Incidence of childhood cancer in Latin America and the Caribbean: coverage, patterns, and time trends / Incidencia del cáncer infantil en América Latina y el Caribe: cobertura de los registros, patrones y tendencias a lo largo del tiempo / Incidência de câncer infantil na América Latina e no Caribe: cobertura, padrões e tendências temporais

ABSTRACT Objective. To provide a comprehensive overview of geographical patterns (2001-2010) and time trends (1993-2012) of cancer incidence in children aged 0-19 years in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) and interpret the findings in the context of global patterns. Methods. Geographical variations in 2001-2010 and incidence trends over 1993-2012 in the population of LAC younger than 20 years were described using the database of the third volume of the International Incidence of Childhood Cancer study containing comparable data. Age-specific incidence per million person-years (ASR) was calculated for population subgroups and age-standardized (WSR) using the world standard population. Results. Overall, 36 744 unique cases were included in this study. In 2001-2010 the overall WSR in age 0-14 years was 132.6. The most frequent were leukemia (WSR 48.7), central nervous system neoplasms (WSR 23.0), and lymphoma (WSR 16.6). The overall ASR in age group 15-19 years was 152.3 with lymphoma ranking first (ASR 30.2). Incidence was higher in males than in females, and higher in South America than in Central America and the Caribbean. Compared with global data LAC incidence was lower overall, except for leukemia and lymphoma at age 0-14 years and the other and unspecified tumors at any age. Overall incidence at age 0-19 years increased by 1.0% per year (95% CI [0.6, 1.3]) over 1993-2012. The included registries covered 16% of population aged 0-14 years and 10% of population aged 15-19 years. Conclusions. The observed patterns provide a baseline to assess the status and evolution of childhood cancer occurrence in the region. Extended and sustained support of cancer registration is required to improve representativeness and timeliness of data for childhood cancer control in LAC.

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RESUMO Objetivo. Apresentar uma visão abrangente dos padrões geográficos (2001 a 2010) e das tendências temporais (1993 a 2012) da incidência de câncer em crianças e jovens de 0 a 19 anos na América Latina e no Caribe (ALC) e interpretar os resultados no contexto de padrões mundiais. Métodos. Foram descritas variações geográficas de 2001 a 2010 e tendências de incidência de 1993 a 2012 na população com menos de 20 anos da ALC usando informações comparáveis da base de dados do terceiro volume do estudo International Incidence of Childhood Cancer. Foram calculadas taxas de incidência específica por idade por milhão de pessoas-ano (ASR, na sigla em inglês) para subgrupos populacionais e taxas padronizadas por idade usando a população padrão mundial (WSR, na sigla em inglês). Resultados. No total, foram incluídos 36 744 casos únicos. No período de 2001 a 2010, a WSR para todos os tumores combinados na faixa etária de 0 a 14 anos foi de 132,6. Os diagnósticos mais frequentes foram leucemia (WSR de 48,7), neoplasias do sistema nervoso central (WSR de 23,0) e linfoma (WSR de 16,6). A ASR para todos os tumores combinados na faixa etária de 15 a 19 anos foi de 152,3, e a maior taxa foi a de linfoma (ASR de 30,2). A incidência foi maior no sexo masculino do que no sexo feminino e maior na América do Sul do que na América Central e no Caribe. De modo geral, em comparação com as estimativas mundiais, a incidência na ALC foi menor, exceto para leucemia e linfoma entre 0 e 14 anos e para outros tumores e tumores não especificados em qualquer idade. A taxa de incidência na faixa etária de 0 a 19 anos aumentou em 1,0% ao ano (IC de 95% [0,6, 1,3]) entre 1993 e 2012. Os registros incluídos cobriam 16% da população de 0 a 14 anos e 10% da população de 15 a 19 anos. Conclusões. Os padrões observados servem de referência para avaliar o status e a evolução da ocorrência de câncer infantil na região. É necessário garantir um apoio ampliado e consistente aos registros de câncer para aprimorar a representatividade e a disponibilidade das informações em tempo adequado para o controle do câncer infantil na ALC.

Tackling the lack of diversity in cancer research.

