Tratamiento endovascular de aneurismas de arterias viscerales. Experiencia de 10 años en un solo centro / Endovascular treatment of visceral artery aneurysms. A single center 10-year experience

RESUMEN Antecedentes : los aneurismas de arterias viscerales (AAV) tienen una frecuencia baja (0,1 a 2%). Hasta un 25% puede presentarse como rotura, con una alta mortalidad (hasta 70%). La terapia endovascular ha ganado terreno y se recomienda como primera opción según las últimas guías. Hoy en día, es posible adaptarse a casi cualquier anatomía utilizando tecnología cerebral. Objetivo : describir la experiencia y enfoque en el manejo endovascular de AAV, con resultados a corto, mediano y largo plazo. Material y métodos : llevamos a cabo una evaluación retrospectiva de pacientes tratados por AAV verdaderos por vía endovascular en un solo centro entre 2010 y 2020, con un seguimiento mínimo de 6 meses. Resultados : analizamos 19 procedimientos en 18 pacientes (9 hombres y 9 mujeres). La edad promedio fue 61,9 años; el promedio de tiempo de internación fue 1,94 días y el promedio de seguimiento de 40 meses. La arteria más involucrada fue la esplénica (n = 9, 50%). El tamaño aneurismático promedio fue 30,1 mm. La estrategia terapéutica más utilizada fue colocación de diversor de flujo (n = 8, 42,1%). Dos pacientes fueron reintervenidos (11,1%). Las tasas de exclusión completa fueron del 47,4%, 68,4% y 94,7% a los 3, 6 y 12 meses, respectivamente. No hubo casos de mortalidad a 30 días ni mortalidad relacionada con el aneurisma durante el seguimiento. Conclusión : el tratamiento endovascular de los AAV es seguro y eficaz. Sin embargo, se debe contar con la tecnología adecuada, para la planificación preoperatoria y el tratamiento.

ABSTRACT Background : the prevalence of visceral artery aneurysms (VAAs) is low (0.1 to 2%). Up to 25% may present as rupture which is associated with high mortality (up to 70%). Endovascular treatment has gained ground and is even considered the first option according to the most recent recommendations. Nowadays, almost any anatomy can be approached with endovascular techniques used to treat intracranial aneurysms. Objective : the aim of our study was to describe the experience and approach for the endovascular management of VAAs with short-, mid-, and long-term results. Material and methods : we conducted a retrospective evaluation of patients with true VAAs undergoing endovascular treatment in a single center between 2010 and 2020 who were followed up for a minimum of 6 months. Results : we analyzed 19 procedures in 18 patients (9 men and 9 women). Mean age was 61.9 years; mean length of hospital stay was 1.94 days and mean follow-up was 40 months. The splenic artery was the vessel most affected (n = 9, 50%). Mean aneurysm size was 30.1 mm. Flow diversion was the strategy most used (n = 8, 42.1%). Two patients required reintervention (11%). Complete exclusion rate was 38.4%, 47.4%, 68.4% and 94.7% at 3, 6 and 12 months, respectively. There were no cases of mortality within the first 30 days and no aneurysm-related mortality during the follow-up period. Conclusion : endovascular treatment of VAAs is a safe and efficient strategy but requires adequate technology for preoperative planning and treatment.

Using low-cost disposable immunosensor based on flexible PET screen-printed electrode modified with carbon black and gold nanoparticles for sensitive detection of SARS-CoV-2.

To help meet the global demand for reliable and inexpensive COVID-19 testing and environmental analysis of SARS-CoV-2, the present work reports the development and application of a highly efficient disposable electrochemical immunosensor for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 in clinical and environmental matrices. The sensor developed is composed of a screen-printed electrode (SPE) array which was constructed using conductive carbon ink printed on polyethylene terephthalate (PET) substrate made from disposable soft drink bottles. The recognition site (Spike S1 Antibody (anti-SP Ab)) was covalently immobilized on the working electrode surface, which was effectively modified with carbon black (CB) and gold nanoparticles (AuNPs). The immunosensing material was subjected to a multi-technique characterization analysis using X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with elemental analysis via energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). The electrochemical characterization of the electrode surface and analytical measurements were performed using cyclic voltammetry (CV) and square-wave voltammetry (SWV). The immunosensor was easily applied for the conduct of rapid diagnoses or accurate quantitative environmental analyses by setting the incubation period to 10 min or 120 min. Under optimized conditions, the biosensor presented limits of detection (LODs) of 101 fg mL-1 and 46.2 fg mL-1 for 10 min and 120 min incubation periods, respectively; in addition, the sensor was successfully applied for SARS-CoV-2 detection and quantification in clinical and environmental samples. Considering the costs of all the raw materials required for manufacturing 200 units of the AuNP-CB/PET-SPE immunosensor, the production cost per unit is 0.29 USD.

