Caracterização físico-química de silagens de bagaço de uvas tintas e brancas / Physicochemical characterization of ensiled red and white grape pomace

O uso do bagaço de uva, um coproduto da indústria da viticultura se apresenta como uma alternativa de reduzir custos com alimentação dos ruminantes, auxiliando também o meio ambiente, pois além de dar um destino a este material que é descartado pela indústria, ainda auxilia na redução da produção de metano pelos ruminantes. O objetivo neste trabalho teve por finalidade apresentar resultados físico-químicos de silagens de bagaço de uva, com diferentes variedades de uvas tintas e brancas. O processo de ensilagem foi realizado em microsilos de pvc, o delineamento experimental foi em parcelas subdivididas inteiramente casualizado, onde os silos foram distribuídos em dois tratamentos (uvas brancas e tintas) com três variedades de uvas cada, contendo três repetições, totalizando 18 silos. Avaliou-se a composição bromatológica das silagens de uvas brancas e tintas separadamente. Nas variedades de uvas brancas estudadas, a uva Chardonnay apresentou maiores teores de MS (23,23%), MO (92,10%), PB (12,60%) FDA (43,47%) e EE (7,02%) em relação às variedades Gewurztramine e Sauvignon Blanc. No que se refere às variedades tintas, não houve diferença (P<0,05) nos teores de PB, no entanto os valores de pH foram maiores (4,10) na variedade Cabernet Sauvignon. As uvas Merlot e Tannat apresentaram teores semelhantes (P<0,05) para MS, MO, MM e pH. As silagens de bagaço de uvas brancas e tintas deste estudo apresentam baixos valores de MS resultando em perdas nutricionais, com níveis de PB medianos quando comparados a outros estudos. Embora os valores de pH estejam adequados a boa fermentação do material ensilado, os teores de lignina e gordura são muito elevados, tornando este material ensilado com baixo valor nutricional para utilização na alimentação de ruminantes, onde mais estudos devem ser realizados com este coproduto.

The use of grape pomace , a co-product of the wine industry, is an alternative to reduce the costs of ruminant feeding. In addition, it minimizes environmental problems by giving a destination to this material that is discarded by the industry and by reducing the methane production of ruminants. The objective of this work was to report the physicochemical results of grape pomace silage using different varieties of red and white grapes. The silos were divided into two treatments (white and red grapes) with three grape varieties, containing three replicates, totaling 18 silos. The ensiling process was carried out in PVC microsilos in a completely randomized design. The bromatological composition of the white and red grape silages was evaluated separately. Regarding the white grape varieties studied, the Chardonnay grape contained higher levels of DM (23.23%), OM (92.10%), CP (12.60%), ADF (43.47%), and EE (7.2%) compared to the Gewürztraminer and Sauvignon Blanc varieties. No differences (P<0.05) in CP were observed for the red grape varieties , but the pH values were higher (4.10) for the Cabernet Sauvignon variety. The Merlot and Tannat grapes had similar (P<0.05) DM, OM and MM contents and pH. The low DM content of the white and red grape pomace silages resulted in nutritional losses, with intermediate CP levels when compared to other studies . Although the pH values are adequate for good fermentation of the ensiled material, the lignin and fat contents are very high, a fact resulting in ensiled material of low nutritional value for use in ruminant feeding. Further studies using this co-product are necessary.

Caracterização físico-química de silagens de bagaço de uvas tintas e brancas / Physicochemical characterization of ensiled red and white grape pomace

O uso do bagaço de uva, um coproduto da indústria da viticultura se apresenta como uma alternativa de reduzir custos com alimentação dos ruminantes, auxiliando também o meio ambiente, pois além de dar um destino a este material que é descartado pela indústria, ainda auxilia na redução da produção de metano pelos ruminantes. O objetivo neste trabalho teve por finalidade apresentar resultados físico-químicos de silagens de bagaço de uva, com diferentes variedades de uvas tintas e brancas. O processo de ensilagem foi realizado em microsilos de pvc, o delineamento experimental foi em parcelas subdivididas inteiramente casualizado, onde os silos foram distribuídos em dois tratamentos (uvas brancas e tintas) com três variedades de uvas cada, contendo três repetições, totalizando 18 silos. Avaliou-se a composição bromatológica das silagens de uvas brancas e tintas separadamente. Nas variedades de uvas brancas estudadas, a uva Chardonnay apresentou maiores teores de MS (23,23%), MO (92,10%), PB (12,60%) FDA (43,47%) e EE (7,02%) em relação às variedades Gewurztramine e Sauvignon Blanc. No que se refere às variedades tintas, não houve diferença (P<0,05) nos teores de PB, no entanto os valores de pH foram maiores (4,10) na variedade Cabernet Sauvignon. As uvas Merlot e Tannat apresentaram teores semelhantes (P<0,05) para MS, MO, MM e pH. As silagens de bagaço de uvas brancas e tintas deste estudo apresentam baixos valores de MS resultando em perdas nutricionais, com níveis de PB medianos quando comparados a outros estudos. Embora os valores de pH estejam adequados a boa fermentação do material ensilado, os teores de lignina e gordura são muito elevados, tornando este material ensilado com baixo valor nutricional para utilização na alimentação de ruminantes, onde mais estudos devem ser realizados com este coproduto.(AU)

