A perspective on the artificial intelligence's transformative role in advancing diffractive optics.

Artificial intelligence (AI) is transforming diffractive optics development through its advanced capabilities in design optimization, pattern generation, fabrication enhancement, performance forecasting, and customization. Utilizing AI algorithms like machine learning, generative models, and transformers, researchers can analyze extensive datasets to refine the design of diffractive optical elements (DOEs) tailored to specific applications and performance requirements. AI-driven pattern generation methods enable the creation of intricate and efficient optical structures that manipulate light with exceptional precision. Furthermore, AI optimizes manufacturing processes by fine-tuning fabrication parameters, resulting in higher quality and productivity. AI models also simulate diffractive optics behavior, accelerating design iterations and facilitating rapid prototyping. This integration of AI into diffractive optics holds tremendous potential to revolutionize optical technology applications across diverse sectors, spanning from imaging and sensing to telecommunications and beyond.

Correlative Fluorescent Scanning Probe Nanotomography Used to Study the Intracellular Distribution of Doxorubicin in MCF-7 Human Breast Adenocarcinoma Cells.

Developing technologies for efficient targeted drug delivery for oncotherapy requires new methods to analyze the features of micro- and nanoscale distributions of antitumor drugs in cells and tissues. A new approach to three-dimensional analysis of the intracellular distribution of cytostatics was developed using fluorescence scanning optical-probe nanotomography. A correlative analysis of the nanostructure and distribution of injected doxorubicin in MCF-7 human breast adenocarcinoma cells revealed the features of drug penetration and accumulation in the cell. The technology is based on the principles of scanning optical probe nanotomography and is applicable to studying the distribution patterns of various fluorescent or fluorescence-labelled substances in cells and tissues.

Identification of Ultrastructural Details of the Astrocyte Process System in Nervous Tissue of the Brain Using Correlative Scanning Probe and Transmission Electron Microscopy.

Nanoscale morphological features of branched processes of glial cells may be of decisive importance for neuron-astrocyte interactions in health and disease. The paper presents the results of a correlation analysis of images of thin processes of astrocytes in nervous tissue of the mouse brain, which were obtained by scanning probe microscopy (SPM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) with high spatial resolution. Samples were prepared and imaged using a unique hardware combination of ultramicrotomy and SPM. Astrocyte details with a thickness of several tens of nanometers were identifiable in the images, making it possible to reconstruct the three-dimensional structure of astrocytic processes by integrating a series of sequential images of ultrathin sections of nervous tissue in the future.

Hydrogels Based on Recombinant Spidroin Stimulate Proliferation and Migration of Human Corneal Cells.

The effect of recombinant spidroin (RS) hydrogel (HG) on anterior epithelial cells and keratocytes of the human cornea was studied in vitro. Corneal injuries are highly prevalent in developing countries according to the World Health Organization. Various technologies have recently been proposed to restore the damaged surface of the cornea. Use of biodegradable silk-based materials, including recombinant analogs of the spider silk protein spidroin, is an important avenue of research in the field of wound healing and corneal regeneration. Spidroins are well known for their optimal balance of strength and elasticity. Given their biological compatibility, lack of immunogenicity, and biodegradability, spidroins provide a biomaterial for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. HGs based on RS rS2/12-RGDS were therefore tested for cytotoxicity toward isolated corneal epithelial cells and keratocytes with regard to possible changes in cell phenotype and migratory activity. A promising outlook and therapeutic potential were demonstrated for RS-based HGs.

Investigation of the Distribution of Magnetic Nanoparticles in Tumor Tissues by the Method of Scanning Magnetic Force Nanotomography.

The development of effective biomedical technologies using magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) for the tasks of oncotherapy and nanodiagnostics requires the development and implementation of new methods for the analysis of micro- and nanoscale distributions of MNPs in the volume of cells and tissues. The paper presents a new approach to three-dimensional analysis of MNP distributions - scanning magnetic force nanotomography as applied to the study of tumor tissues. Correlative reconstruction of MNP distributions and nanostructure features of the studied tissues made it possible to quantitatively estimate the parameters of three-dimensional distributions of composite nanoparticles based on silicon and iron oxide obtained by femtosecond laser ablation and injected intravenously and intratumorally into tumor tissue samples of B16/F1 mouse melanoma. The developed technology based on the principles of scanning probe nanotomography is applicable for studying the features of three-dimensional micro- and nanoscale distributions of magnetic nanoparticles in biomaterials, cells and tissues of various types.

[Chordoma as a neurosurgical pathology]. / Khordoma kak neirokhirurgicheskaya patologiya.

