Hepatitis E Virus Infection in Patients with Chronic Inflammatory Bowel Disease Treated with Immunosuppressive Therapy.

BACKGROUND: Medical treatment of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) has evolved significantly, and treatment with immunomodulators is recommended. These medications may alter the patient's immune response and increase the risk of opportunistic infections. Our aim was to evaluate the prevalence and the incidence of acute or chronic HEV infection in IBD patients under immunomodulatory treatment. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We conducted a retrospective, multicenter, observational study between 2017 and 2018. IBD outpatients hospitalized for the infusion of immunomodulators were included in 16 French centers. During their daily hospitalization, blood samples were drawn for HEV serology (IgM and IgG) and HEV RNA detection. RESULTS: A total of 488 patients were included, of which 327 (67%) patients had Crohn's disease and 161 (33%) ulcerative colitis. HEV IgM was detected in 3 patients, but HEV RNA was undetectable in all patients. The HEV IgG seroprevalence rate was 14.2%. IgG-positive patients were older at sampling (p = 0.01) and IBD diagnosis (p = 0.03), had higher seafood consumption (p = 0.01) and higher doses of azathioprine (p = 0.03). Ileal and upper digestive tract involvement was more frequent in IgG-positive patients (p = 0.009), and ileocolic involvement was more frequent in IgG-negative patients (p = 0.01). Under multivariate analysis, age > 50 years [OR: 2.21 (1.26, to 3.85), p = 0.004] was associated with previous HEV infection. CONCLUSION: Systematic screening for HEV infection is not needed among IBD patients on immunomodulatory medications. However, in the event of abnormal liver test findings, HEV should be part of the classic diagnostic assessment.

Prognostic factors associated with upper gastrointestinal bleeding based on the French multicenter SANGHRIA trial.

Background and study aims Prognostic and risk factors for upper gastrointestinal bleeding (UGIB) might have changed overtime because of the increased use of direct oral anticoagulants and improved gastroenterological care. This study was undertaken to assess the outcomes of UGIB in light of these new determinants by establishing a new national, multicenter cohort 10 years after the first. Methods Consecutive outpatients and inpatients with UGIB symptoms consulting at 46 French general hospitals were prospectively included between November 2017 and October 2018. They were followed for at least for 6 weeks to assess 6-week rebleeding and mortality rates and factors associated with each event. Results Among the 2498 enrolled patients (mean age 68.5 [16.3] years, 67.1 % men), 74.5 % were outpatients and 21 % had cirrhosis. Median Charlson score was 2 (IQR 1-4) and Rockall score was 5 (IQR 3-6). Within 24 hours, 83.4 % of the patients underwent endoscopy. The main causes of bleeding were peptic ulcers (44.9 %) and portal hypertension (18.9 %). The early in-hospital rebleeding rate was 10.5 %. The 6-week mortality rate was 12.5 %. Predictors significantly associated with 6-week mortality were initial transfusion (OR 1.54; 95 %CI 1.04-2.28), Charlson score > 4 (OR 1.80; 95 %CI 1.31-2.48), Rockall score > 5 (OR 1.98; 95 %CI 1.39-2.80), being an inpatient (OR 2.45; 95 %CI 1.76-3.41) and rebleeding (OR 2.6; 95 %CI 1.85-3.64). Anticoagulant therapy was not associated with dreaded outcomes. Conclusions The 6-week mortality rate remained high after UGIB, especially for inpatients. Predictors of mortality underlined the weight of comorbidities on outcomes.

Cirrhotic patients with portal hypertension-related bleeding and an indication for early-TIPS: a large multicentre audit with real-life results.

BACKGROUND: The Baveno VI consensus meeting concluded that an early TIPS must be considered in high-risk cirrhotic patients presenting with variceal bleeding (VB) (Child B + active bleeding at endoscopy or Child C10-13 patients). Whether this therapeutic approach is feasible in a real-life setting remains unclear. AIMS: To determine (1) the proportion of patients eligible for early-TIPS among cirrhotic patients with VB, (2) the proportion of these patients who underwent early-TIPS placement and the main reasons for discarding TIPS, and (3) the outcomes of patients who experienced early-TIPS placement in a large, national, prospective, multicentre audit including academic and non-academic centres. MATERIALS AND METHODS: All French centres recruiting gastrointestinal bleeding were invited to participate. All consecutive patients with cirrhosis and PHT-related bleeding were included. RESULTS: 964 patients were included (58 centres: 26 academic, 32 non-academic; patient characteristics: male sex, 77%; age, 59.6 ± 12.1 years; aetiologies of cirrhosis (alcoholic,viral/other, 67%/15%/18%); source of bleeding (EV/GV/other, 80/11/9%); active bleeding at endoscopy 34%; Child A 21%/B 44%/C 35%. Overall, 35% of the patients were eligible for early-TIPS, but only 6.8%, displaying less severe cirrhosis underwent early-TIPS placement. The main reason for discarding TIPS was a lack of availability. The actuarial probability of survival at one year was significantly increased in early-TIPS patients (85.7±0.07% vs 58.9±0.03%, p=0.04). The severity of liver disease was the only parameter independently associated with improved one-year survival. CONCLUSION: In this real-life study, one-third of the cirrhotic patients admitted for VB fulfilled the criteria for early-TIPS placement, whereas only 7% had access to TIPS. TIPS was restricted to patients displaying less severe cirrhosis. The severity of liver disease was the only parameter that influenced survival.

Portal hypertension with extensive fibrosis and plasma cell infiltration in multiple myeloma.

