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The domestic cat (Felis silvestris catus) is a valued companion animal throughout the world. Over 60 different cat breeds are accepted for competition by the cat fancy registries in different countries. Genetic markers, including short tandem repeats and SNPs, are available to evaluate and manage levels of inbreeding and genetic diversity, population and breed structure relationships, and individual identification for forensic and registration purposes. The International Society of Animal Genetics (ISAG) hosts the Applied Genetics in Companion Animals Workshop, which supports the standardization of genetic marker panels and genotyping for the identification of cats via comparison testing. SNP panels have been in development for many species, including the domestic cat. An ISAG approved core panel of SNPs for use in cat identification and parentage analyses is presented. SNPs (n = 121) were evaluated by different university-based and commercial laboratories using 20 DNA samples as part of the ISAG comparison testing procedures. Different SNP genotyping technologies were examined, including DNA arrays, genotyping-by-sequencing and mass spectroscopy, to select a robust and efficient panel of 101 SNPs as the ISAG core panel for cats. The SNPs are distributed across all chromosomes including two on the X chromosome and an XY pseudo-autosomal sexing marker (zinc-finger XY; ZFXY). A population study demonstrated that the markers have an average polymorphic information content of 0.354 and a power of exclusion greater than 0.9999. The SNP panel should keep testing affordable while also allowing for the development of additional panels to monitor health, phenotypic traits, hybrid cats and highly inbred cats.
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Gatos/genética , Marcadores Genéticos , Técnicas de Genotipaje , Polimorfismo de Nucleótido Simple , Animales , Cruzamiento , Genética de Población , Técnicas de Genotipaje/normas , Análisis de Secuencia por Matrices de Oligonucleótidos/normasRESUMEN
Pasture-based and small-scale livestock farming systems are the main source of livelihood in the mountain primary sector, ensuring socioeconomic sustainability and biodiversity in rural communities throughout Europe and beyond. Mountain livestock farming (MLF) has attracted substantial research efforts from a wide variety of scientific communities worldwide. In this study, the use of text mining and topic modelling analysis drew a detailed picture of the main research topics dealing with MLF and their trends over the last four decades. The final data corpus used for the analysis counted 2â¯679 documents, of which 92% were peer-reviewed scientific publications. The number of scientific outputs in MLF doubled every 10â¯years since 1980. Text mining found that milk, goat and sheep were the terms with the highest weighed frequency in the data corpus. Ten meaningful topics were identified by topic analysis: T1-Livestock management and vegetation dynamics; T2-Animal health and epidemiology; T3-Methodological studies on cattle; T4-Production system and sustainability; T5-Methodological studies; T6-Wildlife and conservation studies; T7-Reproduction and performance; T8-Dairy/meat production and quality; T9-Land use and its change and T10-Genetic/genomic studies. A hierarchical clustering analysis was performed to explore the interrelationships among topics, and three main clusters were identified: the first focused on sustainability, conservation and socioeconomic aspects (T4; T6 and T9), the second was related to food production and quality (T7 and T8) and the last one considered methodological studies on mountain flora and fauna (T1; T2; T3; T5 and T10). The 10 topics identified represent a useful and a starting source of information for further and more detailed analysis (e.g. systematic review) of specific research or geographical areas. A truly holistic and interdisciplinary research approach is needed to identify drivers of change and to understand current and future challenges faced by livestock farming in mountain areas.
