[Etymology of russian terms in the anatomy of the urinary system].

This paper analyzes the etymology of the Russian names of the organs of the urinary system (kidney, ureter, urinary bladder, urethra) and their separate parts (renal pelvis). It is shown that Russian anatomical terms originate from the root morphemes of the Indo-European language group, which convey morphological, physiological or anatomical features of this or that organ. At the moment Russian terminology is widely used in the study of anatomy and other fundamental and medical sciences in universities and clinical practice along with common Latin names and eponyms of names of these or other structures.

[Applied anatomy of the medial orbital wall]. / Prikladnaya anatomiya medial'noi stenki glaznitsy.

The article provides an overview of foreign and domestic studies on the anatomy of the medial wall of the orbit. Possible structural variants of the osseus structures of the medial wall and their applied clinical significance are indicated, including those having individual occurrence: additional lacrimal bone, morphological features of the structure of the fossa of the lacrimal sac, location, shape and size of the cells of the ethmoid bone, Onody cells, Haller infraorbital cell, the relative position of the anterior and posterior ethmoid foramina, the presence of additional ethmoid foramina, dysgenesis of the lacrimal bone and the orbital plate of the ethmoid bone. The anatomical prerequisites for the occurrence of intraoperative complications with surgical access to the medial wall of the orbit are described.

[Contribution of Thomas Willis (1621-1675) to neuroanatomy and clinical neurology (on the 400th anniversary of his birth)]. / Vklad Tomasa Uillisa (1621­1675) v neiroanatomiyu i klinicheskuyu nevrologiyu (k 400-letiyu so dnya rozhdeniya).

The article is devoted to the 400th anniversary of the birth of the famous English physician and anatomist Thomas Willis (Willisius), who made an invaluable contribution to the development of neurological science and practice. The authors briefly describe the stages of his life path and characterize his contribution to neuroanatomy and clinical medicine, in particular neurology.

Crystal structures of two dimeric nickel di-phenyl-acetate com-plexes.

In the crystal structures of the title com-pounds, namely µ-aqua-κ2 O:O-di-µ-di-phenyl-acetato-κ4 O:O'-bis-[(di-phenyl-acetato-κO)bis-(pyridine-κN)nickel(II)], [Ni2(C14H11O2)4(C5H5N)4(H2O)] (1) and µ-aqua-κ2 O:O-di-µ-di-phenyl-acetato-κ4 O:O'-bis-[(2,2'-bi-pyridine-κ2 N,N')(di-phenyl-acetato-κO)nickel(II)]-aceto-nitrile-di-phenyl-acetic acid (1/2.5/1), [Ni2(C14H11O2)4(C10H8N2)2(H2O)]·2.5CH3CN·C14H12O2 (2), the com-plex units are stabilized by a variety of intra- and inter-molecular hydrogen bonds, as well as C-H⋯π and π-π contacts between the aromatic systems of the pyridine, dipyridyl and di-phenyl-acetate ligands. Despite the fact that the di-phenyl-acetate ligand is sterically bulky, this does not inter-fere with the formation of the described aqua-bridged dimeric core, even with a 2,2'-bi-pyridine ligand, which has a strong chelating effect.

[The stimulation of reparative regeneration in the treatment of fractures of the extremities with the use of new biotechnologies].

The paper presents the results of a study of Russian and foreign authors on modern methods of stimulation of reparative regeneration of bone tissue. Highlight general principles for the construction and use of bioplastic materials. An attempt to classify the most famous of biomaterials based on their physico-chemical and biological properties, as well as identified trends in the further development of tissue engineering and its importance in traumatology and orthopedics.

Quantum phenomena in ignition and detonation at elevated density.

The influence of quantum effects on the processes of initiation of combustion and detonation of hydrogen and acetylene near the low-temperature limits at elevated pressures is analyzed. A theoretical consideration which allows quantification of the quantum corrections to the rate constants of endothermic reactions associated with an increase in the high-energy tail of the equilibrium momentum distribution function at high pressures is presented. This quantum effect is caused by a manifestation of the principle of uncertainty for the energy of the colliding particles at a high frequency of collisions. It is shown that significant deviations of experimentally observed ignition and detonation delay time from the predictions of kinetic calculations are quite well described by the proposed quantum corrections. This general mechanism should be considered in the safety problem with emergency emissions of hydrogen at nuclear power stations, as well as problems of the safe production and storage of hydrogen and acetylene, which have a fundamental importance for industry and power engineering.

[Surgical treatment of chronic purulent diseases of extremities' bones and great joints].

