Plant trait and vegetation data along a 1314 m elevation gradient with fire history in Puna grasslands, Perú.

Alpine grassland vegetation supports globally important biodiversity and ecosystems that are increasingly threatened by climate warming and other environmental changes. Trait-based approaches can support understanding of vegetation responses to global change drivers and consequences for ecosystem functioning. In six sites along a 1314 m elevational gradient in Puna grasslands in the Peruvian Andes, we collected datasets on vascular plant composition, plant functional traits, biomass, ecosystem fluxes, and climate data over three years. The data were collected in the wet and dry season and from plots with different fire histories. We selected traits associated with plant resource use, growth, and life history strategies (leaf area, leaf dry/wet mass, leaf thickness, specific leaf area, leaf dry matter content, leaf C, N, P content, C and N isotopes). The trait dataset contains 3,665 plant records from 145 taxa, 54,036 trait measurements (increasing the trait data coverage of the regional flora by 420%) covering 14 traits and 121 plant taxa (ca. 40% of which have no previous publicly available trait data) across 33 families.

Objective and subjective assessment of accommodative insufficiency.

SIGNIFICANCE: A variety of subjective and objective procedures are available to measure the amplitude of accommodation. However, it is unclear whether the standard criterion of Hofstetter's minimum minus 2 D can be used to diagnose accommodative insufficiency with each of these techniques. PURPOSE: The use of objective dynamic retinoscopy and three subjective techniques to diagnosis accommodative insufficiency was examined. METHODS: A total of 632 subjects between 8 and 19 years of age were enrolled. Accommodative lag, monocular accommodative facility, and subjective (push-up, modified push-down, and minus lens) and objective (dynamic retinoscopy) amplitude of accommodation were quantified. Accommodative insufficiency was diagnosed based on Hofstetter's minimum minus 2 D for each subjective method, as well as adding an additional subjective criterion (either accommodative lag exceeding 0.75 D or monocular accommodative facility falling below the age-expected norms). RESULTS: The prevalence of accommodative insufficiency was lowest and highest with the push-up (7.9 and 1%) and dynamic retinoscopy (94 and 12%) procedures when measured without and with the additional subjective criteria, respectively. Comparing the validity of dynamic retinoscopy against the traditional criterion, moderate to low sensitivity and high specificity were found. However, adding the additional subjective criteria improved the findings with moderate to high sensitivity and high specificity. Using a cutoff for dynamic retinoscopy of 7.50 D showed moderate diagnostic accuracy based on likelihood ratios. CONCLUSIONS: It is clear that a revised definition of accommodative insufficiency is required, which must include the method of assessing accommodation. The various objective and subjective methods for quantifying the amplitude of accommodation are not interchangeable, and subjective assessment does not provide a valid measure of the accommodative response.

Antifungal activity of Co(II) and Cu(II) complexes containing 1,3-bis(benzotriazol-1-yl)-propan-2-ol on the growth and virulence traits of fluconazole-resistant Candida species: synthesis, DFT calculations, and biological activity.

Relevant virulence traits in Candida spp. are associated with dimorphic change and biofilm formation, which became an important target to reduce antifungal resistance. In this work, Co(II) complexes containing a benzotriazole derivative ligand showed a promising capacity of reducing these virulence traits. These complexes exhibited higher antifungal activities than the free ligands against all the Candida albicans and non-albicans strains tested, where compounds 2 and 4 showed minimum inhibitory concentration values between 15.62 and 125 µg mL-1. Moreover, four complexes (2-5) of Co(II) and Cu(II) with benzotriazole ligand were synthesized. These compounds were obtained as air-stable solids and characterized by melting point, thermogravimetric analysis, infrared, Raman and ultraviolet/visible spectroscopy. The analysis of the characterization data allowed us to identify that all the complexes had 1:1 (M:L) stoichiometries. Additionally, Density Functional Theory calculations were carried out for 2 and 3 to propose a probable geometry of both compounds. The conformer Da of 2 was the most stable conformer according to the Energy Decomposition Analysis; while the conformers of 3 have a fluxional behavior in this analysis that did not allow us to determine the most probable conformer. These results provide an important platform for the design of new compounds with antifungal activities and the capacity to attack other target of relevance to reduce antimicrobial resistance.