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Agricultura , Ganado , Animales , Bovinos , Minería de Datos , Europa (Continente) , Granjas , OvinosRESUMEN
Establishment of embryonic stem cell (ESC) lines has been successful in mouse and human, but not in farm animals. Development of direct reprogramming technology offers an alternative approach for generation of pluripotent stem cells, applicable also in farm animals. Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) represent practically limitless, ethically acceptable, individuum-specific source of pluripotent cells that can be generated from different types of somatic cells. iPSCs can differentiate to all cell types of an organism's body and have a tremendous potential for numerous applications in medicine, agriculture, and biotechnology. However, molecular mechanisms behind the reprogramming process remain largely unknown and hamper generation of bona fide iPSCs and their use in human clinical practice. Large animal models are essential to expand the knowledge obtained on rodents and facilitate development and validation of transplantation therapies in preclinical studies. Additionally, transgenic animals with special traits could be generated from genetically modified pluripotent cells, using advanced reproduction techniques. Despite their applicative potential, it seems that iPSCs in farm animals haven't received the deserved attention. The aim of this review was to provide a systematic overview on iPSC generation in the most important mammalian farm animal species (cattle, pig, horse, sheep, goat, and rabbit), compare protein sequence similarity of pluripotency-related transcription factors in different species, and discuss potential uses of farm animal iPSCs. Literature mining revealed 32 studies, describing iPSC generation in pig (13 studies), cattle (5), horse (5), sheep (4), goat (3), and rabbit (2) that are summarized in a concise, tabular format.
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An important aim in animal breeding is the improvement of growth and meat quality traits. Previous studies have demonstrated that genetic variants in the fat mass and obesity associated (FTO) gene have a relatively large effect on human obesity as well as on body composition in rodents and, more recently, in livestock. Here, we examined the effects of the FTO gene variants on growth and carcass traits in the Slovenian population of Simmental (SS) and Brown (SB) cattle. To validate and identify new polymorphisms, we used sequencing, PCR-RFLP analysis and TaqMan assays in the SS breed and FTO gene variants data from the Illumina BovineSNP50 v1 array for the SB breed. Sequencing of the eight samples of progeny-tested SS sires detected 108 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the bovine FTO gene. Statistical analyses between growth and carcass traits and 34 FTO polymorphisms revealed significant association of FTO variants with lean meat percentage in both breeds. Additionally, FTO SNPs analyzed in SS cattle were associated with fat percentage, bone weight and live weight at slaughter. The FTO gene can thus be regarded as a candidate gene for the marker-assisted selection programs in our and possibly other populations of cattle. Future studies in cattle might reveal novel roles for the FTO gene in shaping carcass traits in livestock species as well as body composition control in other mammals.
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Adiposidad/genética , Cruzamiento , Bovinos/genética , Carne , Polimorfismo de Nucleótido Simple , Animales , Bovinos/crecimiento & desarrollo , Estudios de Asociación Genética , Fenotipo , Polimorfismo de Longitud del Fragmento de Restricción , Análisis de Secuencia de ADN , EsloveniaRESUMEN
The aim of this study was to identify molecular techniques which enable clear discrimination between Mycoplasma synoviae isolates for improved epidemiology. Multilocus sequence analysis (MLSA) of 6 M. synoviae loci was conducted for genotyping of isolates with previously determined 5'-vlhA sequences. Sequencing of three polymorphic genes (5'-vlhA, cysP and nanH) enables good discrimination between isolates with different genotypes. Such a genotyping scheme revealed 10 distinct genotypes, which were confirmed by sequencing of an additional three loci of the M. synoviae genome. Epidemiologically linked strains formed clusters with the same genotypes which clearly differed between clusters. MLSA used in this study is a promising tool for epidemiology of M. synoviae isolates, but it should be evaluated by further investigations using a much higher number of M. synoviae strains.