Using nanostructured carbon black-based electrochemical (bio)sensors for pharmaceutical and biomedical analyses: A comprehensive review.

The outstanding electronic properties of carbon black (CB) and its economic advantages have fueled its application as nanostructured electrode material for the development of new electrochemical sensors and biosensors. CB-based electrochemical sensing devices have been found to exhibit high surface area, fast charge transfer kinetics, and excellent functionalization. In the present work, we set forth a comprehensive review of the recent advances made in the development and application of CB-based electrochemical devices for pharmaceutical and biomedical analyses - from quantitative monitoring of drug formulations to clinical diagnoses - and the underlying challenges and constraints that need to be overcome. We also present a thorough discussion about the strategies and techniques employed in the development of new electrochemical sensing platforms and in the enhancement of their analytical properties and biocompatibility for anchoring active biomolecules, as well as the combination of these sensing devices with other materials aiming at boosting the performance and efficiency of the sensors.

Three-dimensional virtual and printed models for planning adult cardiovascular surgery.

BACKGROUND: The objective of this study was to explore the usefulness of virtual models and three-dimensional (3D) printing technologies for planning complex non-congenital cardiovascular surgery. METHODS: Between July 2018 and December 2019, adult patients with different cardiovascular structural diseases were included in a clinical protocol to explore the usefulness of Standard Tessellation Language (STL)-based virtual models and 3D printing for prospectively planning surgery. A qualitative descriptive analysis from the surgeon's viewpoint was done based on the characteristics, advantages and usefulness of 3D models for guiding, planning and simulating the surgical procedures. RESULTS: A total of 14 custom 3D-printed heart and great vessel replicas with their corresponding 3D virtual models were created for preoperative surgical planning. Six of 14 models helped to redefine the surgical approach, 3 were useful to verify device delivery, while the rest did not change the surgical decision. In all open surgery cases, cardiac and vascular anatomy accuracy of virtual and physical 3D replicas was validated by direct visualisation of the organs during surgery. Printing was achieved through an external provider associated with the Hospital, who printed the final prototype in 5-7 days. Printed production cost was between 100 and 500 USD per model. CONCLUSIONS: In the current study, the selected 3D printed models presented different advantages (visual, tactile, and instrumental) over the traditional flat anatomical images when simulating and planning some complex types of surgery. Notwithstanding 3D printing advantages, STL-based virtual models were pre-printing useful tools when instrumentation on a physical replica was not required.

Complicaciones venosas centrales asociadas al aneurisma de aorta abdominal roto / Central Venous Complications Associated with Ruptured Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm

RESUMEN La ruptura del aneurisma de aorta abdominal (AAA) representa una verdadera emergencia quirúrgica. Asociada con dolor abdominal, hipotensión e incluso shock, exige una transferencia inmediata a una sala de operaciones adecuadamente equipada para tratar el aneurisma en forma efectiva y sin demora. Ocasionalmente puede manifestarse como resultado de su relación con estructuras adyacentes. Dos complicaciones venosas asociadas con el AAA roto son la fístula aortocava y la compresión de la vena cava inferior (VCI). Los autores informan casos particulares de fístula aortocava y compresión de VCI con trombosis venosa profunda (TVP) por AAA roto. Los cuatro pacientes fueron tratados mediante reparación endovascular. Además de discutir las circunstancias asociadas con las complicaciones venosas por AAA, los autores también discuten la estrategia de tratamiento adoptada y las posibles alternativas.

ABSTRACT Ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysms (rAAAs) represent a real surgical emergency. In the presence of abdominal pain, hypotension or even shock, patients require emergency transfer to an operating room adequately equipped to treat the aneurysm effectively and without delay. Occasionally, symptoms are the consequence of involvement of the adjacent structures, Aortocaval fistula and compression of the inferior vena cava (IVC) are venous complications associated with rAAAs. We report cases of aortocaval fistula and IVC compression with deep venous thrombosis (DVT) due to rAAA. The four patients underwent endovascular repair. The circumstances associated with the venous complications of rAAA, the treatment strategy used and the therapeutic options are described.