Political Practices and Citizen Education with Gender Perspective. Analysis in Some Universities in Bucaramanga, Colombia / Prácticas políticas y formación ciudadana con perspectiva de género. análisis de algunas universidades de bucaramanga, colombia

RESUMEN El proyecto de investigación "Prácticas políticas y formación ciudadana con perspectiva de género. Análisis de las universidades de Bucaramanga", se propuso contribuir al mejoramiento de los planes de formación ciudadana de las Instituciones de Educación Superior (IES). Para eso, se examinaron los enfoques teóricos que fundamentan la formación ciudadana en los planes educativos-formativos de las IES y sus programas institucionales; se identificaron los mecanismos que estructuran las subjetividades y las identidades de género y que sustentan las prácticas sociales sobre la ciudadanía, de los(as) estudiantes de las Instituciones de Educación Superior de Bucaramanga; finalmente, se entregaron estrategias de formación ciudadana coherentes con las expectativas e intereses de la comunidad juvenil a las IES de Bucaramanga. En el trabajo de campo participaron seis Instituciones de Educación Superior de la ciudad y su área metropolitana, en donde se desarrollaron 13 entrevistas semiestructuradas a los directivos de las instituciones. De igual manera, se realizaron seis Grupos de Discusión con la participación de 163 estudiantes de ambos sexos. Los elementos encontrados demuestran que las Instituciones de Educación Superior en Bucaramanga y su área metropolitana deben implementar la propuesta dada en sus Proyectos Educativos Institucionales, en cuanto a la formación integral. Así mismo, la formación ciudadana debe conducir a la juventud a cuestionar todas las estructuras que median sus relaciones interpersonales. De igual manera, será el espacio para lograr comunicaciones efectivas, críticas y a reconocer las voces y criterios de los(as) otros(as); a interactuar con la diversidad y a poner en escena los valores de la tolerancia, el respeto y la solidaridad dentro de un pensamiento pluralista.

ABSTRACT The research project "Political practices and citizen education with gender perspective. Analysis in some universities in Bucaramanga, Colombia", had the purpose of improving citizen education plans in Higher Institutions. To accomplish the research objective, it as considered: to know the theoretical approaches that base the citizen education in educative/ formative plans of Higher institutions and their institutional programs; to identify the mechanisms that structures subjectivities and gender identities that support social practices on the citizenship of Higher Institution's' students in Bucaramanga, and finally, to contribute to Higher Institutions in Bucaramanga with coherent strategies of citizen education according to the expectations and interests of youth community. During the work field six Higher Institutions of Bucaramanga participated and were conducted 13 semi-structured interviews to institution's chiefs' officers. Moreover, they were conducted six focus groups with 163 students of both genders. The results show that Higher Institutions of Bucaramanga should focus on developing their institutional educative projects regarding integral education action plans. Those findings indicate a teaching-learning process guided by competences where Know and Be allows to build a personal identity and the conscience to have attitudinal control. Likewise, citizen education should lead youth to argue all the structures that mediate their relationships. Similarly, citizen education would be the room to achieve affective and critic communication, and to recognize the voices and criteria of others to interact with diversity and to stage the tolerance, respect and solidarity within a pluralistic thought. The methodology used to collect the information has been qualitative, through semi-structured in-depth interviews and workshops with different actors. analysis leads to identify some key elements that obscure the legislative and jurisprudential successes that de Colombian State has achieved in terms of reparation with a gender approach. The results indicate the need to go beyond gender as a differentiating category, to achieve greater effectiveness in the reparation proposed to the victims.