Plasma cell infiltration of the liver has been described in about 45% of patient with multiple myeloma in autopsy review; however, it is usually not associated with significant liver dysfunction. Indeed, only rare cases of massive plasma cell infiltration leading to non-obstructive cholestasis and hepatic failure have been described. Here, we report a case with a history of 8 years of MM with extensive liver fibrosis and portal hypertension with no other evidence aetiology unless massive plasma cell infiltration who presented a significant regression of both biological liver abnormalities and liver stiffness after ten months of chemotherapy concomitantly to a significant decrease of the IgG serum monoclonal band.

Bile analysis using high-throughput FTIR spectroscopy for the diagnosis of malignant biliary strictures: a pilot study in 57 patients.

This study aimed at determining whether FTIR spectroscopy is able to distinguish bile samples from patients with and without malignant biliary strictures. Bile samples were collected in 19 patients with malignant biliary strictures and 38 with benign biliary diseases during endoscopic procedures. FTIR spectra were acquired on dried drops of whole bile, aqueous and organic phases obtained after lipid extraction. Data were analyzed by principal component analysis and by the support vector machine classification using a leave-n-out cross validation procedure. This was applied to the whole set of spectra and the mean and median spectra of each patient. By leaving one patient out, the classifier allowed discriminating patients with and without malignant biliary strictures with a sensitivity between 82% and 95% and a specificity between 85% and 100%. Using a randomized leave-n -out cross-validation with n = 2, 5 and 10 patients, the sensitivity decreased slightly by about 5 to 10% while the specificity remained stable, suggesting the robustness of the classifier. FTIR spectroscopy combined with chemometrics therefore shows potential to differentiate bile from patients with and without malignant biliary strictures. Although promising, the results of this pilot study cannot be generalized and needs to be confirmed in a larger population.

Filiform polyposis: A benign entity? Case report and literature review.

Filiform polyposis (FP) is a distinctive and unusual form of benign non syndromic polyposis that is occasionally encountered in the colon of patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) history. FP is characterized by one to hundreds, slender, arborizing, vermiform projections in the colon lined by normal or inflammatory colonic mucosa. Only rare cases without history or evidence of IBD have been reported. In those cases, the sigmoid colon was the most common location and none of them showed dysplasia or malignancy neither at first evaluation nor during follow-up. In this report, we present the first case of FP associated with six adenomas developed on filiform polyps and invasive adenocarcinoma in the right colon of a 54 year-old man without a past medical history of IBD.

Proximal predominance of small bowel injury associated with uncoated low-dose aspirin therapy: a video capsule study in chronic users.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Only a limited number of studies have evaluated the small intestinal damage associated with chronic low-dose aspirin (LDA) therapy. We assessed, using capsule endoscopy, the prevalence and the characteristics of small bowel damage in chronic LDA users compared with patients taking an anticoagulant (AC) and those taking no antithrombotic drugs. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed 75 capsule endoscopy recordings from three groups of patients with unexplained iron-deficient anemia: 28 patients receiving LDA, 15 receiving an AC, and 32 not receiving any antithrombotic drug. The severity and location of small intestinal mucosal breaks were assessed in a blinded manner by two endoscopists. RESULTS: All LDA users received uncoated aspirin. The number of small bowel mucosal breaks in patients receiving LDA (median 1, extremes 0-125) was significantly higher than that in those taking an AC (0, 0-1) (P=0.0005) or no antithrombotic drugs (0, 0-23) (P<0.0001). The prevalence of patients with mucosal breaks was higher in the LDA group (71.4%) than in the AC group (20%, P=0.001) and the control group (12.5%, P=0.000005). Mucosal breaks in LDA users were predominant in the first tertile of the small bowel. The difference between groups was significant only for mucosal breaks located in the first tertile (P<0.0001). CONCLUSION: About two-thirds of uncoated LDA chronic users with anemia have mucosal breaks in the small bowel. These lesions are predominant in the proximal part, suggesting a topical toxic effect of uncoated LDA.

[News in management of colorectal cancer at JFHOD 2012 meeting]. / Actualités dans la prise en charge du cancer colorectal au JFHOD 2012.

All aspects of the management of colorectal cancer were presented during the 2012 edition of JFHOD meeting, from screening to new drugs tested in metastatic situation. It was confirmed that an average number of more than 0.8 detected polyps was a quality criteria of screening colonoscopies performed for positive Hemoccult(®). The superiority of brush-sampling fecal immunological test compared to guaiac fecal occult blood test has been demonstrated in two studies, with doubled and tripled detection rates of invasive cancers and advanced adenomas, respectively. Reproducibility is a major quality factor of the histopathological analysis of malignant colorectal polyps treated by endoscopic polypectomy. The inter-observer concordance was satisfying for the invasion depth and the resection margins, but inadequate for the degree of differentiation, the budding, the degree of submucosal infiltration and vascular embol. Reliability was enhanced by the importance of the endoscopic activity in center and by the orientation of the polyps. Ultrasonographic evidence of downsizing after neoadjuvant radiochemotherapy in rectal cancer was predictive of better survival. In a randomized trial, neoadjuvant radiochemotherapy was more toxic in patients older than 70 years, inducing a decreased frequency of surgery and more frequent permanent colostomy. After retrospective analysis of individual data from patients with synchronous metastases included in four clinical trials, the resection of the primary tumor was an independent predictive factor of overall and progression free survival. A prospective randomized trial must confirm this result. A study confirmed the important contribution of diffusion-weighted MRI in the preoperative evaluation of liver metastases. Promising data were presented concerning the intensification of chemotherapy, hepatic intra-arterial chemotherapy and integration of targeted therapies to increase the resectability rate of metastases. In palliative setting, the promising action of two tyrosine kinase inhibitors (sorafenib and nintedanib) in phase I-II studies will warrant further clinical development.