegal Hepatitis B is contracted at the early childhood. The high prevalence of this infection in children under five years emphasize the need for a spread vaccination in this age bracket, since we well know that the risk for them to become chronic carriers is high.