Biomarcadores en película lagrimal y su aplicación clínica / Tear film biomarkers and its clinical application / Biomarcadores de filme lacrimal e sua aplicação clínica

El fluido lagrimal se caracteriza por ser una mezcla de moléculas que incluye proteínas, lípidos, metabolitos, entre otros; estas moléculas juegan un papel importante en la fisiopatología de distintas enfermedades, por lo cual las lágrimas han sido de gran interés para la comunidad científica en la búsqueda de biomarcadores y en el desarrollo de estrategias terapéuticas para enfermedades sistémicas y oculares. La poca invasividad y el bajo riesgo al obtener la lágrima la convierten en una interesante muestra en comparación con algunos fluidos corporales que pueden ser mucho más costosos y molestos para su obtención. Lo anterior ha sido demostrado en diversos estudios que sugieren estrategias para obtener la muestra e indican un posterior análisis mediante avanzadas técnicas de biología molecular y celular, entre ellas los análisis ómicos, que han logrado una mejor caracterización lagrimal.Los análisis ómicos han contribuido en la identificación diferencial de distintas moléculas que pueden desempeñar un papel importante en el diagnóstico, seguimiento y/o tratamiento de enfermedades oculares y sistémicas. Por tanto, el propósito del presente artículo fue describir las diferentes características del fluido lagrimal, así como los posibles candidatos de biomarcadores de patologías oculares y sistémicas reportados.

The lacrimal fluid is characterized by a mixture of molecules from proteins, lipids, metabolites among others, which play an important role in the pathophysiology of different diseases, for which it has been of great interest in the scientific community for the search of biomarkers and development of therapeutic strategies in systemic and eye diseases. The lower invasiveness and risk when obtaining the tear, makes it an interesting sample compared to some bodily fluids that can be much more expensive and annoying to obtain. The above has been demonstrated through various studies in which they suggest different strategies to obtain the sample and its subsequent analysis using techniques of molecular and cellular biology among them advanced molecular technology such as those such as omic analyses, which have achieved a better lacrimal characterization. These analyses have contributed to the differential identification of different molecules that may play an important role in the diagnosis, monitoring and/or treatment of eye and systemic diseases. The purpose of this article is to describe the different characteristics of the tear fluid as well as the possible candidates for biomarkers of mainly reported eye and systemic pathologies.

O líquido lacrimal é caracterizado por ser uma mistura de moléculas que inclui proteínas, lipídios, metabólitos, entre outros; Essas moléculas desempenham um papel importante na fisiopatologia de diferentes doenças, motivo pelo qual as lágrimas têm sido de grande interesse para a comunidade científica na busca de biomarcadores e no desenvolvimento de estratégias terapêuticas para doenças sistêmicas e oculares. A baixa invasividade e o baixo risco de obter a lágrima fazem dela uma amostra interessante em comparação com alguns fluidos corporais que podem ser muito mais caros e problemáticos de obter. Isso foi demonstrado em vários estudos que sugerem estratégias para obter a amostra e indicam uma análise subsequente usando técnicas avançadas de biologia molecular e celular, incluindo análise ômica, que alcançaram melhor caracterização das lágrimas.A análise ômica contribuiu para a identificação diferencial de diferentes moléculas que podem desempenhar um papel importante no diagnóstico, monitoramento e / ou tratamento de doenças oculares e sistêmicas. Portanto, o objetivo deste artigo foi descrever as diferentes características do líquido lacrimal, bem como os possíveis candidatos a biomarcadores de patologias oculares e sistêmicas relatadas.

Legume abundance along successional and rainfall gradients in Neotropical forests.

The nutrient demands of regrowing tropical forests are partly satisfied by nitrogen-fixing legume trees, but our understanding of the abundance of those species is biased towards wet tropical regions. Here we show how the abundance of Leguminosae is affected by both recovery from disturbance and large-scale rainfall gradients through a synthesis of forest inventory plots from a network of 42 Neotropical forest chronosequences. During the first three decades of natural forest regeneration, legume basal area is twice as high in dry compared with wet secondary forests. The tremendous ecological success of legumes in recently disturbed, water-limited forests is likely to be related to both their reduced leaflet size and ability to fix N2, which together enhance legume drought tolerance and water-use efficiency. Earth system models should incorporate these large-scale successional and climatic patterns of legume dominance to provide more accurate estimates of the maximum potential for natural nitrogen fixation across tropical forests.