Despite the clear benefit of studying biological samples from diverse genetic backgrounds and geographical locations, our current knowledge of disease is mostly derived from the study of European-descent individuals. In the cancer field, this is reflected in the poor representation of African and Amerindian/Latino samples in most large public data repositories. This lack of diversity is due to several reasons, but here we focus on (1) the lack of support for studies on non-European populations that are performed in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), and (2) unequal partnerships between scientists in LMICs and those in high-income countries. We argue that expanding access to research funding, increasing the participation of underrepresented scientists in editorial boards and international conferences, facilitating the publication of studies conducted in these countries, and properly acknowledging LMIC researchers' contributions in publications and grant applications will promote equity for scientists working in LMICs. We envisage that this will translate to more impactful research in these countries, which will include more samples from diverse populations. For the cancer field, this will broaden our understanding of pathomechanisms and may help to improve the treatment of patients from all backgrounds.

Methyl esters of 23,24-Dinor-5α-cholan-22-oic acids as brassinosteroid Analogues. Synthesis, evaluation of plant growth promoting activity and Molecular docking.

Five new brassinosteroid analogues were synthetized from 3ß-acetoxy-23,24-dinorchol-4-en-22-oic acid. All the obtained compound showed significant activity in the Rice Lamina Inclination Test. Interestingly the effects of the methyl ester of 3ß-hydroxy-6-oxo-23,24-dinorcholan-22-oic acid (14) at concentrations of 1 × 10-7 and 1 × 10-6 M proved to be higher than those produced by brassinolide. In silico Molecular Docking and Induced fit docking (IFD) simulations for the compounds with the highest biological activity data were carried out to investigate the binding mode interactions into the brassinolide-binding groove which revealed that the compound 14 had high binding energy values and a good affinity.

Temporal and spatial dissimilarities in an intertidal fish assemblage in the South Pacific Ocean: The role of the ENSO process and intrinsic habitat conditions in emerging patterns.

An intertidal fish assemblage was studied in central Chile for 15 years in three localities: Isla Negra, El Tabo, and Las Cruces. Analyses of their multivariate dissimilarities were carried out considering temporal and spatial factors. Temporal factors included intra-annual and year-to-year variability. Spatial factors included locality, intertidal tidepool height, and each tidepool considered as a unique unit. Complementary to this, we tested the hypothesis that the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) would help explain year-to-year dissimilarities in the multivariate structure of this fish assemblage for the 15 years of data. To this end, the ENSO was regarded as a continuous inter-annual process as well as a set of discrete events. Additionally, dissimilarities in the temporal dynamics of the fish assemblage were evaluated considering each locality and tidepool unique units. Results indicated the following: (i) The most representative species for the whole area and period of the study were Scartichthys viridis (44 %), Helcogrammoides chilensis (17 %), Girella laevifrons (10 %), Graus nigra (7 %), Auchenionchus microcirrhis (5 %), and Helcogrammoides cunninghami (4 %); (ii) there is intra-annual (i.e., seasonality) and year-to-year multivariate variability in fish assemblage dissimilarities throughout the entire area of study, including all the tidepools and localities; (iii) when considering the spatial factor specifically, each tidepool unit, as well as their heights and localities, presented their own unique temporal year-to-year dynamics. The latter can be explained by the ENSO factor, also considering the intensity of the El Niño and La Niña events. In summary, the multivariate structure of the intertidal fish assemblage was statistically dissimilar when comparing neutral periods with El Niño and La Niña events. This structure was observed for the entire area of study, for each locality, and primarily for each tidepool as a unique unit. Fish physiological mechanisms underlying the identified patterns are discussed.

Visión respecto a la legislación laboral chilena, desde sujetos en situación de discapacidad con participación política / Vision regarding chilean labor legislation, from subjects in disability situation with political participation

