Experimental transmission of a novel relapsing fever group Borrelia harbored by Ornithodoros octodontus (Ixodida: Argasidae) in Chile.

Tick-borne relapsing fever spirochetes of genus Borrelia thrive in enzootic cycles involving Ornithodoros spp. (Argasidae) mainly, and rodents. The isolation of these spirochetes usually involves a murine model in which ticks are fed and the spirochetes detected in blood several days later. Such an experiment also demonstrates that a given species of tick is competent in the transmission of the bacteria. Here, soft ticks Ornithodoros octodontus were collected in Northern Chile with the objective to experimentally determine its capacity to transmit a Borrelia sp. detected in a previous study. Two Guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus) were used to feed nymphs and adults of O. octodontus and the spirochetes in blood were inspected by dark-field microscopy and nested PCR. Although spirochetes were not seen in blood, DNA was detected in only one animal 11 days after the ticks were fed. Genetic sequences of Borrelia flaB, clpX, pepX, recG, rplB, and uvrA genes retrieved from DNA extraction of positive blood were employed to construct two phylogenetic analyses. On the one hand, the flaB tree showed the Borrelia sp. transmitted by O. octodontus clustering with Borrelia sp. Alcohuaz, which was previously detected in that same tick species. On the other hand, concatenated clpX-pepX-recG-rplB-uvrA demonstrated that the characterized spirochete branches together with "Candidatus Borrelia caatinga", a recently discovered species from Brazil. Based on the genetic profile presented in this study, the name "Candidatus Borrelia octodonta" is proposed for the species transmitted by O. octodontus. The fact that spirochetes were not observed in blood of guinea pigs, may reflect the occurrence of low spirochetemia, which could be explained because the susceptibility of infection varies depending on the rodent species that is used in experimental models. Although the vertebrate reservoir of "Ca. Borrelia octodonta" is still unknown, Octodon degus, a rodent species that is commonly parasitized by O. octodontus, should be a future target to elucidate this issue.

[Implementation of a protocol for neuropsychiatric disease surveillance in a general hospital]. / Implementación de un sistema protocolizado de pesquisa temprana de patología psiquiátrica en un hospital general. Protocolo de Vigilancia Neuropsiquiátrica (VNP): avanzando hacia un modelo de psiquiatría de enlace proactivo.

BACKGROUND: The COVID-19 pandemic increased the incidence of neuropsychiatric diseases. Proactive models of consultation-liaison psychiatry (CLP-p) could play a key role in the prevention and management of these diseases in a general hospital. AIM: To develop a protocol for implementing screening tools for neuropsychiatric symptoms in routine clinical practice. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Elements of the Plan-Do-Study-Act (PDSA) model were used to modify the Neuropsychiatric Surveillance protocol implemented at a clinical hospital during the COVID-19 pandemic by members of the hospital's CLP team. RESULTS: A flowchart for active follow-up of neuropsychiatric symptoms during hospitalization is presented, with sequential management and referral flows, accompanied by suggestions for pre-discharge evaluation to define continuity of care actions. The COSMOS tool is also presented, designed for the detection of risk factors and actions for the prevention of neuropsychiatric diseases in general hospitals. CONCLUSIONS: The neuropsychiatric surveillance protocol facilitates early and timely interventions and establishes criteria for the continuity of post-discharge care. These changes could improve the quality of care in general hospitals and reduce the gap between mental and physical health.

Implementación de un sistema protocolizado de pesquisa temprana de patología psiquiátrica en un hospital general. Protocolo de Vigilancia Neuropsiquiátrica (VNP): avanzando hacia un modelo de psiquiatría de enlace proactivo / Implementation of a protocol for neuropsychiatric disease surveillance in a general hospital

