Clinical practice guideline of the Spanish society of oral surgery for dental care in patients with oral cancer.

BACKGROUND: Oral cancer is the sixteenth most common malignant neoplasm worldwide, with a high mortality rate, greater than 50% at five years, and high morbidity. The effect of oncological treatment in the oral cavity is broad and has multiple levels, therefore knowing these effects and preventing them is essential for avoiding an increase in the oral pathology related with oncological therapy, maintaining the quality of life of the patient, and improving the efficacy of the treatment itself. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A group of experts belonging to the fields of Dentistry, Maxillofacial Surgery and Oncology of the University of Seville and the Virgen del Rocío University Hospital of Seville in collaboration with the University of Valencia, University of Barcelona, and University of the Basque Country, developed this Clinical Practice Guideline for the proper clinical management of patients diagnosed with oral cancer. The clinical questions were formulated in PICO format. The databases consulted were Medline/PubMed and Embase/Elsevier. The systematic reviews published on the topic were identified on Tripdatabase, Cochrane Library and CRD (Centre for Reviews and Dissemination). The recommendations were prepared based on the GRADE methodology. RESULTS: Various recommendations were defined, derived from the 21 PICO questions, referring to prevention, treatment and care for alterations arising from the pathology of oral cancer itself and its treatment. CONCLUSIONS: The preparation of this clinical practice guideline allows recommendations to be generated based on the scientific evidence available, on dentistry actions in patients with oral cancer and undergoing oncological treatment, which may be of use to the multidisciplinary team treating this type of patient.

Radiofrecuencia percutánea en el tratamiento de masas renales pequeñas: análisis de resultados y complicaciones tras diez años de experiencia / Percutaneous radiofrequency for the treatment of small renal masses: Analysis of outcomes and complications after 10 years of experience

Introducción y objetivo: El manejo de tumoraciones renales ≤ 4 cm en población anciana o con comorbilidades supone un reto, constituyendo las terapias ablativas una alternativa interesante. El objetivo es evaluar la radiofrecuencia percutánea en el tratamiento de masas renales pequeñas en nuestro centro, las complicaciones asociadas y los resultados obtenidos.Material y métodosEvaluación retrospectiva de las radiofrecuencias realizadas entre abril de 2010 y abril de 2020 en nuestro centro. Se revisaron datos demográficos, comorbilidades asociadas, características tumorales, complicaciones y resultados oncológicos y funcionales.ResultadosSe trataron 57 tumores en 53 pacientes. Seguimiento medio de 48,2 meses. Se obtuvo un 89,5% de ablaciones completas. Hubo un 19,3% de complicaciones. Fueron catalogadas como mayores un 3,5% y un 5,3% según Clavien-Dindo y SIR. Se encontró asociación estadísticamente significativa entre el resultado inicial de la ablación y la edad (p = 0,047), el score RENAL modificado (RENAL-m) (p = 0,044), la presencia de componente quístico (p = 0,049) y el tamaño tumoral (p = 0,01). El punto de corte de tamaño quedó establecido en 25 mm (p = 0,012). En el análisis multivariante, únicamente el tamaño permaneció como predictor de resultado inicial de ablación (p = 0,01; OR 1,183; IC 95% 1,041-1,345). La supervivencia cáncer específica y supervivencia libre de recurrencia a cinco años fueron del 98,1% y del 89,5% respectivamente.Se observó una disminución media del MDRD-4 de 6,59 mL/min (p = 0,005) en los seis primeros meses tras radiofrecuencia (RFA).ConclusionesDados los excelentes resultados oncológicos y funcionales demostrados, la radiofrecuencia percutánea guiada por ecografía es una terapia eficaz y segura en el tratamiento de masas renales pequeñas en pacientes seleccionados. (AU)