La presente investigación aborda la temática “Discapacidad y legislación laboral chilena”, con el propósito de incorporar en el análisis la visión de sujetos en situación de discapacidad con experiencia organizativa y orientados a la acción política. El objetivo es analizar la visión respecto a la legislación laboral actual chilena desde sujetos en situación de discapacidad que participan activamente en política, pertenecientes al Colectivo Palos de Ciego durante el año 2014. Se utiliza una metodología participativa con enfoque cualitativo, orientada a la emancipación y con perspectiva etnográfica. La recolección de información se realiza a partir de la observación participante, notas de campo y entrevistas en profundidad. El análisis de la información se realiza mediante codificación abierta. Los resultados se estructuran a partir de tres ejes temáticos: visión política de la legislación laboral, limitantes percibidas y propuestas de transformación respecto de la inclusión laboral chilena. La problemática central tiene relación con la lógica dominante bajo la cual el Estado actúa de manera subsidiaria, no reconociendo los Derechos inherentes de los sujetos en situación de discapacidad. Los miembros del Colectivo proponen estrategias de transformación de orden político, con incidencia en aspectos globales y de acción política directa, destacándose la importancia de concientizar a la sociedad respecto a la comprensión de la discapacidad como problema político. Finalmente, se expresa el desafío de ampliar la Terapia Ocupacional al ámbito político, orientando la participación del profesional en los procesos de lucha política de los sujetos en situación de discapacidad.

This research is framed in the thematic “Disability and Chilean labor legislation” with the purpose of incorporating the vision of the subjects in disability situation with experience and political action. The aim of this research is to analyze the political vision regarding the current Chilean labor legislation, from the subjects in disability situation belonging to the group “Palos de ciego” during 2014. A participatory methodology with qualitative focusing is used, oriented to emancipation, with ethnographic perspective. Data gathering is from participant observation, field notes, and in-depth interviews. The analysis of information is done through open coding. Results are structured from three thematic axes: political vision of the labor legislation, limitations and proposals of transformation of the Chilean labor inclusion. The central issue is related to the dominant logic, under which the state acts on a subsidiary basis, not recognizing the inherent rights of the subjects in disability situation. The group proposes strategies of transformation of political order, with incidence in global and specific aspects, standing out the importance of awareness in society regarding compression of disability as a political problem. Finally, is expressed the challenge of enlarge occupational therapy to a political scope, encouraging the professional’s participation in the processes of political struggle of the subjects in situation of disability, as well as political participation thereof.

Influencia de la motivación en el aprendizaje motor de niños con parálisis cerebral / Motivation influence on motor learning of children with cerebral palsy

La investigación tiene como principal objetivo determinar de qué manera influye la motivación durante el juego para la generación de aprendizaje motor de dos niños con parálisis cerebral en un Centro Educacional Integral de la ciudad de Valdivia. Bajo los fundamentos teóricos de la Ciencia de la Ocupación y la Terapia Ocupacional, se pretende identifcar cómo la motivación infuye en la conducta motora de los niños, favoreciendo o difcultando un aprendizaje motor durante el juego. La metodología utilizada es de carácter cualitativo, siendo su diseño el estudio de casos. Los principales resultados demuestran que para generar una motivación y para que ésta, a su vez, tenga una infuencia en la generación de aprendizaje motor en estos niños, se requieren factores externos durante el desarrollo del juego, a saber: tipo de juego particularmente juego propuesto y juego social– , intereses del niño y factores contextuales, los cuales repercuten en su desempeño ocupacional. Se concluye que el juego otorga herramientas para el aprendizaje motor, existiendo factores determinantes para que este pueda transformarse en una ocupación signifcativa. La motivación es clave para generar gran infuencia en el aprendizaje motor de niños con parálisis cerebral, que impacta positivamente en el desempeño ocupacional, observándose mayor interacción con los pares, involucramiento, conductas motoras adaptativas y aumento de la participación durante el juego.

The main goal of this research is to determine the role of motivation in play regarding motor learning in two kids suffering from cerebral palsy in an Integral Educational Center in Valdivia. Under the theoretical basics of Occupational Sciences and Occupational Therapy, the idea is to identify how motivation infuences the kids’ motor behavior, making it easy or making it diffcult to learn while playing. The methodology used has a qualitative nature, where its design is the study of different cases. The main results show that in order to generate a motivation, and for this motivation to have an infuence on a motor learning in these kids, external factors are also required during the development of play, such as: types of play (particularly proposed play and social play), kid’ interests, and contextual factors, which affect their occupational performance. In conclusion, play provides tools for motor learning. There are also critical factors for learning to become a signifcant occupation, where motivation is a key factor to generate a great infuence on motor learning when it comes to kids affected by cerebral palsy. This impacts the occupational performance in a positive way, where a higher interaction with peers, involvement, adaptive motor behaviors and an increase of participation during play can be observed.