BACKGROUND: The COVID-19 pandemic increased the incidence of neuropsychiatric diseases. Proactive models of consultation-liaison psychiatry (CLP-p) could play a key role in the prevention and management of these diseases in a general hospital. AIM: To develop a protocol for implementing screening tools for neuropsychiatric symptoms in routine clinical practice. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Elements of the Plan-Do-Study-Act (PDSA) model were used to modify the Neuropsychiatric Surveillance protocol implemented at a clinical hospital during the COVID-19 pandemic by members of the hospital's CLP team. RESULTS: A flowchart for active follow-up of neuropsychiatric symptoms during hospitalization is presented, with sequential management and referral flows, accompanied by suggestions for pre-discharge evaluation to define continuity of care actions. The COSMOS tool is also presented, designed for the detection of risk factors and actions for the prevention of neuropsychiatric diseases in general hospitals. CONCLUSIONS: The neuropsychiatric surveillance protocol facilitates early and timely interventions and establishes criteria for the continuity of post-discharge care. These changes could improve the quality of care in general hospitals and reduce the gap between mental and physical health.

Topical Chitosan-Based Thermo-Responsive Scaffold Provides Dexketoprofen Trometamol Controlled Release for 24 h Use.

Chronic and non-healing wounds demand personalized and more effective therapies for treating complications and improving patient compliance. Concerning that, this work aims to develop a suitable chitosan-based thermo-responsive scaffold to provide 24 h controlled release of Dexketoprofen trometamol (DKT). Three formulation prototypes were developed using chitosan (F1), 2:1 chitosan: PVA (F2), and 1:1 chitosan:gelatin (F3). Compatibility tests were done by DSC, TG, and FT-IR. SEM was employed to examine the morphology of the surface and inner layers from the scaffolds. In vitro release studies were performed at 32 °C and 38 °C, and the profiles were later adjusted to different kinetic models for the best formulation. F3 showed the most controlled release of DKT at 32 °C for 24 h (77.75 ± 2.72%) and reduced the burst release in the initial 6 h (40.18 ± 1.00%). The formulation exhibited a lower critical solution temperature (LCST) at 34.96 °C, and due to this phase transition, an increased release was observed at 38 °C (88.52 ± 2.07% at 12 h). The release profile for this formulation fits with Hixson-Crowell and Korsmeyer-Peppas kinetic models at both temperatures. Therefore, the developed scaffold for DKT delivery performs adequate controlled release, thereby; it can potentially overcome adherence issues and complications in wound healing applications.

Chemical analysis of callus extracts from toxic and non-toxic varieties of Jatropha curcas L.

Jatropha curcas L. belongs to Euphorbiaceae family, and it synthesizes flavonoid and diterpene compounds that have showed antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antiviral, antimicrobial, antifungal and insecticide activity. Seeds of this plant accumulate phorbol esters, which are tigliane type diterpenes, reported as toxic and, depending on its concentration, toxic and non-toxic varieties has been identified. The aim of this work was to characterize the chemical profile of the extracts from seeds, leaves and callus of both varieties (toxic and non-toxic) of Jatropha curcas, to verify the presence of important compounds in dedifferentiated cells and consider the possibility of using these cultures for the massive production of metabolites. Callus induction was obtained using NAA (1.5 mg L-1) and BAP (1.5 mg L-1) after 21 d for both varieties. Thin layer chromatography analysis showed differences in compounds accumulation in callus from non-toxic variety throughout the time of culture, diterpenes showed an increase along the time, in contrast with flavonoids which decreased. Based on the results obtained through microQTOF-QII spectrometer it is suggested a higher accumulation of phorbol esters, derived from 12-deoxy-16-hydroxy-phorbol (m/z 365 [M+H]+), in callus of 38 d than those of 14 d culture, from both varieties. Unlike flavonoids accumulation, the MS chromatograms analysis allowed to suggest lower accumulation of flavonoids as the culture time progresses, in callus from both varieties. The presence of six glycosylated flavonoids is also suggested in leaf and callus extracts derived from both varieties (toxic and non-toxic), including: apigenin 6-C-α-L-arabinopyranosyl-8-C-ß -D-xylopyranoside (m/z 535 [M+H]+), apigenin 4'-O-rhamnoside (m/z 417 [M+H]+), vitexin (m/z 433 [M+H]+), vitexin 4'-O-glucoside-2″-O-rhamnoside (m/z 741 [M+H]+), vicenin-2 (m/z 595 [M+H]+), and vicenin-2,6″-O-glucoside (m/z 757 [M+H]+).

