[Paternal-fetal attachment from the maternal perspective]. / Vínculo prenatal paterno desde la perspectiva materna.

INTRODUCTION: The study of Paternal-fetal attachment is a recent research area, which has become relevant due to its correlation with the postnatal paternal bond and its impact on the cognitive and socio-emotional de velopment of the child. OBJECTIVE: to characterize Paternal-fetal attachment, based on maternal pers pective, in puerperal women treated in a public hospital in the Metropolitan Region. SUBJECTS AND METHOD: A cross-sectional observational study was carried out. Hospitalized puerperal women were interviewed by applying a questionnaire with sociodemographic variables of both parents. In addi tion, the Paternal-fetal attachment Scale from the maternal perspective was applied, previously adap ted and validated. A descriptive and association analysis was performed to determine the behavior of the link indicator with respect to the sociodemographic variables. RESULTS: The mean Paternal-fetal attachment score from the maternal perspective was 41.5 (range 10-50), which is significantly higher in cases where parents live together, the couple's relationship is longer than two years, and in plan ned and controlled pregnancies before twelve weeks. There were no differences in the Paternal-fetal attachment score from the maternal perspective in relation to the number of children, nationality, or educational level. DISCUSSION: The Paternal-fetal attachment is mainly determined by characteristics of the parental relationship and not by the individual characteristics of the parents, therefore, the attachment must be seen from the triad.

Determinación de la tasa de hospitalizaciones por complicaciones del síndrome hipertensivo del embarazo en Chile, periodo 2018 - 2021 / Determination of the rate of hospitalizations due to complications of hypertensive syndrome of pregnancy in Chile, period 2018 - 2021

Introducción: El Síndrome Hipertensivo del Embarazo (SHE) es el conjunto de condiciones patológicas derivadas del alza de presión arterial mantenida originadas antes y/o durante el curso de un embarazo. En ocasiones requiere tratamiento hospitalario. El objetivo del estudio es determinar la tasa de egreso hospitalario (TEH) por complicaciones del SHE durante el 2018-2021 en Chile. Materiales y métodos: Estudio descriptivo tipo transversal de las complicaciones por SHE en el periodo 2018-2921 en Chile según grupo etario y días de estadía hospitalaria (n=12.006). Datos obtenidos del departamento de estadística e información en salud. Se calculó TEH. No requirió aprobación del comité de ética. Resultados: La Preeclampsia tuvo más TEH con 61,48 por cada 100.000 habitantes, afectó más a mujeres de 20 a 44 años con 74.03 por 100.000 habitantes. Las complicaciones del SHE reportaron un promedio de 6,4 días de hospitalización. El Síndrome de HELLP registró más días de hospitalización con 7,2 días. Discusión: El envejecimiento poblacional, la migración, el sobrepeso-obesidad podrían influir en mayores TRH por preeclampsia. Se reportó mayores TEH de preeclampsia en mujeres de 20 a 44 años. Esto se debe posiblemente por factores cardiovasculares, maternidad tardía y la hipertensión crónica. El Síndrome de HELLP implica peor pronóstico y reportó mayores días hospitalización debido al manejo médico. Discusión: Hay escasas estadísticas nacionales sobre TEH en relación a SHE. La edad, el riesgo cardiovascular y fenómenos epidemiológicos ofrecen posibles líneas investigativas. Más estudios son requeridos para dilucidar los factores que desencadenan sus complicaciones.

Introduction: The Hypertensive Syndrome of Pregnancy (SHE) is the set of pathological conditions derived from the increase in sustained blood pressure originating before and/or during the course of a pregnancy. Sometimes it requires hospital treatment. The objective of the study is to determine the rate of hospital discharge (TEH) due to complications of EHS during 2018-2021 in Chile. Materials and Methods: Descriptive transversal type of study about the complications of hypertensive pregnancy syndrome during the period from 2018 to 2021 according to age range and number of days in the hospital (n=12.006). Data obtained from the health statistics and information department, which did not require approval of the ethics committee. Results: PE had a higher TEH with 61.48 out of 100,000 people, affecting more women aged 20 to 44 years with 74.03 per 100,000 inhabitants. Complications of hypertensive pregnancy syndrome reported an average of 6.4 hospitalization days. The HELLP syndrome had more days with a quantity of 7.2. Discussion: Population aging, migration, and overweight-obesity might influence the increase in TEH/PE. Higher TEH of PE was reported in women aged 20 to 44 years, possibly due to cardiovascular factors, late maternity, and chronic hypertension. The HELLP syndrome implies a worse prognosis and reported more days at the hospital due to medical treatment. Conclusion: There are few national statistics on TEH in relation to SHE. Age, cardiovascular risk, and epidemiological phenomena offer possible lines of investigation. More studies are required to elucidate the factors that trigger its complications.