Técnica del debranching híbrido tipo I del arco aórtico sin circulación extracorpórea / Type I hybrid aortic arch debranching without cardiopulmonary bypass

Los aneurismas del cayado aórtico representan un desafío, ya que el involucramiento de sus grandes ramas exige una técnica quirúrgica compleja. A partir de la aparición del tratamiento endovascular, una alternativa desarrollada en los últimos años para abordar el cayado aórtico consistió en el tratamiento híbrido de esta patología, mediante la derivación quirúrgica de los vasos del cuello y la posterior exclusión del aneurisma con una endoprótesis. Este método híbrido es conocido con el nombre de debranching, y en forma simplificada consiste en realizar, sin circulación extracorpórea, una serie de puentes entre la aorta ascendente y el tronco braquiocefálico, la arteria carótida izquierda y eventualmente la arteria subclavia izquierda, para permitir avanzar una endoprótesis que cubra toda la luz del aneurisma. Se describe la técnica quirúrgica del debranching híbrido tipo I, sin el auxilio de la circulación extracorpórea e implante anterógrado de la endoprótesis, para los aneurismas del cayado aórtico.

Aortic arch aneurysms represent a major challenge as the involvement of the supra-aortic vessels demands a complex surgical technique. Since the advent of endovascular aortic repair, hybrid treatment of aortic arch disease has emerged in recent years. The procedure consists of surgical bypass of the supra-aortic vessels followed by exclusion of the aneurysm with an endograft. This hybrid method is known as debranching and, briefly, consists in performing bypasses between the ascending aorta and the brachiocephalic artery, the left carotid artery and possibly the left subclavian artery without cardiopulmonary bypass, in order to advance an endograft to cover the entire lumen of the aneurysm. The aim of this paper is to describe the surgical technique of type I hybrid debranching without cardiopulmonary bypass and antegrade endograft delivery to treat aortic arch aneurysms.

Tratamiento endovascular de aneurismas aórticos con anatomía compleja proximal / Endovascular Treatment of Aortic Aneurysms with Complex Proximal Anatomy

RESUMEN: Introducción: La angioplastia coronaria en octogenarios aumenta, pero esta población está poco representada en los estudios aleatorizados por su alto riesgo. Objetivos: Evaluar los resultados de angioplastia coronaria de pacientes octogenarios e identificar predictores independientes de mala evolución en el seguimiento. Material y métodos: Estudio retrospectivo, pacientes consecutivos con angioplastia coronaria junio 2011 a Septiembre 2013 en un Hospital Polivalente. Se compararon octogenarios (edad ≥ 80 años) con el resto. Se evaluaron las características basales y del procedimiento. Se evaluó la mortalidad y los eventos cardiovasculares mayores (MACE, muerte, infarto o stroke) a 30 días, 1 y 3 años. Se realizó un análisis univariado y multivariado para predictores de mala evolución. Resultados: Se incluyeron 1030 pacientes, 20,2% octogenarios. La edad promedio de los octogenarios era de 83 años (RIC 81-86). Estos presentaron más factores de riesgo y comorbilidades. La tasa de éxito y la cantidad de stents fue similar entre los grupos. La tasa de MACE fue mayor en octogenarios a 30 días (14,4% vs. 4,9%; p < 0,001), 1 año (23,9% vs. 8,5%; p < 0,001) y a 3 años (p < 0,0001), a expensas de mortalidad sin diferencias en el infarto (4,8% vs. 3,8%), el stroke (1,7% vs. 1,6%), ni en complicaciones del procedimiento. Los predictores independientes de muerte en octogenarios incluyen IRC, EPOC y deterioro de la función ventricular. La edad ≥ 80 años fue un predictor independiente de MACE en la población general. Conclusiones: Observamos una aceptable tasa de éxito de angioplastia coronaria en pacientes octogenarios, asociada con un aumento de la mortalidad inmediata y alejada que no parece relacionada con el procedimiento. La IRC, el EPOC y el deterioro de la función ventricular son predictores independientes de mal pronóstico en estos pacientes.

Unveiling the structure of polytetraruthenated nickel porphyrin by Raman spectroelectrochemistry.

The structure of polytetraruthenated nickel porphyrin was unveiled for the first time by electrochemistry, Raman spectroelectrochemistry, and a hydroxyl radical trapping assay. The electrocatalytic active material, precipitated on the electrode surface after successive cycling of [NiTPyP{Ru(bipy)2Cl}4](4+) species in strong aqueous alkaline solution (pH 13), was found to be a peroxo-bridged coordination polymer. The electropolymerization process involves hydroxyl radicals (as confirmed by the characteristic set of DMPO/(•)OH adduct EPR peaks) as reaction intermediates, electrocatalytically generated in the 0.80-1.10 V range, that induce the formation of Ni-O-O-Ni coordination polymers, as evidenced by Raman spectroelectrochemistry and molecular modeling studies. The film growth is halted above 1.10 V due to the formation of oxygen gas bubbles.