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Pollos , Tipificación de Secuencias Multilocus/veterinaria , Infecciones por Mycoplasma/veterinaria , Mycoplasma synoviae/genética , Enfermedades de las Aves de Corral/microbiología , Animales , Proteínas Bacterianas/genética , Genotipo , Datos de Secuencia Molecular , Infecciones por Mycoplasma/epidemiología , Infecciones por Mycoplasma/microbiología , Mycoplasma synoviae/clasificación , Filogenia , Enfermedades de las Aves de Corral/epidemiología , Análisis de Secuencia de ADN/veterinariaRESUMEN
Primary mammary epithelial cell cultures were established from mammary tissue of lactating and non-lactating goats to assess the expression of beta-casein (CSN2) in vitro. Primary cell cultures were established by enzymatic digestion of mammary tissue and characterized using antibodies against cytokeratin 14, cytokeratin 18, and vimentin. The established primary cell lines in the second passage were grown in basal medium on plastic and in hormone-supplemented (lactogenic) medium on plastic and on an extracellular matrix-covered surface, respectively. CSN2 gene expression was evaluated using quantitative reverse transcription PCR. The presence of CSN2 transcripts was detected in all samples, including cells originating from non-lactating goat, grown in basal medium. The presence of CSN2 protein was confirmed using immunofluorescence. Response to the hormonal treatment and cell morphology differed between the cell lines and treatments. In 2 cell lines supplemented with lactogenic hormones in the medium, CSN2 expression was increased, while CSN2 levels in one of the cell lines remained constant, regardless of the treatment. Addition of extracellular matrix showed positive effects on CSN2 transcription activity in 1 of the cell lines, while in the other 2 showed no statistically significant effects. CSN2 expression appeared to depend on subtle differences in physiological state of the starting tissue material, growth conditions, cell types present in the culture, and methods used for cell culture establishment. Further studies are necessary to identify factors that determine hormone-responsiveness and transcriptional activity of milk protein genes in goat primary mammary cell cultures.
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Caseínas/genética , Células Epiteliales/metabolismo , Expresión Génica , Glándulas Mamarias Animales/metabolismo , Animales , Caseínas/metabolismo , Línea Celular , Femenino , Cabras , Lactancia , Glándulas Mamarias Animales/citología , Microscopía Fluorescente , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa de Transcriptasa InversaRESUMEN
Livestock guard dog (LGD) breeds from the Western Balkans are a good example of how complex genetic diversity pattern observed in dog breeds has been shaped by transition in dog breeding practices. Despite their common geographical origin and relatively recent formal recognition as separate breeds, the Karst Shepherd, Sarplaninac and Tornjak show distinct population dynamics, assessed by pedigree, microsatellite and mtDNA data. We genotyped 493 dogs belonging to five dog breeds using a set of 18 microsatellite markers and sequenced mtDNA from 94 dogs from these breeds. Different demographic histories of the Karst Shepherd and Tornjak breeds are reflected in the pedigree data with the former breed having more unbalanced contributions of major ancestors and a realized effective population size of less than 20 animals. The highest allelic richness was found in Sarplaninac (5.94), followed by Tornjak (5.72), whereas Karst Shepherd dogs exhibited the lowest allelic richness (3.33). Similarly, the highest mtDNA haplotype diversity was found in Sarplaninac, followed by Tornjak and Karst Shepherd, where only one haplotype was found. Based on FST differentiation values and high percentages of animals correctly assigned, all breeds can be considered genetically distinct. However, using microsatellite data, common ancestry between the Karst Shepherd and Sarplaninac could not be reconstructed, despite pedigree and mtDNA evidence of their historical admixture. Using neighbour-joining, STRUCTURE or DAPC methods, Sarplaninac and Caucasian Shepherd breeds could not be separated and additionally showed close proximity in the NeighborNet tree. STRUCTURE analysis of the Tornjak breed demonstrated substructuring, which needs further investigation. Altogether, results of this study show that the official separation of these dog breeds strongly affected the resolution of genetic differentiation and thus suggest that the relationships between breeds are not only determined by breed relatedness, but in small populations even more importantly by stochastic effects.
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Cruzamiento/métodos , Perros/genética , Variación Genética , Genética de Población , Animales , Secuencia de Bases , Análisis por Conglomerados , ADN Mitocondrial/genética , Genotipo , Haplotipos/genética , Repeticiones de Microsatélite/genética , Datos de Secuencia Molecular , Linaje , Filogenia , Análisis de Secuencia de ADN , Eslovenia , Especificidad de la EspecieRESUMEN
In 2002, it was discovered that several Cika cattle in the mountain areas of Slovenia had escaped the official policy of cross-breeding. Here, we report a genetic characterization to assess their status as autochthonous breed. We compared genotypes for 14 microsatellite markers in 150 Cika cattle individuals with data from 16 Central European cattle breeds. We show that Cika cattle are genetically as diverse as other Eastern Alpine breeds, are more diverse than Austrian Simmental but less than the Balkan Busha cattle. STRUCTURE analysis showed Pinzgauer admixture in several individuals but also indicated a unique genetic identity for Cika. This analysis also allowed a selection of the most genetically pure Cika individuals as assessed by the panel of microsatellites. These original Cika cattle form an Eastern Alpine breed cluster together with Pinzgauer and Pustertaler cattle. Cika cattle should be considered as an authentic and valuable genetic resource, which offers clear opportunities for sustainable agriculture and landscape conservation in marginal and mountain areas.