The determination of fertiliser quality of the formed struvite from a WWTP.

Struvite from nutrient-rich wastewaters has been identified as a potential substitute for commercial mineral fertilisers, with the added benefit of reducing threats to global food security by prolonging phosphate rock reserves. A fertilisation test using grass (Brachiaria brizantha Marandú) and a sand column leaching test was conducted to determine the agronomic effectiveness of struvite precipitates produced from the supernatant of dewatered sewage sludge (centrate) from a municipal Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP). The performance of this struvite as a fertiliser was compared with biosolids and commercial fertilisers (Urea and Triple15). The results show that the concentration of heavy metals in struvite was lower than in biosolids and below the limits of Colombia and European fertiliser regulations. Struvite increased the uptake of N and P in grass, resulting in crop yields similar to other treatments tested. Struvite use as an effective slow-release fertiliser is highly dependent on the size of crystal particles, particularly in achieving low P losses, but resulted in high N loss in the sand columns tested; N loses from struvite were higher than in the commercial fertilisers due to the struvite small particle size. Therefore, struvite represents a suitable opportunity to recover and recycle nutrients from municipal sewage sludge, facilitating the effective reuse of P and N in agriculture and uptake by plants.

Poliposis adenomatosa familiar y prevención del cáncer colorrectal: reporte de un caso / Familial adenomatous polyposis and colorectal cancer prevention: A case report

Resumen La poliposis adenomatosa familiar (PAF) es una enfermedad hereditaria caracterizada por el crecimiento de múltiples adenomas epiteliales de distribución colorrectal, de patrón autosómico dominante causado por el defecto del gen APC. La degeneración de cáncer colorrectal en estos pacientes se considera inevitable en caso de no recibir el manejo terapéutico adecuado. Se presenta el caso de una paciente femenina de 25 años, quien acudió a consulta luego de presentar una modificación del patrón evacuatorio y dolor abdominal, sin antecedentes familiares asociados, por lo que se correlacionó con paraclínicos y se diagnosticó PAF, con la posterior implementación del manejo terapéutico. Se decidió hacer una revisión bibliográfica y actualización del tema resaltando los aspectos clínicos de reconocimiento de la enfermedad, así como las conductas a tomar en consideración para la prevención del cáncer en pacientes con PAF.

Abstract Familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) is a hereditary disease characterized by the growth of multiple colorectal epithelial adenomas. It is an autosomal dominant disorder caused by an APC gene defect. Degeneration to colorectal cancer is considered unavoidable in these patients if they do not receive adequate therapeutic management. We present the case of a 25-year-old female patient consulted after a change in her evacuation pattern and abdominal pain. She had no relevant family history associated but based on results of paraclinical tests diagnosis of FAP was made for which therapeutic management was implemented. This is a case report with a literature review and update of the topic highlighting clinical issues related to recognition of the disease and issues that should be taken into consideration for the prevention of cancer in patients with FAP.

Preoperative serum albumin as a predictor of complications following total hip replacement in patients with rheumatoid arthritis.

BACKGROUND: Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by polyarthritis with progressive articular wear, immunologic abnormalities and increasing physical limitation. Surgical correction with hip replacement comes as a successful solution for patients with advanced articular destruction. Following intervention, surgical site infection (SSI), venous thromboembolism, sepsis, renal and major cardiovascular complications are among the most cited in the literature. No consensus exists as to the detection of preoperative hypoalbuminemia in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. METHODS: This study retrospectively evaluated the preoperative serum albumin of 75 patients with rheumatoid arthritis and analyzed its relevance in terms of appearance of postoperative complications with a six-month follow-up. Complications in the group of patients with low serum albumin and the group of patients with normal serum albumin were reviewed to identify the effect of each variable. Odds ratio for each variable was calculated (hospital readmission, surgical site infection, renal and cardiac complications, non-infectious wound complications and the presence of residual hip pain), as well as p-value and confidence intervals. RESULTS: Surgical site infection showed a statistically significant relation with low serum albumin (OR: 6.125, p = 0.018) as did non-infectious wound complications (OR: 3.714, p = 0.026) and residual hip pain (OR: 3.149, p = 0.022). CONCLUSION: Preoperative low serum albumin has a direct relation with the rate of postoperative complications including SSI, non-infectious wound complications (seroma formation, wound dehiscence) and residual hip pain. Preoperative serum albumin is a reliable marker of nutrition, which may establish preventive strategies to reduce postoperative complications in patients with rheumatoid arthritis.