Introduction and objective: The management of renal tumors ≤ 4 cm in elderly population or patients with comorbidities is a challenge, for which ablative therapies are an interesting alternative. The objective is to evaluate in our center the role of percutaneous radiofrequency in the treatment of small renal masses, the associated complications and the results obtained.Material and methodsRetrospective evaluation of the radiofrequency treatments carried out between April 2010 and April 2020 in our center. Demographic data, associated comorbidities, tumor characteristics, complications and oncological and functional outcomes were reviewed.ResultsFifty-seven tumors were treated in 53 patients. Mean follow-up of 48.2 months. The percentage of complete ablations obtained was of 89.5%. There were 19.3% of complications. According to Clavien-Dindo and SIR classification systems, 3.5% and 5.3% were major complications. A statistically significant association was found between the initial result of ablation and age (p = 0.047), RENAL-m (p = 0.044), the presence of cystic component (p = 0.049) and tumor size (p = 0.01). The cut-off point for size was established at 25 mm (p = 0.012). In multivariate analysis, only size remained as a predictor of initial ablation result (p = 0.01; OR 1.183; CI 95% 1.041-1.345). Cancer-specific survival and 5-year recurrence-free survival were 98.1% and 89.5%, respectively.A mean decrease of MDRD-4 of 6.59 mL/min (p = 0.005) was observed in the first six months after RFA.ConclusionsGiven the excellent oncological and functional results demonstrated, ultrasound-guided percutaneous radiofrequency ablation is an effective and safe treatment for small renal masses in selected patients. (AU)

Percutaneous radiofrequency for the treatment of small renal masses: Analysis of outcomes and complications after 10 years of experience. / Radiofrecuencia percutánea en el tratamiento de masas renales pequeñas: análisis de resultados y complicaciones tras diez años de experiencia.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE: The management of renal tumors ≤ 4 cm in elderly population or patients with comorbidities is a challenge, for which ablative therapies are an interesting alternative. The objective is to evaluate in our center the role of percutaneous radiofrequency in the treatment of small renal masses, the associated complications and the results obtained. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Retrospective evaluation of the radiofrequency treatments carried out between April 2010 and April 2020 in our center. Demographic data, associated comorbidities, tumor characteristics, complications and oncological and functional outcomes were reviewed. RESULTS: Fifty-seven tumors were treated in 53 patients. Mean follow-up of 48.2 months. The percentage of complete ablations obtained was of 89.5%. There were 19.3% of complications. According to Clavien-Dindo and SIR classification systems, 3.5% and 5.3% were major complications. A statistically significant association was found between the initial result of ablation and age (p = 0.047), RENAL-m (p = 0.044), the presence of cystic component (p = 0.049) and tumor size (p = 0.01). The cut-off point for size was established at 25 mm (p = 0.012). In multivariate analysis, only size remained as a predictor of initial ablation result (p = 0.01; OR 1.183; CI 95% 1.041-1.345). Cancer-specific survival and 5-year recurrence-free survival were 98.1% and 89.5%, respectively. A mean decrease of MDRD-4 of 6.59 mL/min (p = 0.005) was observed in the first six months after RFA. CONCLUSIONS: Given the excellent oncological and functional results demonstrated, ultrasound-guided percutaneous radiofrequency ablation is an effective and safe treatment for small renal masses in selected patients.

Structural analysis of APOB variants, p.(Arg3527Gln), p.(Arg1164Thr) and p.(Gln4494del), causing Familial Hypercholesterolaemia provides novel insights into variant pathogenicity.

Familial hypercholesterolaemia (FH) is an inherited autosomal dominant disorder resulting from defects in the low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR), in the apolipoprotein B (APOB) or in the proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) genes. In the majority of the cases FH is caused by mutations occurring within LDLR, while only few mutations in APOB and PCSK9 have been proved to cause disease. p.(Arg3527Gln) was the first mutation in APOB being identified and characterized. Recently two novel pathogenic APOB variants have been described: p.(Arg1164Thr) and p.(Gln4494del) showing impaired LDLR binding capacity, and diminished LDL uptake. The objective of this work was to analyse the structure of p.(Arg1164Thr) and p.(Gln4494del) variants to gain insight into their pathogenicity. Secondary structure of the human ApoB100 has been investigated by infrared spectroscopy (IR) and LDL particle size both by dynamic light scattering (DLS) and electron microscopy. The results show differences in secondary structure and/or in particle size of p.(Arg1164Thr) and p.(Gln4494del) variants compared with wild type. We conclude that these changes underlie the defective binding and uptake of p.(Arg1164Thr) and p.(Gln4494del) variants. Our study reveals that structural studies on pathogenic variants of APOB may provide very useful information to understand their role in FH disease.