Chemical characterization of leaves and calli extracts of Rosmarinus officinalis by UHPLC-MS.

Rosmarinus officinalis L. (Lamiaceae) is an aromatic plant widely popular mainly due to its uses in traditional medicine as an anti-inflammatory, diuretic and antimicrobial, as well as in the prevention and treatment of diseases. These biological activities are mainly related to the presence of phenolic and terpenic compounds. This work reports a chemical profile analysis of extracts from leaves and calli of rosemary obtained by both pressurized liquid extraction and maceration. Chemical profiles were determined on calli extracts of 3, 6, 9, and 15 days of culture; chemical characterization and quantification of compounds was carried out using ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. A total of 53 metabolites were identified in callus and 47 compounds in leaf extracts, of which 25 correspond to phenolic compounds, mainly flavonoids and flavones, 13 terpenes that include phenolic terpenes and one diterpenolactone, two glycosides which correspond to 6-O-caffeoyl-ß-D-fructofuranosil-(2→1)-α-D-glucopyranoside and primulaverin, an aromatic compound identified as fenantrenone and a growth regulator 12-hydroxy jasmonic acid. These results showed that undifferentiated rosemary cells accumulate the same compounds identified mainly in highly specialized tissues such as leaves. The plant cell culture supply the possibility of developing biotechnological processes to obtain compounds of commercial interest.

Estudio Descriptivo: Utilidad de la Cirugía Bariátrica en el Tratamiento de la Obesidad y Comorbilidades en Pacientes del Hospital de Especialidades José Carrasco Arteaga, 2009 - 2013 / Descriptive Study: Utility of Bariatric Surgery as Treatment for Obesity and Comorbidities in Patients from José Carrasco Arteaga Specialities Hospital, 2009-2013.

INTRODUCCIÓN: La cirugía bariátrica constituye en la actualidad una alternativa terapéutica eficaz en pacientes con obesidad y comorbilidades. El objetivo fue describir los resultados obtenidos en una serie de pacientes tratados con cirugía bariátrica en el Hospital de Especialidades José Carrasco Arteaga. MÉTODO: Estudio descriptivo, longitudinal y retrospectivo realizado en los pacientes tratados con cirugía bariátrica e ingresados en el departamento de Cirugía del Hospital de Especialidades José Carrasco Arteaga durante el periodo comprendido entre 2009 y 2013. Se estudiaron las medidas antropométricas, niveles de glicemia, perfil lipídico (colesterol, triglicéridos y HDL) y los niveles de tensión arterial previos a la cirugía y 3 controles posteriores (tercer, sexto y duodécimo mes posquirúrgico) para proceder a describir los resultados y compararlos en el tiempo de seguimiento. RESULTADOS: Se estudiaron 71 pacientes con diagnóstico de obesidad mórbida (81.5 % mujeres y 18.5 % varones) con una edad media de 44 ±10 años. El peso medio prequirúrgico fue de 110.16 ±18.6 kg y el IMC de 42.6 ±46 Kg/m2. Al tercer mes, sexto mes y un año después del procedimiento quirúrgico, el IMC promedio fue de 34.54 Kg/m2, 31.64 Kg/m2 y 30.36 Kg/m2 respectivamente. El 90.8 % de los pacientes con dislipidemia, el 100 % de los diabéticos y el 98.5 % de los hipertensos normalizaron sus perfiles correspondientes tras 12 meses. El 7.04 % de los pacientes presentaron complicaciones posquirúrgicas y la mortalidad alcanzó un 5.6 %. CONCLUSIÓN: La cirugía bariátrica constituye un procedimiento útil en la actualidad para el control de la obesidad en sus distintos grados y la reducción de los efectos de las comorbilidades asociadas a ésta como la hipertensión, diabetes y dislipidemia.(au)