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Bovinos/genética , Filogenia , Animales , Genética Forense , Frecuencia de los Genes , Genotipo , Hibridación Genética , Repeticiones de Microsatélite/genéticaRESUMEN
MicroRNAs are a class of non-coding RNAs that post-transcriptionally regulate target gene expression. Previous studies have shown that microRNA gene variability can interfere with its function, resulting in phenotypic variation. Polymorphisms within microRNA genes present a source of novel biomarkers for phenotypic traits in animal breeding. However, little is known about microRNA genetic variability in livestock species, which is also due to incomplete data in genomic resource databases. Therefore, the aim of this study was to perform a genome-wide in silico screening of genomic sources and determine the genetic variability of microRNA genes in livestock species using mirna sniper 3.0 (http://www.integratomics-time.com/miRNA-SNiPer/), a new version of our previously developed tool. By examining Ensembl and miRBase genome builds, it was possible to design a tool-based generated search of 16 genomes including four livestock species: pig, horse, cattle and chicken. The analysis revealed 65 polymorphisms located within mature microRNA regions in these four species, including 28% within the seed region in cattle and chicken. Polymorphic microRNA genes in cattle and chicken were further examined for mapping to quantitative trait loci regions associated with production and health traits. The developed bioinformatics tool enables the analysis of polymorphic microRNA genes and prioritization of potential regulatory polymorphisms and therefore contributes to the development of microRNA-based biomarkers in livestock species. The assembled catalog and the developed tool can serve the animal science community to efficiently select microRNA SNPs for further quantitative and molecular genetic evaluations of their phenotypic effects and causal associations with livestock production traits.
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Biología Computacional/métodos , Variación Genética/genética , Genómica/métodos , Ganado/genética , MicroARNs/genética , Fenotipo , Programas Informáticos , Animales , Secuencia de Bases , Cartilla de ADN/genética , Datos de Secuencia Molecular , Polimorfismo de Nucleótido Simple/genética , Sitios de Carácter Cuantitativo/genética , Análisis de Secuencia de ADN/veterinaria , Especificidad de la EspecieRESUMEN
1. Concentrations of chicken cathepsin B, cathepsin L, cystatin and ovalbumin were determined in the allantoic fluid, amniotic fluid and extracts of chorioallantoic membranes during days 6 to 12 of embryogenesis. 2. Similar trends for cystatin and ovalbumin were observed in the allantoic fluid with maximum concentrations of cystatin on day 7 (12 ± 4 µg/ml) and ovalbumin on day 8 (â¼19 ± 2.5 µg/ml) of embryonic development. The highest concentrations of cathepsin B was found on day 7 and of cathepsin L on day 10, but were significantly lower than those of cystatin and ovalbumin. 3. In the allantoic fluid, especially on day 7, considerable proportions of cystatin and ovalbumin were phosphorylated and contained phosphorylated serine. 4. Concentrations of cathepsin B and L, cystatin and ovalbumin in the amniotic fluid were variable but were comparable to those in allantoic fluid.
