Life expectancy, death, and disability in Haiti, 1990-2017: a systematic analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the magnitude and distribution of the main causes of death, disability, and risk factors in Haiti. METHODS: We conducted an ecological analysis, using data estimated from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017 for the period 1990-2017, to present life expectancy (LE), healthy life expectancy (HALE) at under 1-year-old, cause-specific deaths, years of life lost (YLLs), years lived with disability (YLDs), disability adjusted life-years (DALYs), and risk factors associated with DALYs. RESULTS: LE and HALE increased substantially in Haiti. People may hope to live longer in 2017, but in poor health. The Caribbean countries had significantly lower YLLs rates than Haiti for ischemic heart disease, stroke, lower respiratory infections, and diarrheal diseases. Road injuries were the leading cause of DALYs for people aged 5-14 years. Road injuries and HIV/AIDS were the leading causes of DALYs for men and women aged 15-49 years, respectively. Ischemic heart disease was the main cause of DALYs for people older than 50 years. Maternal and child malnutrition were the leading risk factors for DALYs in both sexes. CONCLUSION: Haiti faces a double burden of disease. Infectious diseases continue to be an issue, while non-communicable diseases have become a significant burden of disease. More attention must also be focused on the increase in worrying public health issues such as road injuries, exposure to forces of nature and HIV/AIDS in specific age groups. To address the burden of disease, sustained actions are needed to promote better health in Haiti and countries with similar challenges.

OBJETIVO: Investigar la magnitud y la distribución de las principales causas de muerte, discapacidad y factores de riesgo en Haití. MÉTODOS: Se llevó a cabo un análisis ecológico con datos estimados a partir del estudio Carga Global de Morbilidad 2017 para el período 1990-2017 para presentar la esperanza de vida (LE), la esperanza de vida saludable (HALE), la mortalidad por causas específicas, los años de vida perdidos (YLL), los años vividos con discapacidad (YLD), los años de vida ajustados por discapacidad (DALY), y los factores de riesgo asociados a los DALY. RESULTADOS: La LE y la HALE aumentaron sustancialmente en Haití. En 2017, la población puede esperar vivir más, pero con mala salud. Los países del Caribe tuvieron tasas de YLL significativamente más bajas que Haití en cuanto a cardiopatías isquémicas, accidentes cerebrovasculares, infecciones respiratorias bajas y enfermedades diarreicas. Las lesiones debidas a accidentes de tránsito fueron la principal causa de DALY para las personas de 5 a 14 años. Las lesiones debidas a accidentes de tránsito y el VIH/sida fueron las principales causas de DALY en hombres y mujeres de 15 a 49 años de edad, respectivamente. Las cardiopatías isquémicas fueron la principal causa de DALY para las personas mayores de 50 años. Las desnutriciones materna e infantil fueron los principales factores de riesgo de DALY en ambos sexos. CONCLUSIÓN: Haití se enfrenta a una doble carga de enfermedad. Las enfermedades infecciosas siguen siendo un problema, mientras que las enfermedades no transmisibles se han convertido en una carga significativa de enfermedad. También debe prestarse más atención al aumento de problemas de salud pública preocupantes, como las lesiones por accidentes de tránsito, la exposición a fenómenos naturales y el VIH/sida en grupos etarios específicos. Para hacer frente a la carga de morbilidad es necesario adoptar medidas sostenidas para promover una mejor salud en Haití y en los países con desafíos similares.

Life expectancy, death, and disability in Haiti, 1990- 2017: a systematic analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017

[ABSTRACT]. Objective. To investigate the magnitude and distribution of the main causes of death, disability, and risk factors in Haiti. Methods. We conducted an ecological analysis, using data estimated from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017 for the period 1990-2017, to present life expectancy (LE), healthy life expectancy (HALE) at under 1-year-old, cause-specific deaths, years of life lost (YLLs), years lived with disability (YLDs), disability adjusted life-years (DALYs), and risk factors associated with DALYs. Results. LE and HALE increased substantially in Haiti. People may hope to live longer in 2017, but in poor health. The Caribbean countries had significantly lower YLLs rates than Haiti for ischemic heart disease, stroke, lower respiratory infections, and diarrheal diseases. Road injuries were the leading cause of DALYs for people aged 5-14 years. Road injuries and HIV/AIDS were the leading causes of DALYs for men and women aged 15-49 years, respectively. Ischemic heart disease was the main cause of DALYs for people older than 50 years. Maternal and child malnutrition were the leading risk factors for DALYs in both sexes. Conclusion. Haiti faces a double burden of disease. Infectious diseases continue to be an issue, while non-communicable diseases have become a significant burden of disease. More attention must also be focused on the increase in worrying public health issues such as road injuries, exposure to forces of nature and HIV/AIDS in specific age groups. To address the burden of disease, sustained actions are needed to promote better health in Haiti and countries with similar challenges.