INTRODUCCIÓN: La artritis reumatoide es una enfermedad inflamatoria crónica con desgaste articular progresivo, anomalías inmunológicas y aumento de la limitación física. La corrección quirúrgica con el reemplazo de la cadera es una solución a la destrucción articular avanzada. Después de la intervención, la infección del sitio quirúrgico (SSI), el tromboembolismo venoso, la sepsis y las complicaciones cardiovasculares o renales se encuentran entre las más citadas en la literatura. No existe consenso en cuanto a la detección de hipoalbuminemia preoperatoria en pacientes con artritis reumatoide. MÉTODOS: Estudio retrospectivo evaluando la albúmina de suero preoperatoria de 75 pacientes con artritis reumatoide, se analizó su importancia en términos de complicaciones postoperatorias en los primeros seis meses de seguimiento. Las complicaciones en el grupo de pacientes con albúmina de suero baja y el grupo de pacientes con albúmina de suero normal fueron repasadas para identificar el efecto de cada variable. Se calculó el odds ratio para cada variable (reingreso hospitalario, infección del sitio quirúrgico, complicaciones renales y cardíacas, complicaciones no infecciosas de la herida y presencia de dolor de cadera residual), así como el valor p y los intervalos de confianza. RESULTADOS: La infección del sitio quirúrgico demostró una relación estadística significativa con la albúmina de suero baja (o: 6.125, p = 0.018) al igual que complicaciones no infecciosas de la herida (o: 3.714, p = 0.026) y dolor residual de la cadera (o: 3.149, p = 0.022). CONCLUSIÓN: La albúmina sérica baja preoperatoria tiene una relación directa con la tasa de complicaciones postoperatorias: infección, formación de seromas, dehiscencia de la herida y dolor residual.

Statistical test for ΔρDCCA : Methods and data.

In this paper the algorithm for ΔρDCCA statistical test (Guedes et al., 2018) [1] is presented. Our test begins with the simulation of four time series pairs, by an ARFIMA process. These time series has N=250 , 500, 1000, and 2000 points, see Guedes et al. (2018) [1]. The probability distribution function (PDF) is made available for all 10,000 samples, that start from the original time series, in supplementary material.

Phenomenology of coupled nonlinear oscillators.

A recently introduced model of coupled nonlinear oscillators in a ring is revisited in terms of its information processing capabilities. The use of Lempel-Ziv based entropic measures allows to study thoroughly the complex patterns appearing in the system for different values of the control parameters. Such behaviors, resembling cellular automata, have been characterized both spatially and temporally. Information distance is used to study the stability of the system to perturbations in the initial conditions and in the control parameters. The latter is not an issue in cellular automata theory, where the rules form a numerable set, contrary to the continuous nature of the parameter space in the system studied in this contribution. The variation in the density of the digits, as a function of time is also studied. Local transitions in the control parameter space are also discussed.

Simplified technique for passing the wire in a single time for the treatment of multifragmentary patella fractures.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy and safety of prescription pattern in treatment of multifragmentary patellar fractures in a trauma reference center. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional study of patients record with multifragmentary patellar fractures from December 2010 to December 2013, comparing treatments that include tension band wire, simple cerclage, double cerclage to bone-tendon junction and conservative treatment. RESULTS: With a total of 92 patients, including 60 women (65.21%) and 32 men (34.78%), with an average age of 61 years. In the double cerclage, surgery time was shorter (average 38 minutes), and the range of motion showed improvement since the first month. Minor complications were observed in patients treated conservatively (arthrofibrosis). CONCLUSIONS: At our institution, the most efficient method was the double cerclage to the bone-tendon junction presenting shorter duration of surgery, less ischemic time and faster recovery with range of motion close to normal since the first month after surgery (p = 0.000). The safest method of treatment was conservative treatment, with fewer cases with complications (p = 0.184).