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Líquidos Corporales/metabolismo , Catepsinas/metabolismo , Embrión de Pollo/crecimiento & desarrollo , Pollos/crecimiento & desarrollo , Cistatinas/metabolismo , Ovalbúmina/metabolismo , Líquido Amniótico/metabolismo , Animales , Membrana Corioalantoides/metabolismo , Electroforesis en Gel de Poliacrilamida , Ensayo de Inmunoadsorción Enzimática , Immunoblotting , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos BALB CRESUMEN
The article presents multi-species, genome-wide, comparative approach to review male fertility-associated loci to contribute to the development of new genetic markers that could be of interest for functional studies and have the potential to be implemented in farm animal breeding programmes. We reviewed 835 male fertility-associated candidate loci from seven species and presented them as bovine orthologues where possible. The candidate loci were identified exploiting seven different research approaches: (i) data from animal models: mouse transgenics and knock-outs (569 genes) and random chemical mutagenesis of mouse genome (31); (ii) animal QTL (69); (iii) genes differentially expressed between fertile and subfertile phenotype in humans and mouse (95); (iv) DNA sequence variations that show specific allele-phenotype interactions (43 in human and 13 in farm animals); (v) germ line-specific small non-coding RNAs (47); (vi) testes expressed genes controlling complex differentiation process of mammalian spermatogenesis (6); and (vii) epigenetically regulated genes (4). According to the number of different research approaches reporting effects of individual genes, we selected 33 most promising candidate genes, which were further in silico analysed for expression levels in testes, genetic variability and top biological functions in functional networks. The aim of this study was to review systematically male fertility-associated candidate loci using integrated information from different study approaches and species, which will further facilitate development of novel genetic markers for selection towards improved fertility in domestic animals.
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Genómica , Infertilidad Masculina/genética , Especificidad de la Especie , Animales , Bovinos , Humanos , Masculino , RatonesRESUMEN
A cattle database of candidate genes and genetic markers for milk production and mastitis has been developed to provide an integrated research tool incorporating different types of information supporting a genomic approach to study lactation, udder development and health. The database contains 943 genes and genetic markers involved in mammary gland development and function, representing candidates for further functional studies. The candidate loci were drawn on a genetic map to reveal positional overlaps. For identification of candidate loci, data from seven different research approaches were exploited: (i) gene knockouts or transgenes in mice that result in specific phenotypes associated with mammary gland (143 loci); (ii) cattle QTL for milk production (344) and mastitis related traits (71); (iii) loci with sequence variations that show specific allele-phenotype interactions associated with milk production (24) or mastitis (10) in cattle; (iv) genes with expression profiles associated with milk production (207) or mastitis (107) in cattle or mouse; (v) cattle milk protein genes that exist in different genetic variants (9); (vi) miRNAs expressed in bovine mammary gland (32) and (vii) epigenetically regulated cattle genes associated with mammary gland function (1). Fourty-four genes found by multiple independent analyses were suggested as the most promising candidates and were further in silico analysed for expression levels in lactating mammary gland, genetic variability and top biological functions in functional networks. A miRNA target search for mammary gland expressed miRNAs identified 359 putative binding sites in 3'UTRs of candidate genes.
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Bovinos/genética , Lactancia/genética , Mastitis Bovina/genética , Animales , Femenino , Ratones , Ratones Noqueados , Ratones Transgénicos , Polimorfismo de Nucleótido SimpleRESUMEN
An F(3) resource population originating from a cross between two divergently selected lines for high (D+ line) or low (D- line) body weight at 8-weeks of age (BW55) was generated and used for Quantitative Trait Locus (QTL) mapping. From an initial cross of two founder F(0) animals from D(+) and D(-) lines, progeny were randomly intercrossed over two generations following a full sib intercross line (FSIL) design. One hundred and seventy-five genome-wide polymorphic markers were employed in the DNA pooling and selective genotyping of F(3) to identify markers with significant effects on BW55. Fifty-three markers on GGA2, 5 and 11 were then genotyped in the whole F(3) population of 503 birds, where interval mapping with GridQTL software was employed. Eighteen QTL for body weight, carcass traits and some internal organ weights were identified. On GGA2, a comparison between 2-QTL vs. 1-QTL analysis revealed two separate QTL regions for body, feet, breast muscle and carcass weight. Given co-localization of QTL for some highly correlated traits, we concluded that there were 11 distinct QTL mapped. Four QTL localized to already mapped QTL from other studies, but seven QTL have not been previously reported and are hence novel and unique to our selection line. This study provides a low resolution QTL map for various traits and establishes a genetic resource for future fine-mapping and positional cloning in the advanced FSIL generations.
