Assessing the Microbial Quality of Shrimp (Xiphonaeus kroyeri) and Mussels (Perna perna) Illegally Sold in the Vitória Region, Brazil, and Investigating the Antimicrobial Resistance of Escherichia coli Isolates.

The consumption of seafood is crucial for food security, but poor hygiene along the food production chain can result in low microbiological quality, posing significant risks for public health and seafood quality. Thus, this study aimed to assess the microbiological quality and antimicrobial sensitivity of E. coli from 69 samples of illegally marketed shrimp and mussels in the Vitória Region, Brazil. These foods exhibited poor microbiological quality due to high counts of mesophilic, psychrotrophic, and enterobacteria microorganisms. While this issue is widespread in this area, shrimp samples displayed higher microbial counts compared to mussels, and fresh mussels had elevated counts of enterobacteria compared to frozen ones. Among the 10 E. coli isolates, none carried the genes blaCTX-M-1, blaCTX-M-2, blaCTX-M-3, blaCTX-M-15, mcr-1, mcr-2, mcr-3, mcr-4, and tet, associated with antibiotic resistance. Phenotypical resistance to tetracycline and fosfomycin was not observed in any isolate, while only 20% demonstrated resistance to ciprofloxacin. Regarding ampicillin and amoxicillin with clavulanic acid, 60% of isolates were resistant, 10% showed intermediate susceptibility, and 30% were sensitive. One isolate was considered simultaneously resistant to ß-lactams and quinolones, and none were conserved as ESBL producers. These findings highlight the inherent risks to local public health that arise from consuming improperly prepared seafood in this area.

Efficacy of Duddingtonia flagrans (Bioverm®) on the biological control of buffalo gastrointestinal nematodes.

We evaluated the efficacy of Bioverm®, a commercial product containing Duddingtonia flagrans, on the control of buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) gastrointestinal nematodes. We randomly divided 12 buffaloes into two groups of six animals. In the treated group, each animal received a Bioverm®`s single dose of 1g (105 chlamydospores of D. flagrans) to 10 kg of live weight; in the control group, each animal received 1g of corn bran for each 10 kg of live weight as a placebo. Fecal samples were individually collected from 12, 24, 36, 48, 60 and 72 h after treatments. To examine 1) viability of chlamydospores passed through the gastrointestinal tract, 2 g of faeces and 1000 infective larvae (L3) were added to Petri dishes with 2% water-agar, and 2) to examine larval predation by D. flagrans during fecal cultures, 2000 L3 were added. In the Petri dishes, were observed significant reductions (p < 0.01) in the treated group after 48 (56.7%) and 60 h (91.5%). In the fecal cultures, significant reductions (p < 0.01) occurred in the treated group from 36 h (75%), with larval reduction up to 72 h. High larval predation rate occurred 60 h after Bioverm® administration. Bioverm® maintained viability and predation capacity after passage through the buffalo's gastrointestinal tract, showing efficacy on gastrointestinal nematodes.

Association between Duddingtonia flagrans, dimethylsulfoxide and ivermectin for the control of Rhabditis spp. in cattle.

Cattle parasitic otitis caused by the nematode Rhabditis spp. is a serious health problem in Brazil, a situation which is confounded by lack of effective control measures. In vitro studies associating biological and chemical control as an alternative method showed promising results. The objective was to evaluate the combined use of Duddingtonia flagrans (AC001), 10% dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), and 1.9% ivermectin for the in vivo control of Rhabditis spp., in naturally infected Gyr cattle. For this purpose, 48 animals, whose infection in both ears was diagnosed, were randomly assigned to 6 groups: group 1 (ivermectin 1.9%); group 2 (10% DMSO); group 3 (AC001); group 4 (ivermectin 1.9% + 10% DMSO w/v); group 5 (1.9% ivermectin + AC001 w/v); group 6 (10% DMSO + AC001 v/v). The treatments were performed in a single dose, in the right ears, with the left ears remaining untreated, as a control group. There was a significant reduction (p < 0.01) in the number of nematodes in the treated groups in relation to the control, with the following best efficacies: groups 1 and 2, 47% and 52.9%, respectively, 7 days after treatment; groups 3, 4, and 5, 47.8%, 48.6% and 36.7%, respectively, 14 days post-treatment; group 6, 38.4%, 21 days post-treatment. It was concluded that the combination of chemical compounds and D. flagrans in a single application was effective for the in vivo control of Rhabditis spp. in naturally infected cattle.

Epidemiology and economic impact of bovine cysticercosis in the state of Espírito Santo, Brazil / Epidemiologia e impacto econômico da cisticercose bovina no Estado do Espírito Santo, Brasil

Bovine cysticercosis (BCC) is an important disease in Brazil due to its detection in abattoirs, resulting in economic losses for cattle farmers, and a public health corcern. Besides its importance, the knowledge about BCC epidemiology and impact remains not fully described in several areas in this country, requiring more studies. Thus, this study focused on establishing BCC prevalence in the regions and municipalities of the state of Espírito Santo from 2017 to 2019, establishing the associated risk factors, and estimating the economic losses for cattle farmers. A set of 2,330 cases of BCC was detected in the 407,529 bovine inspected by Federal Inspection Service (0.57%; C.I. 95% 0.55 - 0.60%) with a higher detection of unviable cysticercus (66.14%). The beef producers lost at least US$153,000.20 due to BCC through this period. The highest risk for BCC infection occurred in Metropolitana (OR = 9.19), Litoral Sul (OR = 7.77), Caparó (OR = 7.44), and Central Sul (OR = 7.19) mesoregions, respectively. The BCC was detected in animals from 67 municipalities and its prevalence increased in areas with high human population density (OR = 1.58;; p = 0.01). In conclusion, BCC is an important disease for beef production chain in the Brazilian state of Espírito Santo and a cause of economic losses, mainly in some areas, and urgently requires the adoption of prophylactic strategies to reduce the ocurrence of this parasite.