OBJETIVO: Comparar la eficacia y seguridad del patrón de prescripción en el tratamiento de las fracturas patelares multifragmentarias en un centro de referencia de trauma. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Realizamos un estudio seccionado transversalmente de expedientes de pacientes con fracturas patelares multifragmentarias de Diciembre del 2010 a Diciembre del 2013, comparando los tratamientos que incluyen obenque, cerclaje simple, cerclaje doble y tratamiento no quirúrgico. RESULTADOS: Se analizaron 92 pacientes, incluyendo 60 mujeres (65.21%) y 32 hombres (34.78%), con edad promedio de 61 años. En el cerclaje doble, el tiempo de la cirugía fue más corto (promedio 38 minutos), y la gama del movimiento demostró mejora desde el primer mes. Las complicaciones de menor importancia fueron observadas en los pacientes tratados no quirúrgicamente (artrofibrosis). CONCLUSIONES: En nuestra institución, el método más eficiente fue el cerclaje doble a la unión hueso-tendón que presenta una duración más corta de la cirugía, menos tiempo de isquemia y recuperación más rápida con la gama del movimiento cerca de lo normal desde el primer mes después de la cirugía (p = 0.000). El método de tratamiento más seguro fue el tratamiento conservador, con menos casos con complicaciones (p = 0.184).

[Prescription pattern in the management of Type I open forearm fractures in pediatric patients]. / Patrón de prescripción en el manejo de las fracturas expuestas tipo I de antebrazo en pediatría.

BACKGROUND: Pediatric open fractures account for more tan 10% of hospital admissions in a Pediatric Trauma Clinical Department. It is important to identify the predominant surgical management prescription pattern in pediatric patients presenting with Type I open forearm fractures at a referral center in an emerging economy. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Observational, cross-sectional, analytical, secondary-source (logs) sampling study of consecutive cases. The cases included subjects under 17 years of age presenting with Type I open forearm fractures at a Pediatric Trauma Clinical Department from January 1st, 2009 to December 31st, 2013. RESULTS: Ninety-two patients with a diagnosis of Type I open forearm fracture were included. All patients received parenteral antibiotics and underwent surgical debridement. However, in 69 (75%) of them a cast was used; in 9 (10%) a splint was used; 9 (10%) underwent fixation with Kirschner nails, and 5 (5.4%) underwent open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF). Eight patients (9%) required reoperation. CONCLUSIONS: Surgical management is the predominant prescription pattern in pediatric patients with Type I open forearm fracture. The latter is the predominant eepidemiology. The type of management was associated with a second surgery (p 0.000); however, this did not have a statistically significant impact on the hospital stay (p = 0.09).

ANTECEDENTES: Las fracturas expuestas en niños comprenden más de 10% de los ingresos hospitalarios a un departamento clínico de traumatología pediátrica. Resulta importante identificar el patrón de prescripción de manejo quirúrgico predominante en pacientes pediátricos atendidos en un centro de referencia de una economía emergente con fractura expuesta tipo I de antebrazo. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Estudio por muestreo de casos consecutivos, observacional, transversal, analítico y de fuentes secundarias (bitácora). Fueron considerados todos los casos de sujetos menores de 17 años con fracturas expuestas tipo I de antebrazo, hospitalizados en un departamento clínico de traumatología pediátrica del 1o de Enero de 2009 al 31 de Diciembre de 2013. RESULTADOS: Noventa y dos personas con diagnóstico de fractura expuesta tipo I de antebrazo fueron incluidas. A todas se les realizó administración de antibiótico parenteral, así como desbridamiento quirúrgico; sin embargo, a 69 también se les colocó aparato de yeso (75%), a nueve se les puso férula (10%), a nueve se les realizó fijación con clavillos Kirschner (10%) y a cinco se les realizó reducción abierta y fijación interna (RAFI), (5.4%). Ocho niños (9%) requirieron una reintervención. CONCLUSIONES: Predomina el patrón de prescripción de manejo quirúrgico en pacientes pediátricos con fractura expuesta tipo I de antebrazo, así como su epidemiología. El tipo de manejo estuvo asociado con una segunda cirugía (p 0.000); sin embargo, esto no tuvo impacto estadísticamente significativo en la estancia hospitalaria (p = 0.09).

Adverse effects of tempol on hidrosaline balance in rats with acute sodium overload.