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Composición Corporal/genética , Peso Corporal/genética , Pollos/genética , Fenotipo , Sitios de Carácter Cuantitativo/genética , Animales , Pollos/crecimiento & desarrollo , Mapeo Cromosómico/veterinaria , Cruzamientos Genéticos , Marcadores Genéticos/genética , GenotipoRESUMEN
To determine the organization of transferrin (TF) locus in the Salmo trutta genome, partial DNA and cDNA sequencing, fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) and Salmo salar BAC analysis were performed. TF expression levels and copy number prediction were assessed using real-time PCR. In addition to two previously reported DNA TF variant sequences of S. trutta and Salmo marmoratus (TF1), two novel variant sequences (TF2) were revealed in both species. Variant-specific sequence tags, characterizing two variants for each TF type (TF1 and TF2), were identified in genomic clones from each of the F1 hybrids between S. trutta and S. marmoratus. These clearly documented double heterozygote status at the TF loci. The real-time PCR data showed that each of the two TF types (TF1 and TF2) existed in one copy only and that the transcription of TF2 was considerably lower compared with TF1. Using FISH, hybridization signals were observed on two medium-sized acrocentric chromosomes of S. trutta karyotype. A TF type-specific PCR followed by a restriction analysis revealed the presence of two TF loci in the majority of analysed BAC clones. It was concluded that the TF gene is duplicated in the genome of S. trutta, and that the two TF loci are located adjacent to one another on the same chromosome. The differing transcription levels of TF1 and TF2 appear to depend on the corresponding promoter activity, which at least for TF2 seems to vary between different Salmo congeners.
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Mapeo Cromosómico , Genoma , Salmón/genética , Transferrina/genética , Secuencia de Aminoácidos , Animales , Secuencia de Bases , Cromosomas Artificiales Bacterianos , Clonación Molecular , Cartilla de ADN , ADN Complementario , Hibridación Fluorescente in Situ , Datos de Secuencia Molecular , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa , Homología de Secuencia de Aminoácido , Transferrina/químicaRESUMEN
The major parts of the coding region and promoter of the equine kappa casein (CSN3) gene were sequenced and compared among several species. Four SNPs were identified in the CSN3 gene: two in exon 1 and two in exon 4. The SNPs were genotyped in six Slovenian horse breeds using RFLP and two different PCR-based methods. The highest variation in genotype frequencies was found in the Slovenian cold-blood breed. The SNPs in exon 4 may cause a change in the amino acid sequence and may alter chemical/functional properties of the protein. Using horse-specific primers, we obtained 400 bp of exon 4 sequence from zebra and donkey. Two SNPs within the zebra exon 4 sequence were discovered; both presumably caused amino acid substitutions. Within the equine promoter sequence, 15 SNPs were found and 12 of them could be involved in the gain/loss of potential transcription factor (TF) binding sites. Using a comparative genomics approach, we obtained 1482 bp of the promoter sequence from zebra and donkey. Sequence alignment revealed highly conserved blocks of promoter sequence among nine species (sheep, goat, cow, zebra, donkey, horse, chimp, macaque and human) and clustered these species in three distinct groups. Consensus binding sites for TFs STAT5, C/EBP, NF1 and STAT6, previously demonstrated to be associated with expression, were located within conserved regions. Four promoter regions were tested for specific binding of TFs using electrophoretic mobility shift assays. Predicted binding sites for C/EBP and NF1 were confirmed and one conserved region was specifically detected by a yet-uncharacterized TF.