Tratamiento endovascular de los aneurismas toracoabdominales tipo IV / Endovascular Repair of Type IV Thoracoabdominal Aneurysms

Los pacientes con aneurismas toracoabdominales tipo IV se caracterizan anatómicamente por la presencia de una dilatación aórtica visceral que determina la falta de un cuello proximal aórtico adecuado para el anclaje de las endoprótesis convencionales. Para tal fin existen injertos especialmente diseñados con fenestraciones. En esta comunicación se describe la experiencia de un grupo quirúrgico en la utilización de endoprótesis fenestradas. Fueron tratados seis pacientes. Todas las endoprótesis fueron implantadas con éxito, respetando 20 vasos viscerales. Este abordaje constituye hoy una alternativa válida para el tratamiento de este grupo de pacientes candidatos a cirugía convencional de alto riesgo.

Endovascular Repair of Type IV Thoracoabdominal Aneurysms Type IV thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysms are characterized by involvement of the visceral aortic segment which determines the lack of a proximal aortic neck suitable for the implantation conventional stents. Fenestrated stents have been specially developed for these cases. We describe the experience of a surgical center using fenestrated stents in six patients. All the stents were successfully implanted, respecting 20 visceral vessels. This approach is a valid alternative for patients who are at high risk for conventional surgery.

Tratamiento endovascular de los aneurismas toracoabdominales tipo IV / Endovascular Repair of Type IV Thoracoabdominal Aneurysms

Los pacientes con aneurismas toracoabdominales tipo IV se caracterizan anatómicamente por la presencia de una dilatación aórtica visceral que determina la falta de un cuello proximal aórtico adecuado para el anclaje de las endoprótesis convencionales. Para tal fin existen injertos especialmente diseñados con fenestraciones. En esta comunicación se describe la experiencia de un grupo quirúrgico en la utilización de endoprótesis fenestradas. Fueron tratados seis pacientes. Todas las endoprótesis fueron implantadas con éxito, respetando 20 vasos viscerales. Este abordaje constituye hoy una alternativa válida para el tratamiento de este grupo de pacientes candidatos a cirugía convencional de alto riesgo.(AU)

Endovascular Repair of Type IV Thoracoabdominal Aneurysms Type IV thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysms are characterized by involvement of the visceral aortic segment which determines the lack of a proximal aortic neck suitable for the implantation conventional stents. Fenestrated stents have been specially developed for these cases. We describe the experience of a surgical center using fenestrated stents in six patients. All the stents were successfully implanted, respecting 20 visceral vessels. This approach is a valid alternative for patients who are at high risk for conventional surgery.(AU)

Cerebral protection during carotid stenting using flow reversal.

BACKGROUND: Carotid angioplasty and stenting can be used in stroke prevention in high-risk patients. As embolic complications can occur during carotid angioplasty and stenting, a device was developed to protect from cerebral embolization. METHODS: Between September 1999 and May 2002, carotid angioplasty and stenting was performed in 100 patients (84 men; mean age, 69.2 years) with symptomatic (26%) or asymptomatic (74%) severe carotid artery stenosis. Wallstents were used in all cases with selective pre-dilatation. Cerebral protection devices (Parodi Anti-Emboli System [PAES], ArteriA, San Francisco, Calif) were used in all patients. All patients were evaluated by a neurologist, both before and after the procedure. According to the criteria set forth by the large trials, the occurrence of minor, major or fatal stroke and myocardial infarction (end points) within 30 days and follow-up were determined as end points. Data were collected prospectively. RESULTS: The overall perioperative stroke and death rate was 3% (1 noncorresponding minor stroke, 1 hemorrhagic stroke, and 1 cardiac event). Four patients developed postoperative transient neurologic events (three related to hemodynamic instability and the fourth due to postoperative embolization). The overall technical success rate for carotid angioplasty (protection device placed in position percutaneously) was 99%. CONCLUSION: The efficacy and safety of carotid angioplasty and stenting with PAES are confirmed. This innovative protection device may prevent the debris released by angioplasty from entering the cerebral circulation. Further investigation is warranted.

Endovascular treatment of aneurysmal disease.

Endovascular repair of abdominal aortic aneurysm using stent grafts that are delivered intraluminally by catheters is a less invasive alternative to open surgical repair. Endovascular surgery has been studied for over a decade, and early results are comparable to open repair. With extended follow-up care, however, postoperative complications and graft failures have been reported in some patients, resulting in reintervention, conversion to open repair, and death. The high incidence of secondary interventions causes some researchers to question the durability of endograft repair and emphasizes the need for detailed long-term follow-up care. This article describes the evolution of endovascular treatment of abdominal aortic aneurysm from its origin to its current state and discusses the future direction of endovascular therapy.