BACKGROUND: Bariatric surgery is consideredan effective treatment option in patients with obesity and comorbidities. The aim was to describe the results of bariatric surgery in patients from José Carrasco Arteaga Specialities Hospital. METHODS: A retrospective longitudinal descriptive study was performed in patients treated with bariatric surgery and admitted to Surgery department at José Carrasco Arteaga Specialities Hospital from 2009 to 2013. Anthropometric measures, glucose blood levels, lipid panel (cholesterol, triglycerides and HDL) and blood pressure measures were registered before the surgery and three, six and twelve months after it to describe the results and compare them through follow-up. RESULTS: 71 patients diagnosed with morbid obesity (81.5 % male and 18.5 % female) were studied; their mean age was 45 ±10 years. Average preoperative weight was 110.16 ±18.6 kg and BMI was 42.6 ±4.6 kg/m2. BMI decreased to 34.54kg/m2, 31.64kg/m2 and 30.36kg/m2 after three, six and twelve months respectively. 90.8 % of patients with dyslipidemia, 100 % of diabetics and 98.5 % of hypertensive patients had normal values of their profiles after 12 months. Postoperative complications represented 7.04 % and mortality rate reached 5.6 %. CONCLUSION: Bariatric surgery is a useful procedure to control obesity and the effects associated to its comorbidities such as arterial hypertension, diabetes and dyslipidemia.(au)

Somatic embryogenesis from leaf explants of Tagetes erecta L.

Tagetes erecta is an asteraceous plant of industrial, ornamental and medicinal importance; its inflorescences have been used as a pigment source for food coloring, mainly for poultry skin and eggs. Nevertheless, there are few reports on plant regeneration or micropropagation, because unsuccesfull results in the plant's reaction to the growth regulators, developing embryogenesis on Tagetes erecta. In this study, somatic embryogenesis was induced and plantlets of Tagetes erecta were regenerated. For induction of globular structures MS medium supplemented with 2,4-D (4.5 µM) and BAP (8.8 µM) was used; globular structures were transferred to MS medium with 45 g l-1 sucrose until the embryos maturation. Transmission electron microscopy showed characteristic subcellular structures of embryogenic callus. Somatic embryos were transferred to MS medium without plant growth regulators and whole plantlets were obtained. In vitro plants were successfully transplanted into a mixture of peat moss and vermiculite (1 : 1 v/v) under greenhouse conditions. In this study, somatic embryogenesis and plant regeneration system from foliar explants were established, an important requirement for performing genetic transformation events on Tagetes erecta.

[Not Available]. / Efectos de la suplementación de omega-3 y entrenamiento de intervalos de alta intensidad en el rendimiento físico, presión arterial y composición corporal en individuos sedentarios con sobrepeso.

Introducción: el entrenamiento de intervalos de alta intensidad (HIIT) y el consumo de ácidos grasos omega-3 (O3) ha demostrado cada uno por separado aumentar la capacidad aeróbica, metabolismo oxidativo y función cardiovascular.Objetivo: examinar el efecto combinado de HIIT más suplementación de O3 en el rendimiento físico, presión arterial y composición corporal en jóvenes sedentarios.Método: 28 jóvenes sedentarios con sobrepeso (Edad=22 ± 4 años; IMC=25.8 ± 2.4 kg·m-2) fueron distribuidos aleatoriamente en cuatro grupos: grupo O3/HIIT (n=7) realizó un protocolo de HIIT, tres veces por semana durante seis semanas y consumió 2 g·día-1 de O3; grupo HIIT (n=7) realizó solo el HIIT; grupo O3 (n=7) solo consumió O3; y grupo CONTROL (n=7) que no realizó ninguna intervención. Consumo de oxígeno peak (VO2peak), velocidad máxima (Vmax), presión arterial sistólica y diastólica (PAS y PAD), y porcentaje de grasa fueron medidos antes y después de la intervención.Resultados: el consumo de oxígeno peak aumentó más en el grupo O3/HIIT (+10.9%) en comparación con HIIT, O3 y CONTROL. Velocidad máxima aumentó en O3/HIIT (+7.1%) y HIIT (+11.9%). La presión arterial sistólica disminuyó más en O3 (-6.8%) en comparación con O3/HIIT, HIIT y CONTROL. Por último, O3/HIIT (-19.2%), HIIT (-20.2%), y O3 (-15.2%) presentaron mayores disminuciones del porcentaje de masa grasa en relación al CONTROL.Conclusión: nuestros resultados sugieren un efecto potenciador de la capacidad aeróbica máxima producto de la combinación de HIIT y suplementación de O3. Además, se observó una disminución de masa grasa en todos los grupos intervenidos.