Biochemical and clinical characterization of metabolic phenotypes: a cross-sectional study from Maracaibo city, Venezuela.

Background: In 1980, Reuben Andresen observed that in certain individuals, obesity did not increase mortality, introducing an atypical phenotype called "healthy obese". Other studies reported that 10-15 % of lean individuals presented insulin resistance, hyperglycemia and dyslipidemia. The objective of this study was to evaluate biochemical and clinical characteristics of metabolic phenotypes in Maracaibo city. Methods: A descriptive, cross-sectional study with a randomized multistage sampling was performed including 1226 non diabetic individuals from both sexes. For phenotype definition, the subjects were first classified according to their BMI into Normal-Weight, Overweight and Obese; then divided in metabolically healthy and unhealthy using a two-step analysis cluster. To evaluate the relationship with coronary risk, a multiple logistic regression model was performed. Results: In the studied population, 5.2% (n=64) corresponded to unhealthy lean subjects, and 17.4% (n=217) to healthy obese subjects. Metabolically unhealthy normal-weight (MUNW) phenotype was found in males in 53.3% in contrast to 51.3% of metabolically unhealthy obese (MUO) phenotype found in females. An association between metabolically unhealthy phenotypes and a higher risk of a coronary event was found, especially for obese individuals (MHO: OR=1.85 CI95%: 1.11-3.09; p=0.02 and MUO: OR=2.09 CI95%: 1.34-3.28; p<0.01). Conclusion: Individuals with atypical metabolic phenotypes exist in Maracaibo city. Related factors may include insulin resistance, basal glucose levels, and triglycerides levels. Lastly, cardiovascular risk exhibited by healthy obese individuals should be classified in categories of major coronary risk related to lean subjects.

Punto de corte para el índice de adiposidad visceral en una población venezolana: resultados del Estudio de prevalencia de síndrome metabólico de Maracaibo / Optimal cutoff for visceral adiposity index in a Venezuelan population: Results from the Maracaibo City Metabolic Syndrome Prevalence Study

Aim: Visceral obesity is one of the most intensely researched cardiometabolic risk factors in recent years; nonetheless, its accurate assessment remains a challenge in regions were socioeconomic conditions hinder the widespread use of diagnostic methods for this purpose, such as imaging tests. In this setting, Visceral Adiposity Index (VAI) may be a useful tool. Thus, the objective of this study was to determine the VAI cutoff in adult population from Maracaibo City, Venezuela. Methods: This is a descriptive, cross-sectional study with multi-staged sampling; 2026 subjects of both genders aged ≥18 years were selected from this database and had their VAI calculated. In order to determine VAI cutoffs, subsamples of metabolically healthy and sick individuals were determined, with 599 and 286 subjects, respectively. Gender-specific and general ROC curves were plotted in order to identify the most suitable cutoff according to sensitivity and specificity. Results: Median VAI in the selected sample was 1.67 (0.97-2.78). The optimal cutoff was determined to be 1.91, with 70.3% sensitivity, 70.3% specificity [AUC = 0.777 (0.745-0.808)]. No differences were found between genders. Analysis by age revealed VAI to have greater predictive power among subjects aged < 30 years (cutoff: 1.53), 78.6% sensitivity, 72.8% specificity [AUC = 0.797 (0.709-0.884)]. Conclusion: We suggest a VAI cutoff of 1.9 for define dysfunctional adiposity in our population, with age being an important factor in the epidemiologic behavior of this variable, particularly in younger individuals.