We studied the effects of tempol, an oxygen radical scavenger, on hydrosaline balance in rats with acute sodium overload. Male rats with free access to water were injected with isotonic (control group) or hypertonic saline solution (0.80 mol/l NaCl) either alone (Na group) or with tempol (Na-T group). Hydrosaline balance was determined during a 90 min experimental period. Protein expressions of aquaporin 1 (AQP1), aquaporin 2 (AQP2), angiotensin II (Ang II) and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) were measured in renal tissue. Water intake, creatinine clearance, diuresis and natriuresis increased in the Na group. Under conditions of sodium overload, tempol increased plasma sodium and protein levels and increased diuresis, natriuresis and sodium excretion. Tempol also decreased water intake without affecting creatinine clearance. AQP1 and eNOS were increased and Ang II decreased in the renal cortex of the Na group, whereas AQP2 was increased in the renal medulla. Nonglycosylated AQP1 and eNOS were increased further in the renal cortex of the Na-T group, whereas AQP2 was decreased in the renal medulla and was localized mainly in the cell membrane. Moreover, p47-phox immunostaining was increased in the hypothalamus of Na group, and this increase was prevented by tempol. Our findings suggest that tempol causes hypernatremia after acute sodium overload by inhibiting the thirst mechanism and facilitating diuresis, despite increasing renal eNOS expression and natriuresis.

Regulation of Dopamine Uptake by Vasoactive Peptides in the Kidney.

Considering the key role of renal dopamine in tubular sodium handling, we hypothesized that c-type natriuretic peptide (CNP) and Ang-(1-7) may regulate renal dopamine availability in tubular cells, contributing to Na(+), K(+)-ATPase inhibition. Present results show that CNP did not affect either (3)H-dopamine uptake in renal tissue or Na(+), K(+)-ATPase activity; meanwhile, Ang-(1-7) was able to increase (3)H-dopamine uptake and decreased Na(+), K(+)-ATPase activity in renal cortex. Ang-(1-7) and dopamine together decreased further Na(+), K(+)-ATPase activity showing an additive effect on the sodium pump. In addition, hydrocortisone reversed Ang-(1-7)-dopamine overinhibition on the enzyme, suggesting that this inhibition is closely related to Ang-(1-7) stimulation on renal dopamine uptake. Both anantin and cANP (4-23-amide) did not modify CNP effects on (3)H-dopamine uptake by tubular cells. The Mas receptor antagonist, A-779, blocked the increase elicited by Ang-(1-7) on (3)H-dopamine uptake. The stimulatory uptake induced by Ang-(1-7) was even more pronounced in the presence of losartan, suggesting an inhibitory effect of Ang-(1-7) on AT1 receptors on (3)H-dopamine uptake. By increasing dopamine bioavailability in tubular cells, Ang-(1-7) enhances Na(+), K(+)-ATPase activity inhibition, contributing to its natriuretic and diuretic effects.

Role of angiotensin II and oxidative stress in renal inflammation by hypernatremia: benefits of atrial natriuretic peptide, losartan, and tempol.

The body regulates plasma sodium levels within a small physiologic range, despite large variations in daily sodium and water intake. It is known that sodium transport in the kidneys plays an important role in hypoxia, being the major determinant of renal oxygen consumption. Tubular epithelial cell hypoxia is an important contributor to the development of renal inflammation, and the damage may progress to structural injury, ending in acute renal failure. In this review, we will summarize the renal inflammatory effects of high acute plasma sodium (acute hypernatremia), and the molecular mechanisms involved. We will also discuss recent findings related to the role of oxidative stress and angiotensin II (Ang II) in the pathogenesis of renal injury. We will comment on the effects of agents used to prevent or attenuate the inflammatory response, such as the atrial natriuretic peptide, the superoxide dismutase mimetic - tempol, and losartan.

Lempel-Ziv complexity analysis of one dimensional cellular automata.

Lempel-Ziv complexity measure has been used to estimate the entropy density of a string. It is defined as the number of factors in a production factorization of a string. In this contribution, we show that its use can be extended, by using the normalized information distance, to study the spatiotemporal evolution of random initial configurations under cellular automata rules. In particular, the transfer information from time consecutive configurations is studied, as well as the sensitivity to perturbed initial conditions. The behavior of the cellular automata rules can be grouped in different classes, but no single grouping captures the whole nature of the involved rules. The analysis carried out is particularly appropriate for studying the computational processing capabilities of cellular automata rules.

Signaling pathways involved in renal oxidative injury: role of the vasoactive peptides and the renal dopaminergic system.

