An ingestible, battery-free, tissue-adhering robotic interface for non-invasive and chronic electrostimulation of the gut.

Ingestible electronics have the capacity to transform our ability to effectively diagnose and potentially treat a broad set of conditions. Current applications could be significantly enhanced by addressing poor electrode-tissue contact, lack of navigation, short dwell time, and limited battery life. Here we report the development of an ingestible, battery-free, and tissue-adhering robotic interface (IngRI) for non-invasive and chronic electrostimulation of the gut, which addresses challenges associated with contact, navigation, retention, and powering (C-N-R-P) faced by existing ingestibles. We show that near-field inductive coupling operating near 13.56 MHz was sufficient to power and modulate the IngRI to deliver therapeutically relevant electrostimulation, which can be further enhanced by a bio-inspired, hydrogel-enabled adhesive interface. In swine models, we demonstrated the electrical interaction of IngRI with the gastric mucosa by recording conductive signaling from the subcutaneous space. We further observed changes in plasma ghrelin levels, the "hunger hormone," while IngRI was activated in vivo, demonstrating its clinical potential in regulating appetite and treating other endocrine conditions. The results of this study suggest that concepts inspired by soft and wireless skin-interfacing electronic devices can be applied to ingestible electronics with potential clinical applications for evaluating and treating gastrointestinal conditions.

ZnS-embedded porous carbon for peroxydisulfate activation: Enhanced electron transfer for bisphenol A degradation.

Transition metal sulfides have garnered increasing attention for their role in persulfate activation, a crucial process in environmental remediation. However, the function of metal sulfides without reversible valence changes, such as ZnS, remains largely unexplored in this context. Here we report ZnS-embedded porous carbon (ZnS-C), synthesized through the pyrolysis of Zn-MOF-74 and dibenzyl disulfide. ZnS-C demonstrates remarkable activity in activating peroxydisulfate (PDS) across a wide pH range, enabling the efficient mineralization removal of bisphenol A (BPA). Through electrochemical investigation and theoretical simulations of charge density distributions, we unveil that the electron transfer from BPA to PDS mediated by the ZnS-C catalyst governs the reaction. This study, both in theory and experiment, demonstrates metal sulfide as electron pump that enhances electron transfer efficiency in PDS activation. These findings redefine the role of metal sulfide catalysts, shedding new light on their potential for regulating reaction pathways in PDS activation processes.

Enhanced peroxydisulfate oxidation via Cu(III) species with a Cu-MOF-derived Cu nanoparticle and 3D graphene network.

The contribution of Cu(III) produced during heterogeneous peroxydisulfate (PDS) activation to pollutant removal is largely unknown. Herein, a composite catalyst is prepared with Cu-based metal organic framework (Cu-MOF) derived Cu nanoparticles decorated in a three-dimensional reduced graphene oxide (3D RGO) network. The 3D RGO network overcomes the aggregation of nanosized zero-valent copper and reduces the copper consumption during the PDS activation reaction. The Cu/RGO catalyst exhibits high catalytic activity for 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP) degradation in a wide pH range of 3-9, with a low Cu dosage that is only 0.075 times that of previous reports with zero-valent copper. Moreover, a high mineralization ratio (69.2 %) of 2,4-DCP is achieved within 30 min, and the Cu/RGO catalyst shows high reactivity toward aromatic compounds with hydroxyl and chlorinated groups. Unlike normal sulfate radical-based advanced oxidation, alcohols show negligible impacts on the reaction, suggesting that Cu(III), rather than SO4- and OH, dominates the degradation process. We believe that PDS activation by 3D Cu/RGO, with Cu(III) as the main active species, provides new insights in selective organic pollutant removal in wastewater treatment.

Polyaniline/ß-MnO2 nanocomposites as cathode electrocatalyst for oxygen reduction reaction in microbial fuel cells.

An efficient and inexpensive catalyst for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR), polyaniline (PANI) and ß-MnO2 nanocomposites (PANI/ß-MnO2), was developed for air-cathode microbial fuel cells (MFCs). The PANI/ß-MnO2, ß-MnO2, PANI and ß-MnO2 mixture modified graphite felt electrodes were fabricated as air-cathodes in double-chambered MFCs and their cell performances were compared. At a dosage of 6 mg cm-2, the maximum power densities of MFCs with PANI/ß-MnO2, ß-MnO2, PANI and ß-MnO2 mixture cathodes reached 248, 183 and 204 mW m-2, respectively, while the cathode resistances were 38.4, 45.5 and 42.3 Ω, respectively, according to impedance analysis. Weak interaction existed between the rod-like ß-MnO2 and surficial growth granular PANI, this together with the larger specific surface area and PANI electric conducting nature enhanced the electrochemical activity for ORR and improved the power generation. The PANI/ß-MnO2 nanocomposites are a promising cathode catalyst for practical application of MFCs.