Características clínico-patológicas y sobrevida de pacientes con cáncer de mama bilateral sincrónico / Clinicopathological features and survival of patients with bilateral synchronous breast cancer

Introduction: Bilateral synchronous breast cancer (BSBC) has a variable incidence and conflicting data on prognosis. Our goal is to evaluate the characteristics and survival of patients with BSBC treated at Cancer Center of the Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile. Patients and Methods: Descriptive study. We identified patients treated between January 1999 and May 2013. We evaluated and compared characteristics from BSBC patients with a local cohort of non-synchronous breast cancer. Results: The incidence of BSBC was 1.8 percent (n = 28). Three patients were excluded because of missing data. Therefore we analyzed 25 patients (50 tumors). Median age: 50 years (33-84). The dominant tumor's diagnosis was clinical in 47.6 percent of cases, and imaging in 90.5 percent of the contra-lateral non-dominant (p = 0.04). Average tumor size of invasive tumors was 2.5 cm for dominant tumor versus 1.7 cm for the non-dominant (p = 0.02). 81.4 percent of invasive tumors were estrogen receptor (ER) positive. Histological and subtype concordance between both tumors was 88 percent and 72 percent respectively. 54 percent of patients with BSBC were managed with total mastectomy versus 28.4 percent in the control group no BSBC (p = 0.0001). The estimated overall survival at 10 years was 76.5 percent in patients with no BSBC versus 62 percent in those with BSBC (p = 0.08). Conclusions: The BSBC is rare. Frequently they are ER positive tumors, mostly diagnosed through images and managed with less conservative surgery.

Introducción: La incidencia y pronóstico del Cáncer de mama (CM) bilateral sincrónico (CMBS), no son bien conocidos. Evaluamos las características y sobrevida de pacientes con CMBS tratadas en el Centro de Cáncer de la Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile. Pacientes y Método: Estudio descriptivo. Identificamos pacientes con CMBS tratadas entre enero de 1999 y mayo de 2013. Evaluamos sus características y las comparamos con una cohorte local de CM no sincrónico. Resultados: La incidencia de CMBS fue de 1,8 por ciento (n = 28). Se excluyeron 3 pacientes por falta de datos. Analizamos por tanto, 25 pacientes (50 tumores). Mediana de edad: 50 años (33-84). El diagnóstico del tumor dominante fue clínico en el 47,6 por ciento de los casos, y por imágenes en 90,5 por ciento de los contra-laterales no dominantes (p = 0,04). Tamaño tumoral promedio de los tumores invasores fue de 2,5 cm en tumores dominantes vs 1,7 cm en los no dominantes (p = 0,02). Un 81,4 por ciento de los tumores invasores fueron receptor de estrógenos (RE) positivos. La concordancia histológica y de subtipo histológico entre ambos tumores fue de 88 por ciento y 72 por ciento respectivamente. Un 54 por ciento de las pacientes con CMBS fueron manejadas con mastectomía total versus un 28,4 por ciento en el grupo control de CM no BS (p = 0,0001). La sobrevida global estimada a 10 años fue de un 76,5 por ciento en pacientes con CM no BS versus 62 por ciento en aquellos con CMBS (p = 0,08). Conclusiones: El CMBS es poco frecuente. Usualmente son tumores RE positivos que reciben con menos frecuencia manejo conservador de la mama.

Heritability and identification of QTLs and underlying candidate genes associated with the architecture of the grapevine cluster (Vitis vinifera L.).