Objetivo: La obesidad central es uno de los factores de riesgo cardiometabólicos emergente más evaluado durante los últimos años, sin embargo, su medición de forma precisa resulta un reto en aquellas poblaciones cuyas condiciones económicas dificultan la realización de métodos diagnósticos complejos, como pruebas de imagen. Por ello el objetivo de este estudio es determinar el punto de corte del índice de adiposidad visceral (VAI) en sujetos adultos de la ciudad de Maracaibo, Venezuela. Métodos: Se seleccionó a 2.026 individuos de ambos sexos, mayores de 18 años, de la base de datos del Estudio de prevalencia de síndrome metabólico en la ciudad de Maracaibo, un estudio descriptivo, transversal, con muestreo multietápico. El VAI se calculó para cada sexo y para la estimación del punto corte se seleccionó a 599 sujetos sanos y 286 enfermos, realizándose curvas COR para identificar el mejor valor de acuerdo con la sensibilidad y la especificidad. Resultados: El promedio de VAI en la muestra seleccionada fue 1,67 (0,97-2,78). El punto de corte fue 1,91 (70,3% de sensibilidad y 70,3% de especificidad) con AUC = 0,777 (0,745-0,808), sin diferencias en el punto de corte según sexo. En el análisis por grupos etarios la mayor capacidad predictiva fue para el grupo < 30 años con AUC = 0,797 (0,709-0,884), con un punto de corte de 1,53 (78,6% de sensibilidad y 72,8% de especificidad). Conclusión: El punto de corte indicado para VAI en nuestra población es de 1,9; considerando la edad como un factor importante en su comportamiento, especialmente en los grupos más jóvenes.

Optimal cutoff for the evaluation of insulin resistance through triglyceride-glucose index: A cross-sectional study in a Venezuelan population.

Background: Insulin resistance (IR) evaluation is a fundamental goal in clinical and epidemiological research. However, the most widely used methods are difficult to apply to populations with low incomes. The triglyceride-glucose index (TGI) emerges as an alternative to use in daily clinical practice. Therefore the objective of this study was to determine an optimal cutoff point for the TGI in an adult population from Maracaibo, Venezuela. Methods: This is a sub-study of Maracaibo City Metabolic Syndrome Prevalence Study, a descriptive, cross-sectional study with random and multi-stage sampling. For this analysis, 2004 individuals of both genders ≥18 years old with basal insulin determination and triglycerides < 500 mg/dl were evaluated.. A reference population was selected according to clinical and metabolic criteria to plot ROC Curves specific for gender and age groups to determine the optimal cutoff point according to sensitivity and specificity.The TGI was calculated according to the equation: ln [Fasting triglyceride (mg / dl) x Fasting glucose (mg / dl)] / 2. Results: The TGI in the general population was 4.6±0.3 (male: 4.66±0.34 vs. female: 4.56±0.33, p=8.93x10 -10). The optimal cutoff point was 4.49, with a sensitivity of 82.6% and specificity of 82.1% (AUC=0.889, 95% CI: 0.854-0.924). There were no significant differences in the predictive capacity of the index when evaluated according to gender and age groups. Those individuals with TGI≥4.5 had higher HOMA2-IR averages than those with TGI <4.5 (2.48 vs 1.74, respectively, p<0.001). Conclusions: The TGI is a measure of interest to identify IR in the general population. We propose a single cutoff point of 4.5 to classify individuals with IR. Future studies should evaluate the predictive capacity of this index to determine atypical metabolic phenotypes, type 2 diabetes mellitus and even cardiovascular risk in our population.

Carbon sequestration potential of second-growth forest regeneration in the Latin American tropics.

Regrowth of tropical secondary forests following complete or nearly complete removal of forest vegetation actively stores carbon in aboveground biomass, partially counterbalancing carbon emissions from deforestation, forest degradation, burning of fossil fuels, and other anthropogenic sources. We estimate the age and spatial extent of lowland second-growth forests in the Latin American tropics and model their potential aboveground carbon accumulation over four decades. Our model shows that, in 2008, second-growth forests (1 to 60 years old) covered 2.4 million km(2) of land (28.1% of the total study area). Over 40 years, these lands can potentially accumulate a total aboveground carbon stock of 8.48 Pg C (petagrams of carbon) in aboveground biomass via low-cost natural regeneration or assisted regeneration, corresponding to a total CO2 sequestration of 31.09 Pg CO2. This total is equivalent to carbon emissions from fossil fuel use and industrial processes in all of Latin America and the Caribbean from 1993 to 2014. Ten countries account for 95% of this carbon storage potential, led by Brazil, Colombia, Mexico, and Venezuela. We model future land-use scenarios to guide national carbon mitigation policies. Permitting natural regeneration on 40% of lowland pastures potentially stores an additional 2.0 Pg C over 40 years. Our study provides information and maps to guide national-level forest-based carbon mitigation plans on the basis of estimated rates of natural regeneration and pasture abandonment. Coupled with avoided deforestation and sustainable forest management, natural regeneration of second-growth forests provides a low-cost mechanism that yields a high carbon sequestration potential with multiple benefits for biodiversity and ecosystem services.

