Concentration of lipids, cholesterol, and fatty acid profile in chicken breast meat affected by wooden breast myopathy frozen for up to 12 mo.

The aim of this study was to examine the effects of frozen storage for 12 mo on the concentrations of lipids and cholesterol and fatty acid profile of wooden chicken breast meat. A total of 120 samples of chicken breasts were selected, according to the degree of "wooden breast" myopathy ["severe," "moderate," and "normal" (absence of myopathy)], from male chickens slaughtered at 42 d of age, from Cobb 500 strain. Part of the samples (n = 20/grade of severity) were evaluated on the day of collection and the remainder were packaged, frozen and stored at -18°C for up to 12 mo. At the beginning (collection day) and at the end of the proposed freezing period (12 mo), analyses of lipid, cholesterol, and fatty acid profile were carried out. Percentage of saturated (SFA), monounsaturated (MUFA), and polyunsaturated (PUFA) fatty acids were evaluated. Meats affected by wooden breast myopathy had lower levels of PUFA that exert beneficial effects on health, such as DHA, EPA and ARA, and this profile is impaired by prolonged storage (12 mo), which results in important nutritional losses for the consumer.

Physical, chemical, and microbiological evaluation of sausages produced with chicken meat affected by deep pectoral myopathy.

The purpose of the present study was to characterize the chemical composition, lipid oxidation, and physical characteristics of fresh sausages produced with meat from the pectoralis major muscle affected by deep pectoral myopathy. For the characterization of myopathy, samples were collected from broiler chickens slaughtered between 42- and 46-days old in a slaughterhouse in the state of São Paulo. The experiment consisted of samples from pectoralis major muscle of birds affected or not by DPM (normal-absence of myopathy and DPM category 3-progressive degeneration of the pectoralis minor with a greenish appearance). After classification of the samples, a part of raw products with the pectoralis minor removed, was submitted to microbiological and physical analyses for the characterization of DPM. Afterward, only the pectoralis major muscle was used to manufacture fresh sausages and 2 groups were established. The evaluated parameters were: color, pH, water-holding capacity (WHC), cooking loss (CL), shear force (SF), water activity (Aw), and chemical composition. Meat pH was higher (P < 0.05) in meats with DPM, however, WHC values were lower (71.92%), which made CL value increase (25.31%). In addition, the coloring increased and the technological characteristics of raw breasts were less favorable with the presence of DPM. All fresh sausages' color (except a* higher control group), pH, and Aw values were higher in DPM group. No effect on SF values was observed between fresh sausages. In chemical composition, only protein content increased in fresh sausages with DPM. Microbiological analyses did not indicate bacterial contamination of raw samples and fresh sausages. Data obtained in the present study suggest fresh sausages produced with breasts affected by DPM are a viable alternative and may confer more favorable qualitative characteristics to sausages than the raw marketed meat.

Effect of freezing on the quality of breast meat from broilers affected by wooden breast myopathy.

The objective of the present study was to characterize possible variations in the quality of wooden chicken breast meat during freezing for 12 mo, in order to prove whether the shelf life recommended by the industry allows the storage of that type of meat without compromising its consumption. Three hundred samples of male Cobb 500 broilers slaughtered at 42 d of age were used. Part of the samples (n = 20 normal-control group; n = 20 moderate degree; n = 20 severe degree) were analyzed on the day of collection (beginning), previously kept under refrigeration (4°C). The other samples were stored (-18°C) for up to 12 mo. At the end of each proposed freezing period (3, 6, 9, and 12 mo), physical and chemical analyses were performed (per period: n = 20 normal-control group; n = 20 moderate degree; n = 20 severe degree). Color (L*, a*, and b*), pH, water-holding capacity, cooking losses, tenderness, lipid oxidation, chemical composition, cholesterol concentration, mineral profile, and collagen concentration were evaluated. The physicochemical quality of wooden chicken breast meat is significantly altered during frozen storage for 12 mo, being of inferior quality when compared to normal chicken breast meat, which can negatively affect consumer acceptance. However, it should be noted that even after 12 mo of freezing, the meats did not show oxidative rancidity.