Carcinoma urotelial vesical variedad en nidos: presentación de 12 casos y revisión de la literatura / The nested variant of bladder transitional cell carcinoma: Review of 12 cases and review of the literature

Objetivos: El carcinoma urotelial vesical variedad en nidos es extremadamente infrecuente, y tiene un comportamiento más agresivo que el resto de tumores de vejiga. El objetivo principal de este estudio es analizar si su comportamiento en nuestro medio es tan agresivo como lo descrito en la literatura. Material y método: Revisión de 12 casos diagnosticados de carcinoma urotelial vesical variedad en nidos y análisis de las características tumorales, opciones de tratamiento, análisis de recurrencia y supervivencia de la enfermedad entre enero de 1997 y diciembre del 2010 en nuestra institución. Resultados: El 50% de los casos tuvo un estadio tumoral ≥ T2, siendo el grado de diferenciación G2 (50%) o G3 (50%). Tras el resultado anatomopatológico de la primera resección transuretral (RTU) vesical en 5 pacientes se practicó cistoprostatectomía radical, 3 una segunda RTU y 4 pacientes solo con tratamiento quimioterápico (QT) posterior y/o radioterapia (RT). De los 12 casos 5 (41,7%) fallecieron por causa tumoral y 3 (25%) por otras causas (sepsis urinaria, insuficiencia respiratoria, insuficiencia renal). Con una mediana de seguimiento de 40 meses la supervivencia global fue del 50% y la supervivencia cáncer específica del 65,6%. Conclusiones: El carcinoma urotelial vesical variedad en nidos es un tumor que se presenta en estadios avanzados, con altas tasas de recurrencias y mortalidad a pesar del uso de diferentes herramientas de tratamiento. No existe hasta la fecha una guía de práctica clínica para esta variedad de tumor urotelial

Objectives: The nested variant of bladder transitional cell carcinoma is extremely rare and has a different biological behavior to other bladder tumors. The aim of this study is to analize if their behavior is as aggressive as has been described in the literature. Material and method: Review of 12 diagnosed cases with nested variant of bladder transitional cell carcinoma and analysis of demographic characteristics, clinical presentation, tumor characteristics, treatment options, analysis of recurrence and cancer-specific survival between January 1997 and December 2010 in our hospital. Results: 50% of the cases had a pathologic stage ≥ T2, with grade of differentiation G2 (50%) or G3 (50%). After the pathological result of the TUR (transurethral resection) Bladder, 5 cases underwent radical cystoprostatectomy, 3 a second TUR bladder and 4 cases with treatment chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy (RT). Five out of 12 cases (41.7%) died due to bladder cancer and 3 died (25%) of other causes (urinary sepsis, respiratory failure, renal failure). With a median follow up of 40 months, the overall survival was 50% and cancer-specific survival of 65.6%. Conclusions: The nested variant of bladder transitional cell carcinoma is a disease with an advanced-stage presentation, with high recurrence and mortality rates despite the use of different treatments. So far there is not a clinical practice guideline for this variety of urothelial tumor

The nested variant of bladder transitional cell carcinoma: Review of 12 cases and review of the literature.