KEY MESSAGE: We have identified 19 QTLs for rachis architecture, a key and complex trait for grapevine production. Fifty out of 1,173 genes underlying these QTLs are candidates to be further explored. In the table grape industry, the rachis architecture has economic and management implications. Therefore, understanding the genetics of this trait is key for its breeding. The aim of this work was to identify genetic determinants of traits associated with the cluster architecture. Characterisations of eight traits was performed on a 'Ruby Seedless' × 'Sultanina' crossing (F1: n = 137) during three seasons, with and without gibberellic acid (GA3) applications. The genotypic effects and the genotype × GA3 interactions were significant for several traits. Rachis length (rl), lateral shoulder length and node number along the central axis were the most prominent traits. On average, the heritability of these traits was ~71 %, with heritability of rl being 76 % as estimated under different seasons. Quantitative trait loci (QTLs) analyses showed that linkage group 5 (LG5) and LG18 harboured the largest number of QTLs for these traits. According to the variance explained, the main QTL (corresponding to rl) was found on LG9. These QTLs were supported mainly by a paternal additive effect and revealed possible pleiotropic effects. Based on the grapevine reference genome, we identified 1,173 genes located under these QTL confidence intervals. Fifty of the 891 annotated genes of this list were selected for their further characterisation because of their possible participation in the rachis architecture. In conclusion, the QTLs detected indicate that these traits and their GA3 responsiveness have a clear genetic basis. Due to the percentage of the total variance explained, they are good candidates to participate in the genetic determination of the cluster architecture.

Treatment of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia in central America: a lower-middle income countries experience.

BACKGROUND: Five Asociación de Hemato-Oncología de Centroamérica (AHOPCA) countries have used an adapted BFM-based protocol for childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). PROCEDURE: In the AHOPCA-ALL 2008 protocol, patients were stratified by age, white blood cell count, immunophenotype, central nervous system involvement, day 8 prednisone response, and morphologic bone marrow response to induction therapy. Patients at Standard Risk (SR) received a three-drug induction regimen, a reinduction phase, and maintenance with protracted intrathecal therapy. Those at Intermediate (IR) and High Risk (HR) received, in addition, daunorubicin during induction therapy, a consolidation phase and two or three reinduction phases respectively. RESULTS: From August 2008 through July 2012, 1,313 patients were enrolled: 353 in SR, 548 in IR, 412 in HR. During induction therapy, 3.0% of patients died, 2.7% abandoned treatment, 1.1% had resistant ALL, and 93.2% achieved morphological complete remission (CR). Deaths and abandonment in first CR occurred in 2.7% and in 7.0% of patients, respectively. The relapse rate at a median observation time of 2.1 years was 15.0%. At 3 years, the event-free survival (EFS) and overall survival (OS), with abandonment considered as an event, were 59.4% (SE 1.7) and 68.2% (SE 1.6). Three-year EFS was 68.5% (SE 3.0), 62.1% (SE 2.6), and 47.8% (SE 3.2) for SR, IR, and HR groups. Adolescents had a significantly higher relapse rate (P = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: This experience shows that common international studies are feasible in lower-middle income countries. Toxic deaths, abandonment of treatment, and relapses remain major obstacles to the successful treatment. Alternative treatment strategies may be beneficial.

Cisgenesis and intragenesis: new tools for improving crops.

Genetically Modified Organisms (GMO) could be the answer for many relevant problems affecting crops. However, improving crops through GMO is also often associated with safety concerns, environmental risks and health issues due to the presence of foreign DNA. These limitations have prompted the development of alternative technologies. Recently, cisgenesis and intragenesis have been developed as new tools aimed to modify crops. While cisgenesis involves genetic modification using a complete copy of natural genes with their regulatory elements that belong exclusively to sexually compatible plants, intragenesis refers to the transference of new combinations of genes and regulatory sequences belonging to that particular species. So far, application of cisgenesis and intragenesis as alternatives to conventional transgenesis are limited to a few species, mainly due to the lack of knowledge of the regulatory sequences required. The grape is one of the most cultivated crops worldwide and is the most economically relevant crop in Chile. Its genomic sequence has been completed, making available new sources of information to improve grape traits by genetic manipulation. This review is focused on the current alternatives to transgenesis in plants, including new approaches to develop marker-free crops, their application to economically relevant crops and future perspectives in the area. Also, the identification of grapevine promoters with a wide range of expression profiles is shown. The expression pattern of these genes was analyzed in different tissues and developmental stages, as well as under several stresses and stimuli, giving a broad range of expression patterns, including genes expressed exclusively during ripening, in response to sugars, senescence and biotic stress, among others. Genes with strong and constitutive expression were also identified. Functional analysis using reporter genes has been conducted in order to confirm the promoter's transcription activity, opening new possibilities for developing cisgenic/intragenic grapevines.

