[Fixed ratio combinations GLP-1RA and basal insulin: literature review].

The progressive nature of type 2 diabetes mellitus leads to the need for insulin therapy in a significant proportion of patients. Very often start of insulin therapy in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is associated with weight gain and a significant increase of hypoglycemia's risk. However, innovative options, such as fixed ratio combinations of glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RA) and basal insulin, minimize weight gain and hypoglycemia risks and allow a greater proportion of patients to achieve individual glycemic control goals without compromising safety parameters. This review includes a description of the randomized clinical trials, as well as the results of real clinical practice of the use of two currently existing fixed ration combinations of GLP-1RA and basal insulin - iDegLira and iGlarLixi.

[Evolution of insulin therapy: past, present, future].

2021 marks the 100th anniversary of the discovery of insulin, an event that forever changed the lives of people with diabetes mellitus. At present patients around the world experience the miracle of insulin therapy every day. A disease that used to kill children and teenagers in 2 years in 1920 has become a disease that can be controlled with a possibility to lead a long productive life. Over the past century, the great discovery of Banting, Best and Collip has forever changed the world and saved millions of lives. This review is devoted to the history of the development of insulin and its further improvement: from the moment of discovery to the present days. Various generations of insulin are considered: from animals to modern ultrashort and basal analogues. The article ends with a brief review of current trends in the development of new delivery methods and the development of new insulin molecules. Over the past century, insulin therapy has come a long way, which has significantly improved the quality of life of our patients. But research is actively continuing, including in the field of alternative methods of insulin delivery, which are more convenient for the patient, as well as in the development of «smart¼ molecules that will have a glucose-dependent effect.

[Ultrastructural changes and regeneration of the endocrine apparatus of the human gastric mucosal glandular epithelium in patients with chronic erosive gastritis].

The aim of this investigation was to study the structure and regeneration of the endocrine apparatus of the human gastric mucosal glandular epithelium. Using electron microscopy, the mucosal biopsy specimens obtained from 14 patients with chronic erosive Helicobacter pylori-associated gastritis, were studied. The most pronounced changes were seen both in the numbers and ultrastructure of G- and P-endocrinocytes. The changes were detected in the nucleus structure, endocrine granule and polysome content, and he mitochondrial structure. The regeneration of the endocrine cells took place through the differentiation of the committed precursors via the "agranular" cell stage, transformation of the exocrine cells into the endocrine ones, and as a result of the formation of the epithelial cords on the erosion surfaces that consisted of the cells in diverse differentiation stages (from the undifferentiated to specialized cells of all the endocrine and exocrine types).

[Structural changes in the rat intestinal wall during starvation].

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of starvation on all the tunics of duodenum and rectum wall. The animals were 20 outbred albino rats; the control group comprised 4 animals. The animals were starved while the drinking regime remained unchanged. Material was obtained at days 3 and 6 of starvation and was studied using electron microscopy. The changes were detected in the structure of mucosa, submucosa, tunica muscularis and serosa. These structural changes were of similar nature in all the tunics and differed only by the degree of their severity. The most pronounced changes were observed in all the epithelial cell types (absorbing, goblet and endocrine) in both parts of the intestine. These included cell flattening, microvilli reduction and deformation, mucus production disturbances, destructive changes in the mitochondria (swelling, cristae reduction, vacuoles and myelin-like structures formation, disruption of both mitochondrial membranes).

[Immunocytochemical method for the demonstration of EC- (enterochromaffin) cells in the gut mucosal epithelium of the rat].

Optimal methodological protocol for immunocytochemical demonstration of EC-cells of the rat intestine fixed in 10% neutral buffered formalin with the use of different types of antibodies against serotonin, was developed. It was shown that EC-cells of rat small intestine were better identified with the polyclonal antibodies than with the monoclonal ones. On the contrary, the carcinoid of the human small intestine was better demonstrated with the monoclonal antibodies. In some cases, in mucosal lamina propria mast cells were identified, which were also serotonin-immunoreactive. On the basis of the results obtained, a processing protocol is proposed for the demonstration of EC-cells in the rat gut.