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Caseínas/genética , Caballos/genética , Polimorfismo Genético , Regiones Promotoras Genéticas , Animales , Secuencia de Bases , Equidae/genética , Exones , Caballos/clasificación , Humanos , Datos de Secuencia Molecular , Polimorfismo de Nucleótido Simple , Alineación de SecuenciaRESUMEN
The development and a brief history of the Lipizzan horse breed are reviewed. The contribution of several breeds, some of them already extinct, to the development of the Lipizzan horse, gives it a special status representing an important gene pool. This well-documented breed is a part of the common European natural and cultural heritage. Breeding practices establishing stallion and mare family lines as well as availability of pedigrees are described. Molecular analysis of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and microsatellite data allowed us to analyse the structure of the Lipizzan population, to estimate genetic variability within the population and to test the reliability of the pedigree data. DNA sequence analysis of the mtDNA control region confirmed relative high variability of the gene pool, containing majority of mtDNA haplotypes found in horse populations worldwide. Microsatellite analysis showed that the level of heterozygosity in the Lipizzan population is comparable with the heterozygosity in other populations. The fact that majority of the Lipizzan population is bred on eight state studs in the Central and Eastern Europe contributes to the structuring of the population which results in three clusters: classical cluster, represented by studs Lipica, Piber and Monterotondo, transition cluster, represented by studs Szilvasvarad, Djakovo and Topolcianky and eastern cluster represented by studs Beclean and Fagaras. The molecular markers also allowed verification of pedigree data, and the rough estimation of pedigree errors was about 10%.
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Cruzamiento , ADN Mitocondrial/análisis , Variación Genética , Caballos/genética , Repeticiones de Microsatélite , Animales , Cruzamiento/historia , Análisis por Conglomerados , Femenino , Marcadores Genéticos , Historia del Siglo XVI , Historia del Siglo XVII , Historia del Siglo XVIII , Historia del Siglo XIX , Historia del Siglo XX , Caballos/fisiología , Masculino , Linaje , Análisis de Secuencia de ADNRESUMEN
Identification of major genes, that genetically impact fat tissue formation is important for successful selection of lean animals with good meat quality. Because of its central role in fat cell differentiation and muscle fibre type determination, PPARGC1 is a potential candidate gene affecting fattening traits and pig meat quality. In this study, a T/A substitution at position 1378 (GenBank accession no. AY346131) in the porcine PPARGC1 gene causing a Cys430Ser amino acid substitution at position 430 was genotyped on a total of 239 animals, including 101 from seven Chinese and 138 from six Western pig breeds. Bayesian analysis revealed that the mean frequency of allele T (Cys) was 92.64 +/- 4.82% in Chinese pigs, and 45.99 +/- 4.13% in Western pigs. The 95% interval of the posterior mean frequency of allele T was 0.82-1.00 in Chinese pigs and 0.38-0.54 in Western pigs, indicating these two groups of pigs diverged at this locus during genetic evolution of the breed. Because marked differences in fat and lean tissue deposition exist between Western and Chinese pig breeds, this Cys430Ser exchange in the PPARGC1 gene deserves further evaluation to determine its phenotypic effect on fattening and carcass traits in commercial pig populations.
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Polimorfismo de Nucleótido Simple/genética , Porcinos/genética , Factores de Transcripción/genética , Sustitución de Aminoácidos , Animales , China , Genotipo , Datos de Secuencia Molecular , FenotipoRESUMEN
Immune reactivity for Chlamydophila (C.) psittaci in Slovenia was monitored in parrots, canaries, finches and nine species of recently captured free-living birds (house sparrows, Eurasian goldfinches, tree sparrows, chaffinches, European greenfinches, European serines, Eurasian siskins, Eurasian linnets and Eurasian bullfinches) in the period from 1991 to 2001. In subsequent years, specific IgG antibodies were found using immunofluorescence in parrots (0.7-53.6%), canaries (0.0-3.5%), finches (0.0-5.7%) and in captured free-living birds (33.3% of Eurasian goldfinches in 1994). An experimental infection with C psittaci was performed in order to study clinical signs and pathological changes in canaries and finches. The C. psittaci strain used for experimental infection was isolated from a cockatiel (Nymphicus hollandicus). Chlamydial DNA was extracted from clinical material followed by RFLP-PCR analysis. Infection of canaries and finches was confirmed in organ smears by direct immunofluorescence and a modified Gimenez staining method. In addition, serological tests of indirect immunofluorescence and complement fixation were applied. However, in spite of positive immunological reaction there were no clinical signs three weeks after infection. The present study includes results of a serological survey of persons belonging to the most important risk groups (breeders, pet shopkeepers and veterinarians). The results of microimmunofluorescence to identify the presence of specific antibodies and correlation between appearance of infection in birds and important risk groups are presented. Out of 143 persons belonging to the high-risk group we found 10 (7%) persons who were immunologically positive. Testing of two successive samples was used to demonstrate an increase in IgG and IgA titres in human sera. However, IgM, which is indicative of acute infection, could not be detected.