Cisgenesis and Intragenesis: New tools For Improving Crops

Genetically Modified Organisms (GMO) could be the answer for many relevant problems affecting crops. However, improving crops through GMO is also often associated with safety concerns, environmental risks and health issues due to the presence of foreign DNA. These limitations have prompted the development of alternative technologies. Recently, cisgenesis and intragenesis have been developed as new tools aimed to modify crops. While cisgenesis involves genetic modification using a complete copy of natural genes with their regulatory elements that belong exclusively to sexually compatible plants, intragenesis refers to the transference of new combinations of genes and regulatory sequences belonging to that particular species. So far, application of cisgenesis and intragenesis as alternatives to conventional transgenesis are limited to a few species, mainly due to the lack of knowledge of the regulatory sequences required. The grape is one of the most cultivated crops worldwide and is the most economically relevant crop in Chile. Its genomic sequence has been completed, making available new sources of information to improve grape traits by genetic manipulation. This review is focused on the current alternatives to transgenesis in plants, including new approaches to develop marker-free crops, their application to economically relevant crops and future perspectives in the area. Also, the identification of grapevine promoters with a wide range of expression profiles is shown. The expression pattern of these genes was analyzed in different tissues and developmental stages, as well as under several stresses and stimuli, giving a broad range of expression patterns, including genes expressed exclusively during ripening, in response to sugars, senescence and biotic stress, among others. Genes with strong and constitutive expression were also identified. Functional analysis using reporter genes has been conducted in order to confirm the promoter's transcription activity, opening new possibilities for developing cisgenic/intragenic grapevines.

Mecanismos neuronales en el control del dormir / Neural mechanisms in the control of sleep

Neural mechanisms involved in sleep and wakefulness generation are widely distributed in the central nervous system. Current models emphasize the pivotal role of the hypothalamus incontrolling the activation and inhibition of the ascending activating system and thlamo-cortical networks during wakefulness and restorative sleep respectively. The restorative properties of sleep, the duration and the timing of sleep occurrence is determined by at least two families of processes; (i) circadian rhythms generated at the hypothalamic pacemaker, that favorssleep and wakefulness at determined phases of the day; and (ii) homeostatic mechanisms that maintain the adequate daily sleep quotas, by compensating sleep debts and excesses. It is a current focus of clinical and basic research the effect of transient or chronic disruption of sleep architecture on performance and wellbeing.

Evolución de la prevalencia de caries y gingivitis en niños de 6 y 12 años de Peralillo, VI Región,entre el año 2000 y el 2010 / Caries and gingivitis changes among 6 and 12 year-old children of Peralillo, Chile, between 2000 and 2010

Objetivo: Dada la limitada información epidemiológica en Chile sobre las patologías orales más prevalentes y el efecto de los programas de salud instaurados, el objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar los cambios en la prevalencia de caries y gingivitis en una población de 6 y 12 años de la VI Región, entre los años 2000 y 2010. Sujetos y Métodos: 143 sujetos de 6 y 12 años atendidos en el CESFAM de Peralillo fueron examinados clínicamente para detectar caries y diagnosticar gingivitis. Las fichas clínicas de 134 niños de las mismas edades y procedencia atendidos el año 2000 fueron analizadas para comparar los indicadores. Se obtuvo el índice de caries mediante el COPD y el ceod, además del diagnóstico gingival mediante parámetros clínicos. Los resultados de ambos años fueron comparados estadísticamente y las diferencias consideradas significativas si p<0.05. Resultados: La prevalencia de caries a los 6 años disminuyó de 89 por ciento a 65 por ciento, pero sólo el COPD mostró una reducción estadísticamente significativa de 0.93 a 0.086. A los 12 años, ni la prevalencia de caries ni el índice COPD mostraron un cambio significativo. La prevalencia de gingivitis disminuyó significativamente en ambos segmentos de edad en los 10 años de evaluación. Conclusiones: Pese a verificarse una leve disminución, la prevalencia de caries en Peralillo continua siendo muy alta y no ha variado sustancialmente en 10 años. Se sugieren más estudios similares para evaluar la eficacia de los programas en curso.