OBJECTIVES: The nested variant of bladder transitional cell carcinoma is extremely rare and has a different biological behavior to other bladder tumors. The aim of this study is to analize if their behavior is as aggressive as has been described in the literature. MATERIAL AND METHOD: Review of 12 diagnosed cases with nested variant of bladder transitional cell carcinoma and analysis of demographic characteristics, clinical presentation, tumor characteristics, treatment options, analysis of recurrence and cancer-specific survival between January 1997 and December 2010 in our hospital. RESULTS: 50% of the cases had a pathologic stage ≥T2, with grade of differentiation G2 (50%) or G3 (50%). After the pathological result of the TUR (transurethral resection) Bladder, 5 cases underwent radical cystoprostatectomy, 3 a second TUR bladder and 4 cases with treatment chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy (RT). Five out of 12 cases (41.7%) died due to bladder cancer and 3 died (25%) of other causes (urinary sepsis, respiratory failure, renal failure). With a median follow up of 40 months, the overall survival was 50% and cancer-specific survival of 65.6%. CONCLUSIONS: The nested variant of bladder transitional cell carcinoma is a disease with an advanced-stage presentation, with high recurrence and mortality rates despite the use of different treatments. So far there is not a clinical practice guideline for this variety of urothelial tumor.

Activity-associated effect of LDL receptor missense variants located in the cysteine-rich repeats.

BACKGROUND: The LDL receptor (LDLR) is a Class I transmembrane protein critical for the clearance of cholesterol-containing lipoprotein particles. The N-terminal domain of the LDLR harbours the ligand-binding domain consisting of seven cysteine-rich repeats of approximately 40 amino acids each. Mutations in the LDLR binding domain may result in loss of receptor activity leading to familial hypercholesterolemia (FH). In this study the activity of six mutations located in the cysteine-rich repeats of the LDLR has been investigated. METHODS: CHO-ldlA7 transfected cells with six different LDLR mutations have been used to analyse in vitro LDLR expression, lipoprotein binding and uptake. Immunoblotting of cell extracts, flow cytometry and confocal microscopy have been performed to determine the effects of these mutations. In silico analysis was also performed to predict the mutation effect. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: From the six mutations, p.Arg257Trp turned out to be a non-pathogenic LDLR variant whereas p.Cys116Arg, p.Asp168Asn, p.Asp172Asn, p.Arg300Gly and p.Asp301Gly were classified as binding-defective LDLR variants whose effect is not as severe as null allele mutations.

Factors associated with cortisol levels and health in 5-6-year-old children.

OBJECTIVES: This study assesses the relationships between social context (family and inter-peer context), stress, and illness in 5-6-year-old children. METHODS: To this end, data were collected on spontaneous social interpeer behavior; families provided data on stress, anxiety, and parental acceptance-rejection; and the children's pediatricians provided data relative to their health. Data on stress-related hormones (cortisol) were collected using saliva samples. RESULTS: The results revealed that none of the variables examined were significantly related to illness development in the subjects in the sample group. Cortisol levels, however, were positively associated with a record of chronic or congenital illnesses, the manifestation of behaviors related to the search for leadership status in the group and the presence of stressful events in the family environment. CONCLUSIONS: Despite finding no relationship between children's level of adrenocortical activity and the contracting or contingent development of diseases, we did find that chronic/congenital diseases may constitute a source of early stress in childhood. Certain conditions of uncertainty in the social context (family and interpeer) also seem to constitute different sources of stress.

Fospropofol: un nuevo profármaco del propofol / Fospropofol: a new prodrug of propofol

En la última década el desarrollo de las nuevas formulaciones de propofol ha avanzado rápidamente, llegando hasta la comercialización de un profármaco de propofol: el fospropofol, farmacológicamente diferente al compuesto original. Se trata de un compuesto hidrosoluble que precisa de la metabolización del profármaco en propofol, lo que conlleva un decalaje de tiempo entre el momento de su administración y la aparición del efecto farmacológico. Sus características farmacocinéticas y farmacodinámicas son diferentes a la fórmula original. Debido a su formulación no produce dolor a la inyección intravenosa, ni produce hiperlipidemia, y no favorece el sobrecrecimiento bacteriano. Aunque actualmente no está disponible en España, está aprobado por la FDA (Food and Drug Administration) para la sedación en procedimientos monitorizados tanto diagnósticos como terapéuticos en adultos y debe de ser administrado únicamente por personal cualificado para la administración de anestesia y, los pacientes deben de ser monitorizados durante todo el procedimiento(AU)