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Enfermedades de las Aves/epidemiología , Psitacosis/veterinaria , Animales , Anticuerpos Antibacterianos/sangre , Enfermedades de las Aves/microbiología , Aves , Femenino , Humanos , Inmunoglobulina A/sangre , Inmunoglobulina G/sangre , Inmunoglobulina M/sangre , Pulmón/patología , Masculino , Psitacosis/epidemiología , Estudios Seroepidemiológicos , Eslovenia/epidemiología , Bazo/patología , Testículo/patología , Factores de TiempoRESUMEN
The PGC-1 gene has been implicated in the regulation of several genes controlling energy metabolism. The prevalent Gly482Ser polymorphism of the PGC-1 gene has been shown to be associated with type 2 diabetes in some but not all studies. The aim of this study was to analyse whether the Gly482Ser variant is a risk factor for development of type 2 diabetes in Slovene population (Caucasians). Genotyping of the Gly482Ser polymorphism was performed for 545 subjects: 305 patients with type 2 diabetes and 240 non-diabetic controls. The Gly482Ser genotype distribution in patients with type 2 diabetes (AA = 11.5%, AG = 42.3%, GG = 46.2%) differed from genotype distribution in non-diabetic controls (AA = 6.3%, AG = 46.3%, GG = 47.5%), and the AA genotype was associated with 1.9-times increased risk of type 2 diabetes (95% confidence interval 1.0-3.6; P = 0.036). In conclusion, we suggest that the AA genotype of the Gly482Ser polymorphism of the PGC-1 gene should be considered as a risk factor for the development of type 2 diabetes in Caucasians.
Asunto(s)
Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/genética , Predisposición Genética a la Enfermedad , Polimorfismo Genético , Factores de Transcripción/genética , Población Blanca/genética , Estudios de Casos y Controles , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/etnología , Femenino , Frecuencia de los Genes , Glicina/genética , Humanos , Masculino , Factores de Riesgo , Serina/genética , EsloveniaRESUMEN
In the north Adriatic basin, a morphologically and genetically distinct lineage of grayling is found, designated as the Adriatic grayling. In Slovenia, the Adriatic grayling is restricted to the Soca river system, where it is critically endangered. The most pertinent threat is stocking with non-native, highly divergent Sava (Danubian) drainage stock, and this activity has been going on for more than four decades. The present study was designed to characterise the genetic structure of the Adriatic grayling in Slovenia, with particular emphasis on estimating the degree of introgression with non-indigenous stocked grayling. We analysed polymorphism at 154 microsatellite loci in samples representing grayling from the Adriatic and Danubian drainage stock. A relatively high number (12) of alleles, diagnostic for the Adriatic grayling, were identified. However, a correspondence analysis based on individual multilocus genotypes also revealed that there is no distinctive Adriatic group but rather a dispersed multitude of individuals that cannot be unambiguously distinguished from the more homogenous Danubian population. A Bayesian analysis of individual admixture coefficients confirmed this pattern and revealed extensive introgression between the Adriatic grayling and stocked grayling of Danubian origin. Average individual admixture coefficients showed that only between 50 and 60% of the original gene pools remained, and only few non-introgressed indigenous individuals could be identified. Microsatellite-based individual admixture analysis appear to be an important tool for identifying remaining non-introgressed indigenous individuals that could be used for restoring the original populations.