Aim: Given the limited epidemiological information in Chile on the most common oral diseases and the effectiveness of the existent programs, the aim of this study was to evaluate the changes in caries and gingivitis prevalence in a 6 and 12 year-old children from the VI Region, between the years 2000 and 2010. Subjects and Methods: 143 6 and 12 year-old children treated at the CESFAM of Peralillo were clinically examined to detect and diagnose caries and gingivitis. Clinical records of 134 same ages children treated at the same service in the year 2000 were analyzed to compare the indexes. Caries index was obtained by DMFT and dmft and gingivitis was assessed by clinical parameters. Results obtained both years were compared and considered significant if p<0.05. Results: Caries prevalence decreased in the group of 6 year-olds from 89 percent to 65 percent, but only DMFT showed a significant reduction from 0.93 to 0.086. In the 12 year-old children, neither caries prevalence nor DMFT showed significant changes within the 10-year period. Conclusions: In spite of a slight decrease, caries prevalence in Peralillo continues to be very high and it has not substantially changed in 10 years. Further similar studies are suggested to assess the efficacy of the current programs in use.

Implentacion de las Autonomias Indigena Originaria Campesina

A partir de 1953 se declaró el 2 de agosto como ôDía del Indioö enhomenaje a la promulgación del Decreto-Ley de Reforma Agraria, celebrándosecada año esta medida fundamental, acompañando la misma con algunas titulaciones de tierras. En el año 2009 declaramos el lanzamiento de la implementación de la autonomía indígena originaria campesina como un pilar fundamental de ruptura del monopolio del poder político especialmente en las tierras bajas del país, complementando el proceso de ruptura del monopolio del poder económico concretado en la titulación de las tierras comunitarias indígenas.

P2Y1 receptor activation elicits its partition out of membrane rafts and its rapid internalization from human blood vessels: implications for receptor signaling.

The nucleotide P2Y(1) receptor (P2Y(1)R) is expressed in both the endothelial and vascular smooth muscle cells; however, its plasma membrane microregionalization and internalization in human tissues remain unknown. We report on the role of membrane rafts in P2Y(1)R signaling by using sodium carbonate or OptiPrep sucrose density gradients, Western blot analysis, reduction of tissue cholesterol content, and vasomotor assays of endothelium-denuded human chorionic arteries. In tissue extracts prepared either in sodium carbonate or OptiPrep, approximately 20 to 30% of the total P2Y(1)R mass consistently partitioned into raft fractions and correlated with vasomotor activity. Vessel treatment with methyl beta-cyclodextrin reduced the raft partitioning of the P2Y(1)R and obliterated the P2Y(1)R-mediated contractions but not the vasomotor responses elicited by either serotonin or KCl. Perfusion of chorionic artery segments with 100 nM 2-methylthio ADP or 10 nM [[(1R,2R,3S,4R,5S)-4-[6-amino-2-(methylthio)-9H-purin-9-yl] 2,3dihydroxybicyclo[3.1.0]hex-1-yl]methyl] diphosphoric acid mono ester trisodium salt (MRS 2365), a selective P2Y(1)R agonist, not only displaced within 4 min the P2Y(1)R localization out of membrane rafts but also induced its subsequent internalization. 2'-Deoxy-N(6)-methyladenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate tetrasodium salt (MRS 2179), a specific P2Y(1)R antagonist, did not cause a similar displacement but blocked the agonist-induced exit from rafts. Neither adenosine nor uridine triphosphate displaced the P2Y(1)R from the membrane raft, further evidencing the pharmacodynamics of the receptor-ligand interaction. Vascular reactivity assays showed fading of the ligand-induced vasoconstrictions, a finding that correlated with the P2Y(1)R exit from raft domains and internalization. These results demonstrate in intact human vascular smooth muscle the association of the P2Y(1)R to membrane rafts, highlighting the role of this microdomain in P2Y(1)R signaling.

Senescence-associated genes induced during compatible viral interactions with grapevine and Arabidopsis.