The use of grape pomace , a co-product of the wine industry, is an alternative to reduce the costs of ruminant feeding. In addition, it minimizes environmental problems by giving a destination to this material that is discarded by the industry and by reducing the methane production of ruminants. The objective of this work was to report the physicochemical results of grape pomace silage using different varieties of red and white grapes. The silos were divided into two treatments (white and red grapes) with three grape varieties, containing three replicates, totaling 18 silos. The ensiling process was carried out in PVC microsilos in a completely randomized design. The bromatological composition of the white and red grape silages was evaluated separately. Regarding the white grape varieties studied, the Chardonnay grape contained higher levels of DM (23.23%), OM (92.10%), CP (12.60%), ADF (43.47%), and EE (7.2%) compared to the Gewürztraminer and Sauvignon Blanc varieties. No differences (P<0.05) in CP were observed for the red grape varieties , but the pH values were higher (4.10) for the Cabernet Sauvignon variety. The Merlot and Tannat grapes had similar (P<0.05) DM, OM and MM contents and pH. The low DM content of the white and red grape pomace silages resulted in nutritional losses, with intermediate CP levels when compared to other studies . Although the pH values are adequate for good fermentation of the ensiled material, the lignin and fat contents are very high, a fact resulting in ensiled material of low nutritional value for use in ruminant feeding. Further studies using this co-product are necessary.(AU)

Volatile Substances Produced by Fusarium oxysporum from Coffee Rhizosphere and Other Microbes affect Meloidogyne incognita and Arthrobotrys conoides.

Microorganisms produce volatile organic compounds (VOCs) which mediate interactions with other organisms and may be the basis for the development of new methods to control plant-parasitic nematodes that damage coffee plants. In the present work, 35 fungal isolates were isolated from coffee plant rhizosphere, Meloidogyne exigua eggs and egg masses. Most of the fungal isolates belonged to the genus Fusarium and presented in vitro antagonism classified as mutual exclusion and parasitism against the nematode-predator fungus Arthrobotrys conoides (isolated from coffee roots). These results and the stronger activity of VOCs against this fungus by 12 endophytic bacteria may account for the failure of A. conoides to reduce plant-parasitic nematodes in coffee fields. VOCs from 13 fungal isolates caused more than 40% immobility to Meloidogyne incognita second stage juveniles (J2), and those of three isolates (two Fusarium oxysporum isolates and an F. solani isolate) also led to 88-96% J2 mortality. M. incognita J2 infectivity decreased as a function of increased exposure time to F. oxysporum isolate 21 VOCs. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis lead to the detection of 38 VOCs produced by F. oxysporum is. 21 culture. Only five were present in amounts above 1% of the total: dioctyl disulfide (it may also be 2-propyldecan-1-ol or 1-(2-hydroxyethoxy) tridecane); caryophyllene; 4-methyl-2,6-di-tert-butylphenol; and acoradiene. One of them was not identified. Volatiles toxic to nematodes make a difference among interacting microorganisms in coffee rhizosphere defining an additional attribute of a biocontrol agent against plant-parasitic nematodes.

Double-stranded RNA in the entomopathogenic fungus metarhizium flavoviride.

Bands of dsRNA were detected in five out of seven isolates of the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium flavoviride. The identity of these bands was proven by RNase and S1-nuclease treatments. The transference of dsRNA between isolates (from CG291 to CG442) was successfully carried out through forced heterokaryons. Isogenic strains, with or without dsRNA, were submitted to virulence tests against the grasshopper Rhammatocerus schistocercoides. In contrast to what has been found in some phytopathogenic fungi, these dsRNA fragments did not cause hypovirulence to M. flavoviride.

Growth of mouse ectoplacental cone cells in subcutaneous tissues. Development of placental-like cells.

Ectoplacental cones of mouse embryos collected on day 8 of pregnancy were grafted into the dorsal subcutaneous tissue of host mice. The grafts were collected between days 3 and 8 after transfer and processed for light and electron microscope morphological analysis as well as for cytochemistry of nonspecific alkaline phosphatase. Fragments of normal mouse placentas collected between days 12 and 18 of pregnancy were processed similarly. About 37% of the grafts were nonhemorrhagic nodules formed by different kinds of trophoblastic cells. These cells had many morphological and cytochemical features of cells present in normal mouse placentas. Nonphagocytic giant cells, glycogen cells, as well as cells with a well-developed granular endoplasmic reticulum were similar to cells found in the placenta and were always present in the grafts. Cells showing features intermediate between the above-mentioned cells and those whose cytoplasm was poor in organelles also were found in the grafts. The latter resembled cells of layer 1 of the labyrinth of the placenta. These results suggest that trophoblastic cells of the ectoplacental cones had differentiated into placental cells following their transfer to the subcutaneous tissue.