Results of treatment of chronic purulent diseases of extremities' bones (n=414) and great joints (n=136) were analyzed. Combined treatment included surgical sanation of the inflammatory focus, autospongioplasty of residual cavities and defects after sequesterectomy (87 cases), extrafocal osteosynthesis, aspiration- flushing drainage. In 46 cases of severe suppuration in the zone of hip joint's endoprosthesis the resection arthroplasty was performed, in 43 cases of severe consequences of ankle-joint's fracture-dislocations -- compression talo-tibial and calcaneo-tibial arthrodesis. The follow-up was 15 years. Positive results were seen in 93.6% patients.

[Surgical treatment of chronic post-traumatic osteomyelitis of the femur in pseudarthrosis, ununited fractures and defects]. / Khirurgicheskoe lechenie khronicheskogo posttravmaticheskogo osteomielita bedrennoi kosti pri lozhnykh sustavakh, nesrosshikhsia perelomakh i defektakh.

The authors have analyzed the results of treatment for chronic posttraumatic osteomyelitis of the femoral bone in 69 cases of ununited fractures, false joints ad femoral bone defects. The treatment included surgical sanation of the osteomyelitic nidus together with aspiration lavage drainage and extranidal osteosynthesis by external fixation as well as local and general antibacterial therapy. In 13 cases free bone autoplasty of the osteomyelitic cavities or defects was used together with spongious structures of iliac bone (crest and wing), in 2 of these patients it was applied for replacement of the large defects of the diaphysis of the femoral bone (8 and 12 cm). In 57 patients surgical treatment was carried out in one stage, a major requisite for this was the opportunity for joining bone fragments inside the open wound after sequestrectomy as well as stable external fixation by the apparatus. This treatment gave successful results in 97% of patients.

Developmental changes in the expression of low-voltage-activated Ca2+ channels in rat visual cortical neurones.

1. The functional properties of low-voltage-activated (LVA) Ca2+ channels were studied in pyramidal neurones from different rat visual cortical layers in order to investigate changes in their properties during early postnatal development. Ca2+ currents were recorded in brain slices using the whole-cell patch-clamp technique in rats from three age groups: 2, 3 and 12 days old (postnatal day (P) 2, P3 and P12). 2. It was demonstrated that LVA Ca2+ currents are present in neurones from superficial (I-II) and deep (V-VI) visual cortex layers of P2 and P3 rats. No LVA Ca2+ currents were observed in neurones from the middle (III-IV) layers of these rats. The LVA Ca2+ currents observed in P2 and P3 neurones from both superficial and deep layers could be completely blocked by nifedipine (100 microM) and were insensitive to Ni2+ (25 microM). 3. The density of LVA Ca2+ currents decreased rapidly during the early stages of postnatal development, while the density of high-voltage-activated (HVA) Ca2+ currents progressively increased up to the twelfth postnatal day. No LVA Ca2+ currents were found in P12 neurones from any of the layers. Only HVA Ca2+ currents with high sensitivity to F- applied through the patch pipette were observed. 4. The kinetics of LVA Ca2+ currents could be well approximated by the m2h Hodgkin-Huxley equation with an inactivation time constant of 24 +/- 6 ms. The steady-state inactivation curve fitted by a Boltzmann function had the following parameters: membrane potential at half-inactivation, -86.9 mV; steepness coefficient,3.4 mV. 5. It is concluded that, in visual cortical neurones, LVA Ca2+ channels are expressed only in the neurones of deep and superficial layers over a short period during the earliest postnatal stages. These channels are nifedipine sensitive and similar in functional properties to those in the laterodorsal (LD) thalamic nucleus. However, the cortical neurones do not express another ('slow') type of LVA Ca2+ channel, which is permanently present in LD thalamic neurones after the second postnatal week, indicating that the developmental time course of cortical and thalamic cells is different.

Two types of low-voltage-activated Ca2+ channels in neurones of rat laterodorsal thalamic nucleus.

1. The pharmacological and kinetic properties of two types of low-voltage-activated (LVA) Ca2+ currents were studied in thalamocortical neurones of the laterodorsal (LD) thalamic nucleus during early postnatal development. The whole-cell patch-clamp technique was used on brain slices from rats of three age groups: 12, 14 and 17 days old (postnatal day (P) 12, P14 and P17). 2. In P12 neurones, the population of LVA Ca2+ channels was homogeneous. LVA Ca2+ current elicited by depolarizing voltage steps from a holding potential more negative than -70 mV was sensitive to nifedipine (Kd = 2.6 microM). This current reached a maximum at about -55 mV and had a fast monoexponential decay with a time constant, tau h,f, of 32.3 +/- 4.0 ms. 3. The population of LVA Ca2+ channels in P14 and P17 neurones was found to be heterogeneous. A subpopulation of nifedipine-insensitive LVA Ca2+ channels was observed. The current-voltage curve of the Ca2+ current had a characteristic hump with two peaks at about -65 and -55 mV. As well as the fast component (designated IT,f), the decay of the LVA current also included a slow component (designated IT,s), with inactivation time constants (tau h,s) of 54.2 +/- 4.5 and 68.6 +/- 3.17 ms for P14 and P17 neurones, respectively. 4. The kinetics of both components could be well approximated by the m2h Hodgkin-Huxley equation. No significant difference in activation kinetics was observed. The activation time constants for the fast (tau m,f) and slow (tau m,s) components were 6.3 +/- 1.0 and 7.3 +/- 1.5 ms, respectively. 5. La3+ at a concentration of 1 microM effectively blocked the IT,f component but Ni2+ (25 microM) completely eliminated the IT,s component. 6. Steady-state inactivation curves of both components could be best fitted by a Boltzmann function with membrane potential values at half-maximal inactivation of -85.5 and -98.1 mV for the fast and slow components, respectively. 7. It was concluded that two different subtypes of LVA Ca2+ channel are present in LD neurones. Only the fast type is well expressed at the earliest postnatal stage (P12). The slow type could be found at the end of the second week (P14). The amplitude of the slow current increased progressively up to P17, obviously coinciding with dendritic expansion as judged by progressive increase of the membrane capacitance of the corresponding neurones. This property appears to differentiate neurones of the associative nuclei from neurones of other thalamic nuclei.