The physiological hydroelectrolytic balance and the redox steady state in the kidney are accomplished by an intricate interaction between signals from extrarenal and intrarenal sources and between antinatriuretic and natriuretic factors. Angiotensin II, atrial natriuretic peptide and intrarenal dopamine play a pivotal role in this interactive network. The balance between endogenous antioxidant agents like the renal dopaminergic system and atrial natriuretic peptide, by one side, and the prooxidant effect of the renin angiotensin system, by the other side, contributes to ensuring the normal function of the kidney. Different pathological scenarios, as nephrotic syndrome and hypertension, where renal sodium excretion is altered, are associated with an impaired interaction between two natriuretic systems as the renal dopaminergic system and atrial natriuretic peptide that may be involved in the pathogenesis of renal diseases. The aim of this review is to update and comment the most recent evidences about the intracellular pathways involved in the relationship between endogenous antioxidant agents like the renal dopaminergic system and atrial natriuretic peptide and the prooxidant effect of the renin angiotensin system in the pathogenesis of renal inflammation.

Radioprotección en radioyodoterapia para cáncer tiroideo / Radioprotection in radioiodine therapy for thyroid cancer

Radioiodine therapy is a widely useful tool used in adjuvant treatment for differentiated thyroid cancer and has proven beneficial effect. Is crucial to safeguard and prevent caregivers, medical staff and the general public from the patients treated with I-131 in order to minimize radiation exposure and avoid unnecessary irradiation. There are many guidelines recomendations (ATA, EANM) that are helpful for the prevention, minimize of exposure and possible contamination from the patient. The aim of this study is to provide radiation protection measures used in radioiodine therapy order to avoid contamination of the patient and his environment...

Evaluación de historias clínicas elaboradas en salas de hospitalización de medicina interna del Hospital Escuela / Evaluation of medical history completed in Internal Medicine Wards in the Hospital Escuela

La historia clínica es bastión en la práctica médica, debe ser elaborada de forma sistemática y evaluarse objetivamente. En el Hospital Escuela no existe un modelo único ni forma de evaluarla, debido a ello se realizó el presente estudio. Objetivo: Evaluar la estructura de la Historia Clínica (HC) elaborada por estudiantes de la Facultad de Ciencias Médicas. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio transversal descriptivo, mediante la revisión de 626 expedientes de pacientes de salas de Medicina Interna en el periodo del 13 de noviembre 2010 al 23 de febrero 2011, con la finalidad de analizar la estructura de las HC; estas se cotejaron con una HC modelo que fue el instrumento de trabajo, la estructura del modelo se basó en libros de textos y en el programa de la asignatura Introducción a la Clínica. El estudio se realizó en 3 etapas: validación del instrumento en 12 expedientes, revalidación o ensayo preliminar en 100 historias de 302 expedientes y fase final: evaluación de 100 historias de 312 expedientes. Resultado: de las 100 historias evaluadas, 55 eran de pacientes mujeres, 31 de hombres y en 14 esta información no se consignó. Los datos generales fueron consignados en las 100 HC; al describir el síntoma principal se utilizó lenguaje técnico, presente en 91 HC, en 99 se encontraba descrita la historia de la enfermedad actual aunque redactada en forma confusa, en 95 no se realizó en forma lógica y solamente en 9 HC se plasmó la evolución en forma coherente y lógica. El uso de parámetros semiológicos se describió en 99 HC dificultando el análisis de las mismas, uno de los parámetros de importancia es el tratamiento recibido por el paciente, se describió en 29 historias y en 42 se consignó los atenuantes y precipitantes. Las funciones orgánicas generales fueron muy bien descritas en 99 HC, agregándose en este apartado la descripción por órganos, aparatos y sistemas. Los antecedentes no patológicos y patológicos se describieron en 85 y 98 respectivamente...

On the non-randomness of maximum Lempel Ziv complexity sequences of finite size.

Random sequences attain the highest entropy rate. The estimation of entropy rate for an ergodic source can be done using the Lempel Ziv complexity measure yet, the exact entropy rate value is only reached in the infinite limit. We prove that typical random sequences of finite length fall short of the maximum Lempel-Ziv complexity, contrary to common belief. We discuss that, for a finite length, maximum Lempel-Ziv sequences can be built from a well defined generating algorithm, which makes them of low Kolmogorov-Chaitin complexity, quite the opposite to randomness. It will be discussed that Lempel-Ziv measure is, in this sense, less general than Kolmogorov-Chaitin complexity, as it can be fooled by an intelligent enough agent. The latter will be shown to be the case for the binary expansion of certain irrational numbers. Maximum Lempel-Ziv sequences induce a normalization that gives good estimates of entropy rate for several sources, while keeping bounded values for all sequence length, making it an alternative to other normalization schemes in use.