The senescence process is the last stage in leaf development and is characterized by dramatic changes in cellular metabolism and the degeneration of cellular structures. Several reports of senescence-associated genes (SAGs) have appeared, and an overlap in some of the genes induced during senescence and pathogen infections has been observed. For example, the enhanced expression of SAGs in response to diseases caused by fungi, bacteria, and viruses that trigger the hypersensitive response (HR) or during infections induced by virulent fungi and bacteria that elicit necrotic symptoms has been observed. The present work broadens the search for SAGs induced during compatible viral interactions with both the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana and a commercially important grapevine cultivar. The transcript profiles of Arabidopsis ecotype Uk-4 infected with tobacco mosaic virus strain Cg (TMV-Cg) and Vitis vinifera cv. Carménère infected with grapevine leafroll-associated virus strain 3 (GLRaV-3) were analysed using microarray slides of the reference species Arabidopsis. A large number of SAGs exhibited altered expression during these two compatible interactions. Among the SAGs were genes that encode proteins such as proteases, lipases, proteins involved in the mobilization of nutrients and minerals, transporters, transcription factors, proteins related to translation and antioxidant enzymes, among others. Thus, part of the plant's response to virus infection appears to be the activation of the senescence programme. Finally, it was demonstrated that several virus-induced genes are also expressed at elevated levels during natural senescence in healthy plants.

Gene expression associated with compatible viral diseases in grapevine cultivars.

Viral diseases affect grapevine cultures without inducing any resistance response. Thus, these plants develop systemic diseases and are chronically infected. Molecular events associated with viral compatible infections responsible for disease establishment and symptoms development are poorly understood. In this study, we surveyed viral infection in grapevines at a transcriptional level. Gene expression in the Vitis vinifera red wine cultivars Carménère and Cabernet-Sauvignon naturally infected with GLRaV-3 were evaluated using a genome-wide expression profiling with the Vitis vinifera GeneChip from Affymetrix. We describe numerous genes that are induced or repressed in viral infected grapevines leaves. Changes in gene expression involved a wide spectrum of biological functions, including processes of translation and protein targeting, metabolism, transport, and cell defense. Considering cellular localization, the membrane and endomembrane systems appeared with the highest number of induced genes, while chloroplastic genes were mostly repressed. As most induced genes associated with the membranous system are involved in transport, the possible effect of virus in this process is discussed. Responses of both cultivars are analyzed and the results are compared with published data from other species. This is the first study of global gene profiling in grapevine in response to viral infections using DNA microarray.

Detección de insuficiencia renal oculta y factores de riesgo asociados en pacientes ingresados en el área clínica del Hospital Vicente Corral Moscoso / Detection of hidden renal failure and factors associated risk patients admitted clinical area of the Vicente Corral Moscoso Hospital

Determinar la frecuencia de insuficiencia renal oculta y factores de riesgo asociados, basándose en la estimación del filtrado glomerular mediante la formula MDRD modificada.La prevalencia general de la insuficiencia renal oculta fue de 12%. La asociación estadística con: edad mayor a 65 años proporcionó una razón de prevalencia (RP) de 7,43 (IC 95% 3,70 - 14,94), p = 0,0000; sexo femenino, RP = 3,62(IC 95% 1,79 - 7,30), p = 0,0001; hipertensión arterial, RP= 2,67 (IC 95% 1,56 - 4,56),p = 0,0005; diabetes mellitus tipo 2, RP= 2,36 (IC 95% 1,35 - 4,11), p = 0,0027;sobrepeso, RP= 2,014 (IC 95% 1,09 - 3,70), p 0,02.La prevalencia de insuficiencia renal oculta estratificada de acuerdo a los factores de riesgo, determinó que estaban afectos: 18,2% de las mujeres y el 5% de los hombres;27,2% de los mayores de 65 años; 15,5% de pacientes con índice de masa corporal por encima de 25; 24,3% de los hipertensos; 23% de los diabéticos; y el 29% de los diabéticos e hipertensos.

Trombosis de la vena ovárica / Thrombosis of the ovarian vein

Se presenta el caso clínico de una paciente que cursa con trombosis de la vena ovárica izquierda post parto prematuro extremo, secundario a corioamnionitis, con diagnóstico imagenológico confirmatorio y buena evolución a largo plazo.