[Evaluation of physical work capacity of the astronauts on Saliut-6]. / Otsenka fizicheskoi rabotosposobnosti kosmonavtov na stantsii "Saliut-6".

Electrocardiograms of Salyut-6 prime crew-members recorded during their exercises on a bicycle ergometer and treadmill are presented. ECG were recorded by a portable tape recorder Cardiocassette and transmitted to the Earth via the radiocommunication channel. This procedure helped to better understand cardiovascular adaptation to different workloads, including submaximal, as well as reserve abilities of the body at various flight stages. This can be used advantageously to correct and control the training process as well as to predict the cardiovascular status at the final flight stage.

[Immunological reactivity and the prognosis for allergic complications in the crew of the 2d Saliut-4 expedition]. / Immunologicheskaia reaktivnost' i prognozirovanie allergicheskikh oslozhnenii u ékipazha vtoroi ékspeditsii "Saliut-4".

Immunological reactivity of P. I. Klimuk and V. I. Sevastyanov was studied before and after their 63-day flight aboard the orbital station Salyut-4. The study used the methods to assay reactivity of T- and B-lymphocytes (PHA-blast-transformation, nonspecific formation of rosettes with sheep red blood cells, immunofluorescence to identify cells carrying immunoglobulin receptors on their surface, serum level of immunoglobulins as a function of Becells). Sensitization of the human body to allergenes of representatives of normal automicroflora of Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Proteus and E. coli was examined. Specific immunological reactivity which was marked on the 2nd day and tended to return to normal on the 7th day postflight as well as a significant decrease of IgA were noted. Postflight P. I. Klimuk showed sensitization to allergens of Staphylococcus and Streptococcus. Results of immunological examinations of the first and second expeditions aboard the orbital station Salyut-4 were compared.

[Dynamics of cyclic and acyclic locomotion by the crew of "Soyuz-18" after a 63-day space flight]. / Dinamika tsiklicheskikh i atsiklicheskikh lokomotsii u ékipazha "Soyuz-18" posle 63-sutochnogo prebyvaniia v usloviiakh kosmicheskogo poleta.

After the 63-day flight Soyuz-18 crewmembers P. I. Klimuk and V. I. Sevastyanov performed different types of walking, long and high jumps. During the exercises the coordination structure, bioelectric activity of anterior and posterior groups of calf and femoral muscles, distribution of loads along three coordinate axes in the center of body gravity and support reactions of feet were investigated. The study demonstrated certain stages in the recovery processes, duration of the readaptation period, dependence of the level of locomotion disorders upon the inflight exercises. The investigation showed a better condition of the locomotion functions of Soyuz-18 crewmembers as compared with those of Soyuz-9 and Soyuz-17 cosmonauts. The study also helped to determine how to arrange the readaptation period.

[Medical studies during flights of "Soiuz-12", "Soiuz-13", "Soiuz-14" space ships and "Saliut-3" orbital station]. / Meditsinskie issledovaniia vo vremia poletov kosmicheskikh korablei "Soiuz-12", "Soiuz-13", "Soiuz-14" i orbital'noi stantsii "Saliut-3"

Medical results obtained during missions of the Soyuz-12, Soyuz-13, Soyuz-14 spacecraft and the Salyut-3 orbital station are presented. The subjective feelings of the crewmembers (blood rush to the head, chest congestion, vegetative disturbances, etc), data of the inflight medical control and medical experiments as well as countermeasures used are described in detail. Results of postflight medical examinations at rest and using functional tests are also summarized. It is concluded that no abnormalities in the vital physiological functions of the crews developed inflight. The symptoms typical of the acute period of adaptation to weightlessness disappeared completely after the first flight days.