The development of new propofol formulations has advanced rapidly in the last ten years with the achievement of the marketing a new prodrug of propofol: fospropofol, pharmacologically different from the original compound. It is a water soluble compound that requires metabolism of the prodrug to propofol, which leads to a time delay between its administration and the appearance of its pharmacological effect. Its pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic characteristics are different to the original formula. Due to its formulation it does not cause pain on intravenous injection, does not lead to hyperlipidaemia or excess bacterial growth. Although it is currently unavailable in Spain, it has been approved by the FDA (American Food and Drug Administration) for sedation in controlled care in diagnostic and therapeutic procedures in adults. It must only be administered by personnel qualified to administer anaesthesia, and the patients must be monitored throughout the whole procedure(AU)

[Fospropofol: A new prodrug of propofol]. / Fospropofol: un nuevo profármaco del propofol.

The development of new propofol formulations has advanced rapidly in the last ten years with the achievement of the marketing a new prodrug of propofol: fospropofol, pharmacologically different from the original compound. It is a water soluble compound that requires metabolism of the prodrug to propofol, which leads to a time delay between its administration and the appearance of its pharmacological effect. Its pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic characteristics are different to the original formula. Due to its formulation it does not cause pain on intravenous injection, does not lead to hyperlipidaemia or excess bacterial growth. Although it is currently unavailable in Spain, it has been approved by the FDA (American Food and Drug Administration) for sedation in controlled care in diagnostic and therapeutic procedures in adults. It must only be administered by personnel qualified to administer anaesthesia, and the patients must be monitored throughout the whole procedure.

Consumo de tabaco entre pacientes con estomatitis aftosa recurrente / Smoking habit in patients with recurrent aphthous stomatitis

La Estomatitis Aftosa Recurrente (EAR) es una patología con una elevada prevalencia y una compleja etiopatogenia que aún no ha sido completamente esclarecida. El consumo de tabaco guarda una curiosa relación con esta patología ejerciendo un efecto protector cuyo origen no es bien comprendido y que ha sido objeto de controversia. En este trabajo se recogen los datos sobre consumo de tabaco en 171 pacientes con diagnóstico de EAR y se analiza su relación con los datos clínicos de dichos pacientes, atendiendo especialmente a la frecuencia, periodicidad, localización, tamaño y número de lesiones. Asimismo, en este trabajo se realiza una revisión de los aspectos más controvertidos de la relación entre el consumo de tabaco y la clínica de la EAR (AU)

Recurrent aphtohus stomatitis (RAS) is a common type of ulcerative disease of the oral mucosa with a complex etiology that remains unclear. Smoking habit has a surprising, controversial and not well understood relationship with this disease, preventing the development of new lesions. In this work we present the results on tobacco consumption among 171 RAS patients. We also analyze the clinical aspects of these patients, especially those related to the frequency, location, number and size of the lesions. In this paper we also review the most important controversies on the relationship between the smoking habit and the clinical findings in RAU patients (AU)

Hiperplasia coronoidea bilateral. Una rara patología causante de disfunción temporomandibular / Bilateral coronoid hyperplasia. An uncommon pathology cause of temporomandibular disorders

La hiperplasia coronoidea es una condición patológica muy poco frecuente, caracterizada por un crecimiento exagerado de la apófisis coronoides mandibular unilateral o bilateral. Desde la primera descripción realizada por Langenbeck a mediados del siglo XIX han aparecido descritos ocasionalmente en la literatura nuevos casos de esta rara alteración. Aunque en ocasiones es asintomática, su principal manifestación clínica es la restricción de la movilidad mandibular, principalmente en los movimientos de apertura y protrusión. Dicha limitación se debe a la impactación de la apófisis coronoides con el hueso cigomático. En este trabajo se presenta el caso clínico de un varón de 30 años de edad sin antecedentes médicos de interés que acude a consulta por un cuadro de limitación de apertura progresiva y dolor en la región temporomandibular. Tras la exploración, el empleo de técnicas radiológicas convencionales y especiales permitieron confirmar el diagnóstico de hiperplasia coronoidea bilateral. Así mismo, en este trabajo se recogen los principales aspectos clínico patológicos y diagnósticos de esta alteración. Se realiza un repaso de los aspectos más importantes en el diagnóstico diferencial de los procesos que cursan con limitación de la apertura bucal. Dentro de este diagnóstico diferencial, y a pesar de su baja prevalencia, debe incluirse esta patología (AU)