O atendimento psicoterapêutico em grupo aos usuários de uma unidade de saúde pelo método corporal de petho sandor: uma interpretação na perspectiva da psicologia analitica de CGJung / The psychotherapeutic assistance group users of a health care facility by the method body Petho sandor: an interpretation from the perspective of analytical psychology of CG Jung

Este estudo investiga a pertinência de uma modalidade de psicoterapia junguiana e grupal conduzida pelo Método Corporal de Sándor em vista da demanda em saúde mental dos usuários da Unidade Básica de Saúde da Vila Pereira Barreto

Hiperplasia nodular focal hepática / Focal nodal hyperplasia

La hiperplasia nodal focal es el segundo tumor benigno más frecuente del hígado, y debe incluirse en el diagnóstico diferencial de las lesiones sólidas hepáticas. Se presenta el caso de una paciente adolescente con dolor abdominal crónico y hallazgo de masa abdominal al examen físico y en los estudios de imágenes. Se realizó resección quirúrgica de la masa debido a la persistencia de la sintomatología y la incertidumbre en el diagnóstico. Se realiza una revisión de la literatura sobre este tema con el objetivo de conocer las indicaciones quirúrgicas en este tipo de patología...

Focal nodal hyperplasia is the second most common benign tumor of the liver and should be included in the differential diagnosis of solid liver lesions. We present a case of an adolescent with chronic abdominal pain and abdominal mass fi nding on physical examination and imaging studies. Surgical resection of the mass was performed, due to the persistent symptoms and uncertainty in diagnosis. We make a literature review on this topic with the objective of known the surgical indications in this pathology...

Textiloma en cavidad intraabdominal: una causa de diagnóstico equívoco / Textiloma in intraabdominal cavity: a cause of wrong diagnosis

Se presenta el caso de una paciente de 71 años, con antecedente de colecistectomía hace 27 años, remitida al departamento de cirugía para evaluación de masa intraabdominal, por hallazgo imagenológico de masa calcificada sugestiva de lesión tumoral tanto por ecografía como por tomografía axial computarizada abdominal, por lo cual fue llevada a cirugía en donde se evidenció textiloma quirúrgico. El hallazgo de calcificación en la tomografía axial computarizada probablemente fue el factor de confusión causante del diagnóstico erróneo. El textiloma debe ser incluido dentro de los diagnósticos diferenciales de masas abdominales, especialmente en pacientes con antecedentes de cirugías abdominales previas, incluso ante hallazgos típicos sugestivos de características tumorales en los estudios de imágenes preoperatorias. Se exponen imágenes de los estudios prequirúrgicos del caso, de la pieza quirúrgica extraída durante el procedimiento y se realiza una revisión de la literatura.

The case of a 71 year-old patient is presented, with a history of cholecystectomy 27 years ago, who was referred to the surgery department for evaluation of an intrabdominal mass. On imaging studies there was a calcificated mass suggestive of tumoral lesion either by abdominal ecography and abdominal computed tomography, because of this she was carried to surgery where a textiloma was found. The calcification on the abdominal computed tomography probably was the factor which caused the wrong diagnosis. Textiloma should be included in the differential diagnosis of abdominal masses, especially in patients with a prior history of abdominal surgery, even with typical tumorous characteristics on preoperative imaging studies. Hereafter are exposed image of preoperative studies of the case, of the surgical piece removed during the procedure and a literature review is made.