Níveis de sódio na ração de codornas japonesas em postura / Sodium levels in diet of laying japanese quails

O experimento foi realizado para estimar a exigência nutricional de sódio (Na) para codornas japonesas em postura. Foram utilizadas 245 codornas japonesas, com 187 dias de idade, peso de 189,4 + 6,1 g e taxa de produção de ovos de 91,05 + 5,5 %. As aves foram distribuídas em delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado, constituído por cinco rações e sete repetições. Foram formuladas cinco rações experimentais à base de milho e farelo de soja, com cinco níveis de Na (0,10; 0,15; 0,20; 0,25 e 0,30%). Foram analisados: consumo de ração, produção de ovos por ave ao dia, por ave alojada, de ovos comercializáveis, de ovos viáveis por ave ao dia, peso do ovo, massa de ovos, conversão alimentar por massa de ovos e por dúzia de ovos, componentes dos ovos (gema (g e %), albúmen (g e %) e casca (g e %), variação de peso corporal, viabilidade das aves e gravidade específica. Não foi verificado efeito (P>0,05) para nenhum dos parâmetros estudados. Sintomas de deficiência de sódio como inapetência, redução da taxa de crescimento, produção e apetite depravado não foram observados, demonstrando que o menor nível de sódio utilizado, 0,10%, não foi prejudicial às aves. A suplementação de 0,10% de sódio na ração, correspondente ao consumo diário de 26,1 mg de Na por ave foi suficiente para proporcionar satisfatório desempenho produtivo e qualidade dos ovos de codornas japonesas.(AU)

The experiment was conducted to estimate the nutritional requirement of sodium (Na) for laying Japanese quails. Were used 245 Japanese quails, with 187 days old, weight of 189.4 + 6.1 g and egg production rate of 91.05 + 5.5%. Birds were distributed in a completely randomized design, consisting of five diets and seven replicates. Five experimental diets were formulated based on corn and soybean meal, with five levels of Na (0.10, 0.15, 0.20, 0.25 and 0.30%). Were examined: feed intake, egg production per bird day, egg production per hen housed, commercial eggs, viable eggs per bird day, egg weight, egg mass, feed conversion by egg mass and per dozen eggs, components eggs (yolk, albumen and shell), body weight variation, viability of birds and specific gravity. There were no differences (P>0.05) for all parameters studied. Symptoms of deficiency as inappetence, reduction in the growth rate and depraved appetite were not observed in this study, demonstrating that the lower level of Na used, 0.10%, was not adverse to birds. Supplementation of 0.10% Na in diet of the birds, corresponding to a daily intake of 26.1 mg / bird was enough to provide good performance and egg quality of Japanese quails.(AU)

Níveis de sódio na ração de codornas japonesas em postura / Sodium levels in diet of laying japanese quails

O experimento foi realizado para estimar a exigência nutricional de sódio (Na) para codornas japonesas em postura. Foram utilizadas 245 codornas japonesas, com 187 dias de idade, peso de 189,4 + 6,1 g e taxa de produção de ovos de 91,05 + 5,5 %. As aves foram distribuídas em delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado, constituído por cinco rações e sete repetições. Foram formuladas cinco rações experimentais à base de milho e farelo de soja, com cinco níveis de Na (0,10; 0,15; 0,20; 0,25 e 0,30%). Foram analisados: consumo de ração, produção de ovos por ave ao dia, por ave alojada, de ovos comercializáveis, de ovos viáveis por ave ao dia, peso do ovo, massa de ovos, conversão alimentar por massa de ovos e por dúzia de ovos, componentes dos ovos (gema (g e %), albúmen (g e %) e casca (g e %), variação de peso corporal, viabilidade das aves e gravidade específica. Não foi verificado efeito (P>0,05) para nenhum dos parâmetros estudados. Sintomas de deficiência de sódio como inapetência, redução da taxa de crescimento, produção e apetite depravado não foram observados, demonstrando que o menor nível de sódio utilizado, 0,10%, não foi prejudicial às aves. A suplementação de 0,10% de sódio na ração, correspondente ao consumo diário de 26,1 mg de Na por ave foi suficiente para proporcionar satisfatório desempenho produtivo e qualidade dos ovos de codornas japonesas.

The experiment was conducted to estimate the nutritional requirement of sodium (Na) for laying Japanese quails. Were used 245 Japanese quails, with 187 days old, weight of 189.4 + 6.1 g and egg production rate of 91.05 + 5.5%. Birds were distributed in a completely randomized design, consisting of five diets and seven replicates. Five experimental diets were formulated based on corn and soybean meal, with five levels of Na (0.10, 0.15, 0.20, 0.25 and 0.30%). Were examined: feed intake, egg production per bird day, egg production per hen housed, commercial eggs, viable eggs per bird day, egg weight, egg mass, feed conversion by egg mass and per dozen eggs, components eggs (yolk, albumen and shell), body weight variation, viability of birds and specific gravity. There were no differences (P>0.05) for all parameters studied. Symptoms of deficiency as inappetence, reduction in the growth rate and depraved appetite were not observed in this study, demonstrating that the lower level of Na used, 0.10%, was not adverse to birds. Supplementation of 0.10% Na in diet of the birds, corresponding to a daily intake of 26.1 mg / bird was enough to provide good performance and egg quality of Japanese quails.