[RESUMEN]. Objetivo. Investigar la magnitud y la distribución de las principales causas de muerte, discapacidad y factores de riesgo en Haití. Métodos. Se llevó a cabo un análisis ecológico con datos estimados a partir del estudio Carga Global de Morbilidad 2017 para el período 1990-2017 para presentar la esperanza de vida (LE), la esperanza de vida saludable (HALE), la mortalidad por causas específicas, los años de vida perdidos (YLL), los años vividos con discapacidad (YLD), los años de vida ajustados por discapacidad (DALY), y los factores de riesgo asociados a los DALY. Resultados. La LE y la HALE aumentaron sustancialmente en Haití. En 2017, la población puede esperar vivir más, pero con mala salud. Los países del Caribe tuvieron tasas de YLL significativamente más bajas que Haití en cuanto a cardiopatías isquémicas, accidentes cerebrovasculares, infecciones respiratorias bajas y enfermedades diarreicas. Las lesiones debidas a accidentes de tránsito fueron la principal causa de DALY para las personas de 5 a 14 años. Las lesiones debidas a accidentes de tránsito y el VIH/sida fueron las principales causas de DALY en hombres y mujeres de 15 a 49 años de edad, respectivamente. Las cardiopatías isquémicas fueron la principal causa de DALY para las personas mayores de 50 años. Las desnutriciones materna e infantil fueron los principales factores de riesgo de DALY en ambos sexos. Conclusión. Haití se enfrenta a una doble carga de enfermedad. Las enfermedades infecciosas siguen siendo un problema, mientras que las enfermedades no transmisibles se han convertido en una carga significativa de enfermedad. También debe prestarse más atención al aumento de problemas de salud pública preocupantes, como las lesiones por accidentes de tránsito, la exposición a fenómenos naturales y el VIH/sida en grupos etarios específicos. Para hacer frente a la carga de morbilidad es necesario adoptar medidas sostenidas para promover una mejor salud en Haití y en los países con desafíos similares.

Tackling maternal mortality by improving technical efficiency in the production of primary health services: longitudinal evidence from the Mexican case.

Ensuring regular and timely access to efficient and quality health services reduces the risk of maternal mortality. Specifically, improving technical efficiency (TE) can result in improved health outcomes. To date, no studies in Mexico have explored the connection of TE with either the production of maternal health services at the primary-care level or the maternal-mortality ratio (MMR) in populations without social security coverage. The present study combined data envelopment analysis (DEA), longitudinal data and selection bias correction methods with the purpose of obtaining original evidence on the impact of TE on the MMR during the period 2008-2015. The results revealed that MMR fell 0.36% (P < 0.01) for every percentage point increase in TE at the jurisdictional level or elasticity TE-MMR. This effect proved lower in highly marginalized jurisdictions and disappeared entirely in those with low- or medium-marginalization levels. Our findings also highlighted the relevance of certain social and economic aspects in the attainment of TE by jurisdictions. This clearly demonstrates the need for comprehensive, cross-cutting policies capable of modifying the structural conditions that generate vulnerability in specific population groups. In other words, achieving an effective and sustainable reduction in the MMR requires, inter alia, that the Mexican government review and update two essential elements: the criteria behind resource allocation and distribution, and the control mechanisms currently in place for executing and ensuring accountability in these two functions.

[Haitian health system]. / Sistema de salud de Haití.

The Haitian health system includes a public and a private sector. The public sector comprises the Ministry of Health and Population (MSPP) and a social security institution (Ofatma). The private sector includes private insurance agencies and providers. MSPP provides health services to the non-salaried population, while Ofatma provides services to the salaried population. Health expenditure in Haiti in 2016 was 5.4% of gross domestic product. Expenditure per capita in health was 38 American dollars. There is a great dependency on foreign resources. The MSPP is in charge of most stewardship functions. The main challenge faced by the Haitian health system is the provision of comprehensive health services with financial protection to all the population. This goal will not be met without additional financial resources, mostly public, and an effort to strengthen health institutions.

