RESUMEN
Nanocrystalline diamond (NCD) films are attractive for many applications due to their smooth surfaces while holding the properties of diamond. However, their growth rate is generally low using common Ar/CH4 with or without H2 chemistry and strongly dependent on the overall growth conditions using microwave plasma chemical vapor deposition (MPCVD). In this work, incorporating a small amount of N2 and O2 additives into CH4/H2 chemistry offered a much higher growth rate of NCD films, which is promising for some applications. Several novel series of experiments were designed and conducted to tailor the growth features of NCD films by fine-tuning of the gas-phase compositions with different amounts of nitrogen and oxygen addition into CH4/H2 gas mixtures. The influence of growth parameters, such as the absolute amount and their relative ratios of O2 and N2 additives; substrate temperature, which was adjusted by two ways and inferred by simulation; and microwave power on NCD formation, was investigated. Short and long deposition runs were carried out to study surface structural evolution with time under identical growth conditions. The morphology, crystalline and optical quality, orientation, and texture of the NCD samples were characterized and analyzed. A variety of NCD films of high average growth rates ranging from 2.1 µm/h up to 6.7 µm/h were successfully achieved by slightly adjusting the O2/CH4 amounts from 6.25% to 18.75%, while that of N2 was kept constant. The results clearly show that the beneficial use of fine-tuning of gas-phase compositions offers a simple and effective way to tailor the growth characteristics and physical properties of NCD films for optimizing the growth conditions to envisage some specific applications.
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In this Letter we present a discrete modulated, continuous variables quantum key distribution implementation using two probabilistically shaped, 128-symbol, amplitude and phase shift keying constellations. At Bob's detection side, a polarization diverse, true heterodyne receiver architecture is implemented for symbol recovery. We demonstrate experimentally that our system is capable of achieving security against collective attacks, while using accessible, telecom-grade material, and of functioning for an indefinitely long period of time at distances in excess of 185 km, in the asymptotic regime.
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Measuring cortisol levels as a stress biomarker is essential in many medical conditions associated with a high risk of metabolic syndromes such as anxiety and cardiovascular diseases, among others. One technology that has a growing interest in recent years is fiber optic biosensors that enable ultrasensitive cortisol detection. Such interest is allied with progress being achieved in basic interrogation, accuracy improvements, and novel applications. The development of improved cortisol monitoring, with a simplified manufacturing process, high reproducibility, and low cost, are challenges that these sensing mechanisms still face, and for which solutions are still needed. In this paper, a comprehensive characterization of a D-shaped fiber optic immunosensor for cortisol detection based on surface plasmon resonance (SPR) enabled by gold coating is reported. Specifically, the sensor instrumentation and fabrication processes are discussed in detail, and a simulation with its complete mathematical formalism is also presented. Moreover, experimental cortisol detection tests were performed for a detection range of 0.01 to 100 ng/mL, attaining a logarithmic sensitivity of 0.65 ± 0.02 nm/log(ng/mL) with a limit of detection (LOD) of 1.46 ng/mL. Additionally, an investigation of signal processing is also discussed, with the main issues addressed in order to highlight the best way to extract the sensing information from the spectra measured with a D-shaped sensor.
RESUMEN
Discrete modulation continuous variable quantum key distribution (DM-CV-QKD) is highly considered in real implementations to avoid the complexity of Gaussian modulation (GM), which is optimum in terms of the key rate. DM-CV-QKD systems usually consider M-symbol phase shift keying (M-PSK) constellations. However, this type of constellation cannot reach transmission distances and key rates as high as GM, limiting the practical implementation of CV-QKD systems. Here, by considering M-symbol amplitude and phase shift keying (M-APSK) constellations, we can approximate GM. Indeed, considering finite-size effects, 4 ring 64-APSK can reach 52.0 km, only 7.2 km less than GM and 282% the maximum achievable transmission distance for 8-PSK.
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We show that optically induced long-period grating (OLPG) is a particular case of inter-modal Bragg-scattering four-wave mixing (BS-FWM). To carry out such analysis, a vector model for the inter-modal BS-FWM was proposed and further tailored to investigate the energy transfer induced by OLPGs. Both processes, BS-FWM and OLPGs, have been proposed for in-line all-optical mode switching in transmission systems with space-division multiplexing (SDM). In this scope, we demonstrate that the bandwidth of OLPGs is larger than the BS-FWM. Furthermore, we show that OLPG-based mode switching can take place in two windows, if both pump beams are launched near the zero value of the differential mode-group delay, and the central wavelength and the bandwidth of such windows can be tuned by properly adjusting the wavelength and the optical power of the pump beams.
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Long period gratings (LPGs) inscribed in single mode fibers (SMFs) using CO2 laser irradiation were modelled numerically using the coupled mode method. The model considers the specifications of the inscription technique, such as the shape of the refractive index modulation that mimics the circularly symmetric point-to-point laser irradiation profile. A simple expression for predicting the resonant wavelength was obtained assuming a two-mode coupling model. However, to explain the spectra of the experimental LPGs, it was necessary to assume a reasonably high refractive index change and a multimode coupling model. Furthermore, using the developed model and a genetic algorithm to fit experimental resonances to simulated ones, we were able to estimate the maximum refractive index change, obtaining a value of 2.2 × 10-3, confirming the high refractive index change. The proposed model also predicts a second order resonance for this high value of refractive index change that was confirmed experimentally. Hence, with this model, we found some significant differences in the LPGs behavior when compared with conventional ones, namely, the emergence of coupling between different cladding modes and the competition of first and second order resonances which change the LPG transmission spectrum.
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We propose a technique to inscribe long period gratings (LPGs) in standard single-mode fibers (SSMFs). The proposed method uses a commercial CO2 splicer that allows for the rotation of the fiber during laser irradiation, enabling a uniform exposure around the fiber. LPGs inscribed in SSMFs with different periods are presented. Gratings can be reproduced with a maximum difference between resonant wavelength values of less than 1 nm. Furthermore, it is possible to inscribe gratings with attenuation dips of -25 dB while at the same time obtaining polarization-dependent losses as low as 2 dB.
RESUMEN
The sliding-frequency filter equation is shown to have similarity solutions which travel with steady profile but with constant acceleration. Over a wide range of the gain, filter strength and sliding-rate parameters, the pulse envelope is very well approximated by a sech profile. However, when the sliding rate is large, the chirp differs greatly from the usually assumed linear variation of frequency through the pulse. The amplitude and chirp are found for small and moderate sliding rate by a perturbation analysis and, for larger sliding rates, by solving a nonlinear eigenvalue problem for a nonautonomous differential equation.