Coronoid hyperplasia is an uncommon pathology characterized by an excessive uni or bilateral growth of the mandibular coronoid process. Since the first description by Langenbeck in the middle of the XIX century, many cases have been reported in the literature. In some cases patients are asymptomatic. Nevertheless, in most of them a limitation in the mouth movements can be observed, especially during the opening and protrusion movements. This limitation is caused by the impact of the coronoid process with the zigomatic bone. In this paper we present the case of a 30 years old male patient, without other medical history, that was remitted to our service because of the presence of severe pain in the temporomandibular area and a progressive limitation of the mouth opening. After the clinical exploration a radiographic exam was carried out. Based on them the patient was diagnosed of bilateral coronoid hyperplasia. We also review the most important aspects on this disease, especially those related to the differential diagnosis with other pathologies causing limitation of mouth movements. Coronoid hyperplasia must be always considered in the differential diagnosis in cases of progressive mouth movement limitation, although this is a really uncommon pathology (AU)

Actitudes del personal sanitario de atención primaria hacia el enfermo mental, la psiquiatría y el equipo de salud mental / Attitudes of primary care health staff to the mentally ill patient, psychiatry and the mental health team

Objetivos. Medir la fiabilidad de un cuestionario de actitudes y conocimientos hacia la salud mental y el equipo de salud mental. Conocer dichas actitudes y su asociación con variables demográficas y laborales. Diseño. Observacional, transversal. Emplazamiento. Centros de atención primaria en un medio urbano. Participantes. Personal sanitario (n = 141) de centros de atención primaria cuyos centros de salud mental referentes se hallan en un área de Guipúzcoa. Mediciones principales. Cuestionario autoadministrado y anónimo que incluye un apartado con datos sociodemográficos y laborales. Encuesta que incluye ítems sobre actitudes hacia el enfermo mental, la psiquiatría, los centros de salud mental, la autopercepción de conocimientos y la predisposición a asistir a cursos en esta materia. Resultados. La tasa de respuesta fue del 70 por ciento. El análisis factorial obtuvo 5 factores, cuya medida y rango son: "asistencia a cursos", 30,8 (rango, 8-40); "conocimientos", 17,5 (rango, 7-35); "tratamiento mayor", 12,2 (rango, 6-30); "tratamiento menor", 14,4 (rango, 5-25); "atención por el centro de salud mental", 11,5 (rango, 4-20). La consistencia interna de las 5 escalas obtenidas es de 0,95, 0,92, 0,85, 0,83 y 0,65, respectivamente. El 13 por ciento no considera que haya que estar prevenido frente a los "locos". Conclusiones. No se observa una actitud negativa hacia el enfermo mental. El personal sanitario de atención primaria percibe una falta de conocimientos en psiquiatría y una insuficiente relación con el centro de salud mental, así como una buena predisposición a mejorar ambos aspectos (AU)

X-ray diffraction study of the phase transitions of (CH3)4NCdCl3 between 293 and 80 K: a quantitative analysis of the ferroelastic domains distribution below 118 K

