Hyperglycemia and hypertriglyceridemia secondary to olanzapine.

Olanzapine is an atypical antipsychotic that is becoming more widely used in children and adolescents. There have been reports of olanzapine-induced hyperglycemia and hypertriglyceridemia in adults. This case report describes the development of both hyperglycemia and hypertriglyceridemia in a male adolescent that resolved with discontinuation of olanzapine and without dietary changes or the use of insulin or oral hypoglycemics.

Temporal and spatial mRNA expression of bone sialoprotein and type I collagen during rodent tooth movement.

To investigate the mechanism of bone formation during tooth movement, in situ hybridization was performed with digoxigenin-labelled RNA probes to detect bone sialoprotein (BSP) and type I collagen mRNAs in the dentoalveolar tissue of 72 Sprague-Dawley rats. An elastic band was inserted between the first and second right maxillary molars, and the teeth experimentally moved for 1, 3, and 7 days. The left first maxillary molar was used as the control. For the untreated molars, osteoblasts and osteocytes near the distal surface of the interradicular septum (IRS) expressed a high level of both BSP and type I collagen mRNAs, while cells on the mesial side of the IRS showed a low level of these mRNAs. For the first molars subjected to experimental tooth movement, a high level of type I collagen mRNA expression was found in the osteoblasts on the tension side of the IRS after 1 day of experimental tooth movement. A high level of BSP mRNA was detected after 3 days of experimental tooth movement. However, a negligible amount of both mRNAs was found in cells on the compression side. These results support the hypothesis that BSP may be involved in mineralization during physiological bone remodelling. On application of orthodontic force, osteoblasts were activated and induced to express BSP mRNA, which is involved in bone remodelling due to orthodontic force. In addition, response to the orthodontic force was observed in osteocytes.

In situ hybridization for matrix metalloproteinase-1 and cathepsin K in rat root-resorbing tissue induced by tooth movement.

The movement of teeth during orthodontic treatment occasionally induces undesirable root resorption. Although high collagenolytic activity has been detected in resorbing tissue of deciduous teeth, the cellular origin of collagenolytic enzymes in root-resorbing tissue caused by tooth movement has not been identified. Here, rats were subject to 7 days of experimental tooth movement to induce root resorption. In situ hybridization with digoxigenin-labelled RNA probes was performed on sections of the maxillary bone to detect the mRNAs that encode matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1) and cathepsin K in root-resorbing tissue. MMP-1 mRNA was detected in fibroblastic cells, cementoblasts and osteoblasts, but not in odontoclasts nor osteoclasts. Moreover, MMP-1 mRNA was highly expressed in some cementocytes located near odontoclasts and in many osteocytes. In contrast, cathepsin K mRNA was expressed only in odontoclasts and osteoclasts. These results suggest that MMP-1 and cathepsin K are important in root resorption during tooth movement in a mode similar to bone resorption.

[Observation of alveolar bone remodeling accompanied with tooth movement by in situ hybridization--expression of type I collagen and bone sialoprotein mRNAs].

The purpose of this study was to investigate expression of type I collagen and bone sialoprotein (BSP) mRNAs in the alveolar bone accompanied with tooth movement. The right side of the upper jaw of the rat was used for orthodontic tooth movement, and the left side was used for physiological tooth movement. After the proper number of days of movement, histological specimens were decalcified and sliced into paraffin sections. The expression of mRNAs was examined by the in situ hybridization method. In the samples of physiological tooth movement, a high level of expression in both mRNAs was observed in osteoblasts along the mineralization front and adjacent osteocytes in the interradicular septum (IRS). In contrast, a low level of mRNA expression was observed on the opposite side of the IRS. In the specimens of experimental tooth movement, a high level of expression was detected in the osteoblasts on the tension side of IRS, but negligible reaction in those on the compression side. These results suggest that BSP gene expression as well as that of collagen are related not only to mineralization in physiological bone remodeling but also to the process by activated osteoblasts induced by orthodontic force. In addition, response to the artificial force was observed in osteocytes in IRS.

Effect of the new quinolone antibacterial agent levofloxacin on multiple organ carcinogenesis initiated with wide-spectrum carcinogens in rats.

A multiple organ carcinogenesis model was used in male F344 rats to test the carcinogenic potential of (-)-(S)-9-fluoro-2,3-dihydro-3-methyl-10-(4-methyl-1-piperazinyl)-7-oxo- 7H-pyrido[1,2,3-de][1,4] benzoxazine-6-carboxylic acid hemihydrate (levofloxacin, DR-3355, CAS 10086-85-4). After sequential treatment with diethylnitrosamine (DEN: carcinogen for the liver), N-methylnitrosourea (MNU: carcinogen for the esophagus, forestomach and thyroid) and dihydroxy-di-N-propylnitrosamine (DHPN: carcinogen for the lungs, kidney and urinary bladder), rats were treated with DR-3355, N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl)-nitrosamine (BBN), N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG), catechol (CC) or phenobarbital (PB) to examine whether these compounds modified the carcinogenesis in multiple organs. As a result of histopathological examinations at study week 20, DR-3355 did not induce neoplastic lesions, nor did it enhance the occurrences of proliferative preneoplastic lesions. In contrast, BBN increased the incidences of hyperplasias and papillomas of the urinary bladder. CC enhanced the occurrences of hyperplasias and papillomas of the forestomach as well as submucosal glandular growth for the glandular stomach. PB increased the number of altered cell foci in the liver and the incidence of follicular cysts and hyperplasias of the thyroid. These results indicate that DR-3355 is not capable of promoting the development of tumors in rat multiple organs.