El sistema de salud haitiano se conforma por un sector público y un sector privado. El primero está compuesto por el Ministerio de Salud Pública y Población (MSPP) y la Caja de Seguro de Accidentes de Trabajo, Enfermedades y Maternidad (Ofatma). El sector privado incluye a los seguros y prestadores de servicios de salud privados. El MSPP ofrece servicios básicos a la población no asalariada (95% de la población total), mientras que la Ofatma ofrece seguros contra accidentes de trabajo, enfermedades y maternidad a los trabajadores del sector formal privado y público. El gasto total en salud enmHaití representó 5.4% del producto interno bruto en 2016 y el gasto en salud per cápita fue de 38 dólares estadunidenses. Hay una enorme dependencia de los recursos externos. El MSPP es el responsable de la mayor parte de las actividades de rectoría. El mayor reto que enfrenta el sistema de salud de Haití es ofrecer servicios integrales de salud con protección financiera a toda la población. Esta meta no podrá alcanzarse sin mayores recursos financieros, sobre todo públicos, y sin un importante esfuerzo de fortalecimiento institucional.

Measuring and analysing social efficiency in the production of maternal health services in Mexico, 2008-15.

'Social efficiency' (SE) denotes the capacity of health systems to ensure equitable access to quality health services at no financial risk to users. Mexico and other low- and middle-income countries have rarely studied the performance of their health systems from an SE perspective. We propose a metric for assessing SE in the production of maternal health services in the public sector among populations without social security, analysing contextual correlates of the demand for these services. Analysis was based on administrative data collected from the 243 health jurisdictions (HJs) in Mexico for the period 2008-15. We defined production inputs as the availability of physical and human resources and social product as the unweighted sum of social sub-products, including an equitable distribution of maternal health resources, the provision of quality maternal health care and financial protection for users. We described the SE scores, the main contextual characteristics as well as those related to the demand for maternal health services. We then performed a variance decomposition analysis of the SE score by component and estimated the SE territorial concentration patterns. Finally, we identified the structural characteristics modelling SE by means of a spatial autoregressive panel data model with fixed effects by year. The SE score rose from 57.7% in 2008 to 71.9% in 2015 (P < 0.01), with its quality component accounting for the largest proportion of variance (30%). SE peaked in HJs with low social marginalization and rurality, and with service demand characterized by low parity and older populations. Different SE levels demonstrated territorial concentration patterns. Analysing SE as a metric for health system performance offers elements that contribute to the achievement of UHC as well as to the design and implementation of effective maternal health interventions intended particularly for the most socially vulnerable sectors of the population.

Sistema de salud de Haití / Haitian health system

Resumen: El sistema de salud haitiano se conforma por un sector público y un sector privado. El primero está compuesto por el Ministerio de Salud Pública y Población (MSPP) y la Caja de Seguro de Accidentes de Trabajo, Enfermedades y Maternidad (Ofatma). El sector privado incluye a los seguros y prestadores de servicios de salud privados. El MSPP ofrece servicios básicos a la población no asalariada (95% de la población total), mientras que la Ofatma ofrece seguros contra accidentes de trabajo, enfermedades y maternidad a los trabajadores del sector formal privado y público. El gasto total en salud en Haití representó 5.4% del producto interno bruto en 2016 y el gasto en salud per cápita fue de 38 dólares estadunidenses. Hay una enorme dependencia de los recursos externos. El MSPP es el responsable de la mayor parte de las actividades de rectoría. El mayor reto que enfrenta el sistema de salud de Haití es ofrecer servicios integrales de salud con protección financiera a toda la población. Esta meta no podrá alcanzarse sin mayores recursos financieros, sobre todo públicos, y sin un importante esfuerzo de fortalecimiento institucional.

Abstract: The Haitian health system includes a public and a private sector. The public sector comprises the Ministry of Health and Population (MSPP) and a social security institution (Ofatma). The private sector includes private insurance agencies and providers. MSPP provides health services to the non-salaried population, while Ofatma provides services to the salaried population. Health expenditure in Haiti in 2016 was 5.4% of gross domestic product. Expenditure per capita in health was 38 American dollars. There is a great dependency on foreign resources. The MSPP is in charge of most stewardship functions. The main challenge faced by the Haitian health system is the provision of comprehensive health services with financial protection to all the population. This goal will not be met without additional financial resources, mostly public, and an effort to strengthen health institutions.