X-ray diffraction patterns of [N(CH3)4][CdCl3], tetramethylammonium trichlorocadmate(II), have been investigated in the temperature range 80-293 K, which includes two phase transitions at 118 and 104 K, respectively. The main interest in this compound is to establish the mechanism of the structural phase transitions common to other members of the isostructural family [(CH3)4N][MX3]. It is supposed to be related to the ordering of the organic part together with some small distortion of the inorganic chains. The origin of the order-disorder mechanism would be the orientationally disordered distribution of the tetramethylammonium tetrahedra at room temperature. Maximum Entropy Methods suggest that the most probable distribution of the organic groups can be described through the so-called two-well model, in which one threefold axis of the tetramethylammonium tetrahedron coincides with the crystallographic threefold axis of the structure. Below 118 K the reflections are split. However, the splitting cannot be fully explained by the ferroelastic domains expected to appear after the phase transitions. Recent NMR results [Mulla-Osman et al. (1998). J. Phys. Condensed Matter, 10, 2465-2476] corroborate the existence of more domains than expected from symmetry considerations. A model of ferroelastic domains which is in agreement with both X-ray diffraction diagram and NMR measurements is proposed.

Activation by P2X7 agonists of two phospholipases A2 (PLA2) in ductal cells of rat submandibular gland. Coupling of the calcium-independent PLA2 with kallikrein secretion.

Isolated ductal cells of rat submandibular gland phospholipid pools were labeled with [3H]arachidonic acid (AA). The tracer was incorporated preferentially to phosphatidylcholine (46% of the lipidic fraction). Extracellular ATP induced the release of [3H]AA to the extracellular medium in a time- and dose-dependent manner (EC50 = 220 microM). Among other agents tested, only 2', 3'-O-(4-benzoylbenzoyl)adenosine 5'-triphosphate (Bz-ATP) was able to mimic the effect of ATP (EC50 = 15 microM), without activation of phospholipase C. The purinergic antagonists oxidized ATP, suramin, and Coomassie Blue partly inhibited the response to 1 mM ATP and 100 microM Bz-ATP; the response was also blocked by the addition of Mg2+ or Ni2+. Expression of P2X7 receptor mRNA in these cells was confirmed by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. In the presence of extracellular calcium, the phospholipase A2 inhibitor 2-(p-amylcinnamoyl)amino-4-chlorobenzoic acid (a nonspecific inhibitor), arachidonyl trifluoromethylketone (AACOCF3, an inhibitor of the calcium-dependent cytosolic PLA2 (cPLA2)), and bromoenol lactone (an inhibitor of the calcium-independent PLA2 (iPLA2)) inhibited the release of [3H]AA induced by ATP and Bz-ATP. In the absence of extracellular calcium, the release of [3H]AA in response to the purinergic agonists was still observed; this response was not affected by AACOCF3 and completely blocked by bromoenol lactone. ATP and Bz-ATP stimulated a calcium-independent secretion of kallikrein, which could be blocked by BEL but which was enhanced by AACOCF3. It is concluded that the P2X7 receptor in ductal cells is coupled to kallikrein secretion through a calcium-dependent cPLA2 and a calcium-independent iPLA2.

[Retroaortic renal vein. Report of a case]. / Vena renal retroaórtica. Presentación de un caso.

The retroaortic renal vein is a malformation characterized by the presence of a vessel that drains the left renal blood up to the inferior vena cava crossing behind the aortic artery. Unfamiliarity with this condition may lead to an incorrect diagnosis of adenopathy in patients with testicular and/or renal neoplasia and increases the number of complications of surgery of the left renal pedicle. Herein we describe a 71-year-old male with a retroaortic renal vein that had been detected during radical surgery for a left renal tumor.

[Reno-colic fistula]. / Fístula renocólica.

Nephro-intestinal fistulas involve the GI tract and the kidney or pyelocalyceal system. The main causes may be urologic or digestive, the site diverse. Reno-colic fistulas, although rare, are more frequently observed. We describe a case of left reno-colic fistula secondary to lithiasic pyonephrosis that presented as sepsis. Diagnosis was confirmed by retrograde pyelography. Treatment was by surgery (left nephrectomy, closure of the fistula, and colonorhaphy).

[Association of 2 prostatic tumors]. / Asociación de dos tumores prostáticos.

We report on a case of primary transitional cell carcinoma of the prostate associated with focal prostatic carcinoma, incidentally discovered after TUR of the prostate. An underlying bladder tumor was discarded by randomized TUR of the bladder and serial cytologic analyses.