Epimastigogénesis de Trypanosoma cruzi: método para estudiar in vivo la transformación de tripomastigota en epimastigota / Trypanosoma cruzi epimastigogenesis: a method for studying Trypomastigote to epimastigote transformation in vivo

La epimastigogénesis de Trypanosoma cruzi ocurre naturalmente en el intestino del hospedador invertebrado. Se desconoce si los cambios morfológicos que ocurren durante la transformación de los tripomastigotas sanguíneos en epimastigotas son idénticos para diferentes aislados de T. cruzi. Aquí mostramos un método útil para estudiar los eventos que ocurren durante la epimastigogénesis, comparando parásitos de diferentes procedencias epidemiológicas. Se alimentaron artificialmente ninfas de V estadio de Rhodnius prolixus con una solución ad hoc conteniendo tripomastigotas tipo-sanguíneo y siguiendo los cambios morfológicos por 8 días. Los contenidos del intestino anterior de las ninfas se obtuvieron decapitando y comprimiendo el abdomen lo que permitió obtener rápidamente casi 100% del inóculo con cargas entre 1,9 y 8,9 × 106 tripomastigotas/ninfa. El número de parásitos por ninfa y los cambios morfológicos se determinaron por Microscopia de Contraste de Fases y coloración con Giemsa. Las ninfas ingirieron 7,4 veces su peso de solución infectante, con volúmenes entre 101 y 357 µL (229 ± 66 mg), 50% de esa ingesta se eliminó como orina durante las primeras 24 h. Los tripomastigotas se transformaron en formas redondeadas antes de evolucionar a epimastigotas, siguiendo cinéticas diferentes según el aislado. Proponemos esta metodología para estudiar rápida y cuantitativamente los eventos tempranos de la epimastigogénesis de T. cruzi in vivo.

Trypanosoma cruzi epimastigogenesis naturally occurs in the intestine of the invertebrate host. It is not known whether the morphological changes that occur during transformation of bloodstream trypomastigotes to epimastigotes are identical for different T. cruzi isolates. This research shows a useful method for studying the events that occur during epimastigogenesis, comparing parasites from epidemiological sources. Rhodnius prolixus V stage nymphs were fed artificially with an ad hoc solution containing blood-like trypomastigotes and the morphological changes were examined during eight days. Anterior intestinal contents were removed by decapitation and squeezing the abdomen of the nymphs, which permitted obtaining quickly almost 100% of the inoculate with loads between 1.9 and 8.9 × 106 trypomastigotes/nymph. The number of parasites per nymph and morphological changes were determined using phase microscopy with Giemsa staining. The nymphs ingested 7.4 times their weight of the infecting solution with volumes between 101 e 357 µL (229 ± 66 mg); 50% of the ingest was eliminated as urine during the first 24 hours. The trypomastigotes transformed to rounded forms before evolving into epimastigotes following different kinetics according to the isolate. This method is proposed for rapid, quantitative study of the early events of epimastigogenesis for T. cruzi in vivo.

Satisfacción del paciente oncológico con la atención médica recibida en el Hospital General San Felipe y Hospital Escuela / Cancer patients satisfaction with the medical care received at the Hospital General San Felipe y Hospital Escuela