OBJECTIVE: Assess the significance of chordoma as a neurosurgical pathology, taking into account the latest edition of the WHO classification of soft tissues and bone tumors (2020). MATERIAL AND METHODS: An analysis of 28 chordomas was carried out. All chordomas were histologically verified, including using immunohistochemical markers of notochordal differentiation (S100, EMA, keratin, brachiuria protein). RESULTS: Patients with chordomas accounted for 0.25% of the total number of neurosurgical patients. The vast majority (27) of chordomas had a cranio-vertebral localization. Sacral localization (S3-S5) of the tumor was detected in 1 patient. In 4 (15%) cases, operations were performed for the recurrence of chordoma. The tumors tended to grow into the structures of the skull, overgrown the vessels and nerves, and compress the adjacent brain structures. This was manifested by pain syndrome, neurological symptoms, impaired liquorodynamics. According to histopathological criteria, 27 (96%) cases of tumors were classified as conventional (usual) chordoma type, among them 7 corresponded to the chondroid subtype of the chordoma. In 1 case (4%), a dedifferentiated chordoma was detected. CONCLUSION: Chordoma, due to its axial localization, naturally involves adjacent structures of the nervous system, has clinically significant neuropathological manifestations, and often provides direct indications for a special neurosurgical approach. This requires its consideration not only as a bone, but also as a neurosurgical oncological pathology, along with other non-meningothelial (mesenchymal) tumors of the CNS.

[Influence of the growth of children on the features of injuries arising during a car injury]. / Vliyanie rosta detei na osobennosti povrezhdenii, voznikayushchikh pri avtomobil'noi travme.

THE AIM OF THE STUDY: Was to establish the features of injuries that occur from a car impact and from an injury in the car cab in children of different heights. A retrospective study of archival material was carried out, including forensic conclusions of the corpses of children under 18 who died as a result of car injuries. We analyzed the frequency of damage to various parts of the body as a percentage in children of different heights. As a result, it was found that in children who died as a result of an accident, both from a car impact and from an injury in the car cab, with an increase in height, death occurs more often from a combined injury, less often from an isolated injury of any one part of the body. In children-pedestrians who died from a car impact, with an increase in height, the localization of fractures of the bones of the upper and lower limbs «moves¼ to more distal regions. The frequency of fractures of the ribs, blades, and pelvic bones increases with increasing height. Ruptures of the liver and spleen are several times more likely to occur in children below 160 cm. In children-passengers with an injury in the car cab, the main features of damage caused by height were identified in the trunk region, which are manifested by a significant predominance of massiveness and the proportion of damage to the bones and internal organs of the chest, the abdomen and pelvis in children above 140 cm and, especially, above 160 cm. Of the injuries of the lower limbs, a feature of the injury in the car cab is the prevalence of injuries to the knee joints in children above 140 cm. A direct dependence of injuries of all parts of the upper limbs on height was revealed, fractures of the forearm bones has been revealed occurred only in children above 160 cm.

Scanning Optical Probe Nanotomography for Investigation of the Structure of Biomaterials and Cells.

Creation of new effective bio-artificial structures for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine requires development and implementation of new technological approaches for analysis of micro- and nanostructural features of constructs based on biomaterials and their interaction with cells. A new method of three-dimensional multiparametric analysis of nanostructure, scanning optical probe nanotomography, is presented in this paper, applied to the analysis of cells and biomaterials. Correlative reconstruction of fluorescent marker distributions and nanostructure features allows quantitative evaluation of a number of parameters of three-dimensional nanomorphology of fibroblasts and human hepatocarcinoma cells Hep-G2, adhered to biodegradable scaffolds based on silk fibroin. The developed technology with use of scanning optical probe nanotomography is applicable to investigation of three-dimensional micro- and nanostructure features of biomaterials and cells of different types.

Surface Modification of Alginate Microcarriers for Improvement of Their Biological Properties.

The obtaining of microcarriers for the cell culture and delivery is an urgent task of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. The novel method of surface modification of alginate microcarriers in the form of microspheres with a diameter of 200-300 µm was developed. The described method consists in covalent crosslinking between collagen and surface of alginate microcarriers. It was shown that the method makes it possible to completely modify the surface of the alginate microcarrier, which can be used to improve the biological properties of the microcarrier. Such microcarriers with improved biological properties can be considered as effective systems for cell delivery and culture.

The effect of biodegradable silk fibroin-based scaffolds containing glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) on the corneal regeneration process.

Corneal injury due to ocular trauma or infection is one of the most challenging vision impairing pathologies. The aim of the work was to study the effect of biodegradable silk fibroin-based scaffolds containing GDNF on the corneal regeneration process. During cultivate the highest keratocytes proliferative activity was registered with scaffolds containing 250 ng/ml and 500 ng/ml GDNF. In mice with an experimental model of epithelial-stromal damage to the cornea, silk fibroin-based scaffolds containing GDNF in various concentrations were used (in groups 1, 2 and 3 silk fibroin-based scaffolds containing GDNF in a concentration of 50 ng/ml, 250 ng/ml and 500 ng/ml, respectively; in group 4 - silk fibroin-based scaffolds without GDNF; in group 5 - a solution of GDNF with concentration of 500 ng/ml; group 6- control). The area of the corneal epithelial defect in groups 2, 3, and 5 was less than in the other groups. The most pronounced positive immunohistochemical reaction with antibodies to Bcl2, Bax, phosphoERK1/2 and phospho-JNK1/2, Ki67, Gap43 was observed in groups 2 and 3. Thus, silk fibroin-based scaffolds with GDNF stimulate the epithelialization process, proliferative activity of epithelial cells and keratocytes, accelerate the formation of the stromal nerve plexus and exhibit anti-apoptotic activity.