La semilla de Campsiandra angustifolia (Fabaceae: Caesalpiniodeae)como un reflejo de las presiones selectivas sobre su dispersión y establecimiento / The seeds of Campsiandra angustifolia (Fabaceae: Caesalpiniodeae) as a reflex of selective pressures on dispersal and establishment

We indirectly evaluated the selective pressures on dispersal and establishment of Campsiandra angustifolia, a common water-dispersed tree from the Peruvian Amazon, analyzing the variation in the relationship between the volume occupied by dispersal and establishment structures in a total of 535 seeds from 13 trees located at three different habitats. The seeds differed one order of magnitude in their total volume. However, independently of their size and the location of the maternal tree, the relationship between the volume occupied by dispersal and establishment structures was relatively constant (~1) and showed a normal distribution with low skewness, indicating stabilizing selection. These results suggest that, in the habitats studied, dispersal and establishment processes may have similar importance to C.angustifolia. In species with seeds confined in pods, and therefore strongly space-limited, the relative volume of their seeds occupied by dispersal and establishment structures could be a better measure of the trade-off between these two processes than the variation in seed size

Evaluamos indirectamente las presiones selectivas sobre la dispersión y el establecimiento en Campsiandra angustifolia, un árbol de la Amazonía Peruana dispersado por agua, analizando variaciones de la relación entre el volumen ocupado por las estructuras de dispersión y de establecimiento en sus semillas. Medimos un total de 535 semillas de 13 árboles ubicados en tres hábitats diferentes, las cuales presentaron una gran variación en su volumen total. Independientemente del tamaño de la semilla y de la ubicación del árbol de origen, la relación entre el volumen asignado a estructuras de establecimiento y a estructuras de dispersión fue relativamente constante (~1) y presentó una distribución normal con baja asimetría, indicando selección estabilizante. Este resultado sugiere que los procesos de dispersión y establecimiento poseen una importancia relativa similar para C.angustifolia en los hábitats estudiados. En especies con semillas empaquetadas, el volumen relativo ocupado por estructuras relacionadas con la dispersión o el establecimiento podría ser una medida más adecuada de la solución de compromiso entre estos dos procesos que la variación del tamaño de la semilla

[The seeds of Campsiandra angustifolia (Fabaceae: Caesalpiniodeae) as a reflex of selective pressures on dispersal and establishment]. / La semilla de Campsiandra angustifolia (Fabaceae: Caesalpiniodeae) como un reflejo de las presiones selectivas sobre su dispersión y establecimiento.

We indirectly evaluated the selective pressures on dispersal and establishment of Campsiandra angustifolia, a common water-dispersed tree from the Peruvian Amazon, analyzing the variation in the relationship between the volume occupied by dispersal and establishment structures in a total of 535 seeds from 13 trees located at three different habitats. The seeds differed one order of magnitude in their total volume. However, independently of their size and the location of the maternal tree, the relationship between the volume occupied by dispersal and establishment structures was relatively constant (approximately 1) and showed a normal distribution with low skewness, indicating stabilizing selection. These results suggest that, in the habitats studied, dispersal and establishment processes may have similar importance to C. agustifolia. In species with seeds confined in pods, and therefore strongly space-limited, the relative volume of their seeds occupied by dispersal and establishment structures could be a better measure of the trade-off between these two processes than the variation in seed size.

VII Jornadas Regional de residencia medica: Primeras 10 causas de morbimortalidad en Unidad Terapia Intensiva del Hospital de niños Dr. Mario Ortiz Suarez, periodo enero a diciembre 1994: Octavas jornadas de residencia médica / VII Symposiums Regfional of medical residence: First 10 causes of morbidity and mortality in Unit Therapy intensive of the Children´s Hospital Dr. Mario Ortiz Suarez period january to december 1994: Eighth days of medical residence

Todas las admisiones a la unidad de terapia intensiva fueron evaluadas durante un periodo de 1 año en forma retrospectiva se realizó la selección de las 10 primeras causas de ingreso a UTI. y 10 primeras causas de fallecimiento se seleccionó la edad, sexo, diagnóstico de internación y el diagnóstico de mortalidad y los días de internación en la UNIDAD DE TERAPIAINTENSIVA...