La satisfacción del paciente al recibir atención médica depende del cumplimiento de sus necesidades, expectativas y deseos con respecto al establecimiento de la relación médico-paciente, calidad y cantidad de información recibida y apoyo psicológico. Para conocer aspectos en el paciente oncológico, se realizó un estudio tipo transversal en 276 pacientes con cáncer atendidos en consulta externa y salas de hospitalización de Oncología en el Hospital General San Felipe (HGSF) y Hospital Escuela (HE). Objetivo: Medir el nivel de satisfacción de pacientes con cáncer al ser atendidos por médicos en los departamentos de Oncología. Material y Métodos: Previo consentimiento informado se aplicó a los pacientes un cuestionario por escrito de ocho preguntas relacionadas a la calidad de atención brindada a ellos por los oncólogos que laboran en los departamentos respectivos en el HGSF y HE. Resultados: El 44.9% de los pacientes tenía antecedentes de cáncer en su familia, 90.9% admitió tener una relación con su médico de buena a excelente, la calidad de información brindada fue satisfactoria en 82.7%, sin embargo, a los pacientes les gustaría que su médico fuera más amistoso, al 41.7% se le brinda apoyo psicológico y el 85.9% desean saber su pronóstico y que su familia esté enterada de éste; en caso de exámenes o tratamientos no disponibles desean se les informe al respecto y tratarían de obtenerlos. Conclusión: En este estudio los pacientes no están satisfechos con el nivel de atención médica brindada ya que desean cambiar algún aspecto en la relación con el médico, desean que dicha relación sea mejorada y la mayoría piensa que no se les brinda apoyo psicológico, con respecto a su pronóstico de vida la mayoría quieren enterarse del mismo y que sus familiares se enteren, por tanto el médico debería de explicar con detalle este aspecto...

Relación entre mortalidad hospitalaria y edad en pacientes con trauma encéfalo craneano moderado y grave / Relationship between hospital mortality and age in patients with moderate and severe traumatic brain injury

INTRODUCCIÓN: Internacionalmente se ha determinado el valor de indicadores pronósticos en manejo de traumatismo craneoencefálico como Escala de Coma de Glasgow al ingreso, edad paciente, diámetro pupilar, reflejo fotomotor, hipotensión, tipo de lesiones en tomografía axial computada e hipoxia; sin embargo, la edad funciona como factor pronóstico independiente. Para determinar el rol de edad adulta (≥ 60 años) en mortalidad intrahospitalaria, y debido a la ausencia de estudios que demuestren su rol definitorio, este estudio propone que pacientes mayores de 60 años tienen una mortalidad intrahospitalaria mayor estadísticamente significativa en comparación con menores de 60 años. MATERIAL Y MÉTODO: Estudio transversal. Se recolectaron fichas clínicas de pacientes ingresados por traumatismo encéfalo craneano grave o moderado, entre enero 2008 y junio2010 (n=96) del Hospital Van Buren, Valparaíso. Se excluyó aquellos con datos incompletos o ficha clínica extraviada, se separó en un grupo a los menores de 60 años (n=47) y en otro a ≥ 60 años (n=29). Se analizaron las variables de mortalidad intrahospitalaria, Escala de Coma de Glasgow, ingreso, sexo, presencia de hipotensión, saturación oxígeno normal, alteración pupilar y presencia de alcohol en sangre, a través de prueba exacta de Fisher y Odds Ratio. RESULTADOS: El grupo no evidenció una diferencia estadísticamente significativa al utilizar 60 años como punto de corte, sin embargo, existió una tendencia no estadísticamente significativa hacia la mayor mortalidad en el grupo mayor. DISCUSIÓN: Una proyección del estudio buscando mayor casuística, enfocándose en grupo de mayor riesgo y traumatismo encéfalo craneano grave, podría definir un punto de quiebre para la mortalidad.

INTRODUCTION: International literature has determined the value of prognostic factors, such as Glasgow Coma Scale at admission, patient’s age, pupillary diameter, pupillary light reflex, hypotension, types of injuries on computed tomography and hypoxia; however, age works as an independent prognosis factor. The objective was to determine the role of adulthood (patients aged over 59 years old) in hospital mortality. Due to the absence of evidence, this study proposes to demonstrate that patients over 59 years old have a statistically significant increased hospital mortality compared to those under 60. MATERIAL AND METHOD: Transversal study. Clinical files of all patients admitted at Hospital Carlos Van Buren for moderate to severe traumatic injury between January 2008 and June 2010 (n=96) were collected and divided in two groups: over 59 years old (n=29) and below 60 years old (n= 47). Those with incomplete or misplaced clinical files were excluded. Variables of hospital mortality, Glasgow Coma Scale at admission, sex, hypotension, normal oxygen saturation, pupillary abnormalities and blood alcohol presence, were analyzed with the Fisher test and the Odds Ratio. RESULTS: The analyzed group did not show any statistically significant difference when establishing 60 years old as an age cutoff point did show a tendency to a higher mortality. DISCUSSION: Future studies considering more cases and focusing on the higher-risk group (with severe traumatic brain injury) could define a cutoff point for mortality on the studied population.