Efectos de la suplementación de omega-3 y entrenamiento de intervalos de alta intensidad en el rendimiento físico, presión arterial y composición corporal en individuos sedentarios con sobrepeso / Effects of omega-3 supplementation and high intensity interval training in physical performance, blood pressure and body composition in overweight individuals

Introducción: el entrenamiento de intervalos de alta intensidad (HIIT) y el consumo de ácidos grasos omega-3 (O3) ha demostrado cada uno por separado aumentar la capacidad aeróbica, el metabolismo oxidativo y la función cardiovascular. Objetivo: examinar el efecto combinado de HIIT más suplementación de O3 en el rendimiento físico, presión arterial y composición corporal en jóvenes sedentarios. Métodos: 28 jóvenes sedentarios con sobrepeso (edad = 22 ± 4 años; IMC = 25,8 ± 2,4 kg·m -2 ) fueron distribuidos aleatoriamente en cuatro grupos: grupo O3/HIIT (n = 7) realizó un protocolo de HIIT, tres veces por semana durante seis semanas y consumió 2 g·día -1 de O3; grupo HIIT (n = 7) realizó solo el HIIT; grupo O3 (n = 7) solo consumió O3; y grupo control (n = 7) que no realizó ninguna intervención. Consumo de oxígeno peak (VO 2 peak ), velocidad máxima (Vmax ), presión arterial sistólica y diastólica (PAS y PAD), y porcentaje de grasa fueron medidos antes y después de la intervención. Resultados: el consumo de oxígeno peak aumentó más en el grupo O3/HIIT (+10,9%) en comparación con HIIT, O3 y control. Velocidad máxima aumentó en O3/HIIT (+7,1%) y HIIT (+11,9%). La presión arterial sistólica disminuyó más en O3 (-6,8%) en comparación con O3/HIIT, HIIT y control. Por último, O3/HIIT (-19,2%), HIIT (-20,2%), y O3 (-15,2%) presentaron mayores disminuciones del porcentaje de masa grasa en relación al control. Conclusión: nuestros resultados sugieren un efecto potenciador de la capacidad aeróbica máxima producto de la combinación de HIIT y suplementación de O3. Además, se observó una disminución de masa grasa en todos los grupos intervenidos (AU)

Background: High Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) has shown to increase oxidative capacity and maximum oxygen consumption (VO2max ) in different populations. On the other side, the consumption of Omega-3 fatty acids (O3) has positive effects on oxidative metabolism. Objective: To observe the effects of a combination of HIIT and O3 supplementation on parameters of physical performance, blood pressure, and body composition in overweight adults. Methods: 28 young, non-active, overweight individuals (22 ± 4 years; BMI = 25.8 ± 2.4 kg/m2 ) participated in the study. They were randomly assigned to four groups: an O3/HIIT (n = 7) which performed HIIT, 3 times per week, during six weeks and took 2 g of O3 supplement daily; a HIIT group (n = 7) whom performed HIIT protocol; an O3 group (n = 7) consumed 2 g of O3 supplement daily; and a control group (n = 7). VO2max , maximum race speed, blood pressure, body fat percentage, and the sum of six skinfolds were measured at baseline and after the 6 week intervention. Results: Peak oxygen consumption increased more in the O3/HIIT group (+10.9%) when compared to the HIIT group, O3 group, and control group. Maximum race speed increased only the O3/HIIT group (+7.1%) and HIIT group (+11.9%). Systolic blood pressure decreased the most in the O3 group (-6.8%), compared to O3/HIIT, HIIT, and control. Lastly, fat percentage decreased in every group (-19.2% in O3/HIIT group, -20.2% in HIIT group, and -15.2% in O3 group), when compared to the control group. Conclusion: The results observed in VO 2peak in the O3/HIIT group, suggest an augmented effect when HIIT and O3 supplementation are combined during six weeks. Furthermore, fat percentage improved in all intervened groups when compared to control group (AU)