Characterization of two genes encoding the mitochondrial alternative oxidase in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii.

Two cDNA clones (AOX1 and AOX2) and the corresponding genes encoding the alternative oxidases (AOXs) from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii were isolated and sequenced. The cDNAs, AOX1 and AOX2, contained open reading frames (ORFs) encoding putative proteins of 360 amino acids and 347 amino acids, respectively. For each of the ORFs, a potential mitochondrial-targeting sequence was found in the 5'-end regions. In comparison to AOX enzymes from plants and fungi, the predicted amino acid sequences of the ORFs showed their highest degree of identity with proteins from Aspergillus niger (38.1% and 37.2%) and Ajellomyces capsulatus (37% and 34.9%). Several residues supposed either to be Fe ligands or to be involved in the ubiquinol-binding site were fully conserved in both C. reinhardtii putative AOX proteins. In contrast, a cysteine residue conserved in the sequences of all higher plants and probably involved in the regulation of the enzyme activity was missing both from the AOX1 and AOX2 amino acid sequences and from protein sequences from various other microorganisms. The transcriptional expression of the AOX1 and AOX2 genes in wild-type cells and in mutant cells deficient in mitochondrial complex III activity was also investigated.

Mutations affecting the mitochondrial genes encoding the cytochrome oxidase subunit I and apocytochrome b of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii.

Mitochondrial mutants of the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii that are inactivated in the cytochrome pathway of respiration have previously been isolated. Despite the fact that the alternative oxidase pathway is still active the mutants have lost the capacity to grow heterotrophically (dark + acetate) and display reduced growth under mixotrophic conditions (light + acetate). In crosses between wild-type and mutant cells, the meiotic progeny only inherit the character transmitted by the mt- parent, which indicates that the mutations are located in the 15.8 kb linear mitochondrial genome. Two new mutants (dum-18 and dum-19) have now been isolated and characterized genetically, biochemically and at the molecular level. In addition, two previously isolated mutants (dum-11 and dum-15) were characterized in more detail. dum-11 contains two types of deleted mitochondrial DNA molecules: 15.1 kb monomers lacking the subterminal part of the genome, downstream of codon 147 of the apocytochrome b (COB) gene, and dimers resulting from head-to-head fusion of asymmetrically deleted monomers (15.1 and 9.5 kb DNA molecules, respectively). As in the wild type, the three other mutants contain only 15.8 kb mitochondrial DNA molecules. dum-15 is mutated at codon 140 of the COB gene, a serine (TCT) being changed into a tyrosine (TAC). dum-18 and dum-19 both inactivate cytochrome c oxidase, as a result of frameshift mutations (addition or deletion of 1 bp) at codons 145 and 152, respectively, of the COX1 gene encoding subunit I of cytochrome c oxidase. In a total of ten respiratory deficient mitochondrial mutants characterized thus far, only mutations located in COB or COX1 have been isolated.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Cytoduction in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii.

After conjugation between Chlamydomonas gametes of opposite mating type, a transient dikaryon is formed. The two nuclei fuse within 4-6 hr after mating. The young diploid zygote differentiates into dormant zygospore competent to complete meiosis, or more rarely (2-10% of cases) it undergoes mitosis to produce a stable diploid progeny. We here bring genetical, biochemical, and cytological evidence that among the mitotic zygotes, a large proportion of them undergo cytokinesis without fusion of the nuclei-a process that has been termed "cytoduction." By using appropriate genetic markers, haploid cytoductants that possess the nuclear genotype of one parent and the chloroplast marker of the other parent can easily be isolated. Genetical analysis and hybridization experiments moreover show that many haploid cytoductants transmit the chloroplast DNA molecules of both parents and that, as in diploids, these DNA copies occasionally recombine. This process of cytoduction extends the life cycle of Chlamydomonas and provides new tools for its genetic analysis.

Chlorophylls attached to lipid and protein globules, absorption and fluorescence spectra, photo-oxidation.

The precipitation of chlorophylls upon lipid and protein globules suspended in an aqueous buffer yields a partial model of photosynthetic membranes. The absorption and fluorescence spectra of the model are investigated as well as the photo-oxidation of the chlorophylls (bleaching) by dissolved oxygen. It is shown that pigment--pigment interactions occur in such systems, by (a) the appearance of absorption bands characteristic of crystalline or highly ordered chlorophyll at high pigment concentrations, (b) the chlorophyll a-type of fluorescence of systems containing chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b where the latter is selectively excited, and (c) the kinetics of photo-oxidation which suggest that chlorophylls can only be bleached when they are dimerized.