A cisticercose bovina (CB) é uma doença importante no Brasil devido à sua detecção em abatedouros-frigoríficos que resulta em impactos econômicos aos criadores de bovinos, e um problema de saúde pública. Apesar da sua importância, o conhecimento sobre a sua epidemiologia e impacto persiste não completamente descritos em diversas áreas do país requer mais estudos. Portanto, esse estudo objetivou estabelecer a prevalência nos municípios e regiões do Estado do Espírito Santo de 2017 a 2019; estabelecer os fatores de risco associados; e estimar o impacto econômico aos pecuaristas. Durante o período, 2.330 casos de BC foram dectados entre os 407.529 bovinos inspecionados sob regime de inspeção federal (0,57%; I.C. 95% 0,55 - 0,60%), com maior frequência de cisticercos inviáveis (66,14%). Os pecuaristas perderam pelo menos US$153.000,20 devido à ocorrência de CB durante o período. As áreas de maior risco para a enfermidade nesse estado estão nas mesoregiões Metropolitana (OR = 9,19), Litoral Sul (OR = 7,77), Caparó (OR = 7,44), e Central Sul (OR = 7,19), respectivamente. A doença foi detectada em animais de 67 municípios e a prevalência da enfermidade foi maior em áreas com elevada densidade populacional humana (OR = 1,58; p = 0,01). Assim, conclui-se que a CB é uma importante doença para a cadeia da carne bovina no estado, além de uma importante causa de perdas econômicas, principalmente em algumas áreas, e necessita, urgentemente, da adoação de medidas profiláticas para reduzir a ocorrência desse parasita.

Sarna em bovinos: aspectos gerais, impacto na produção animal, tratamento e controle / Sarna en el ganado: descripción general, impacto en la producción, tratamiento y control animal / Bovine scabies: overview, impact on animal production, treatment and control

A sarna bovina é causada pela infestação de ácaros dos gêneros Sarcoptes, Chorioptes, Psoroptes e Demodex, de maneira isolada e/ou concomitante. Embora seja encarada como uma condição clínica de menor relevância, ainda sim deve ser investigada, principalmente em razão do potencial zoonótico, impacto direto na saúde dos animais e impactos na produção animal. A principal via de transmissão destes ácaros em bovinos é por meio do contato físico entre os animais, bem como inadequações no manejo das propriedades. No aspecto epidemiológico, outro fator determinante na transmissibilidade é a própria presença destes ectoparasitos nas propriedades em determinadas época do ano. O objetivo do presente trabalho é fornecer um panorama geral e atualizado sobre os principais tipos de sarna que acometem bovinos, seu impacto na produção animal, tratamento e controle.

La sarna bovina es causada por la infestación de ácaros de los géneros Sarcoptes, Chorioptes, Psoroptes y Demodex, de forma aislada y/o concomitante. Aunque se ve como una condición clínica menos relevante, aún debe investigarse, principalmente debido al potencial zoonótico, el impacto directo en la salud de los animales y los impactos en la producción animal. La principal vía de transmisión de estos ácaros en el ganado es a través del contacto físico entre animales, así como el manejo inadecuado de las propiedades. En el aspecto epidemiológico, otro factor determinante de la transmisibilidad es la propia presencia de estos ectoparásitos en las propiedades en determinadas épocas del año. El objetivo de este trabajo es brindar un panorama general y actualizado de las principales sarnas que afectan al ganado, su impacto en la producción, tratamiento y control animal.

Bovine scabies is caused by the mite infestation of Sarcoptes, Chorioptes, Psoroptes and Demodex genera, in an isolated and/or concomitant manner. Although it is seen as a less relevant clinical condition, it must still be investigated, mainly due to the zoonotic potential and direct impact on animals' health and production. The main transmission route of these mites in cattle is through physical contact between animals, as well as inadequate handling of farms. In the epidemiological aspect, another determining factor in transmissibility is the seasonality, with high number of these ectoparasites at certain times of the year. The objective of this work is to provide a general and updated overview of the main scabies that affects cattle and its impact on animal production, treatment and control.

Etiologia microbiana e perfil de resistência bacteriana in vitro em otites externas de cães: estudo retrospectivo em animais atendidos na rotina de hospital veterinário (2013 a 2020) / Microbial etiology and in vitro bacterial resistance profile in external dogs otitis: retrospective study in animals attended in the routine of veterinary hospital (2013 to 2020) / Etiología microbiana y perfil de resistencia bacteriana in vitro en otitis externa en perros: estudio retrospectivo en animales atendidos en la rutina de hospital veterinario (2013 a 2020)

El objetivo de este estudio fue identificar la microbiota y describir el perfil de sensibilidad de las bacterias a los antimicrobianos en perros con otitis externa tratados en un hospital veterinario. Para ello, se analizaron 559 muestras otológicas de perros con clínica de otitis externa sometidas a cultivo y antibiograma. Hubo crecimiento de microorganismos en el 93,6% (523/559) de las muestras, y en el 88,5% (463/523) hubo crecimiento de bacterias, 5,7% (30/523) de levaduras y 5,7% (30/523) infecciones mixtas. Se obtuvieron 702 cepas, Staphylococcus spp. 55,1% (387/702), Pseudomonas spp. 11,8% (83/702) y Proteus mirabilis 9,8% (69/702) los agentes bacterianos más aislados. Entre las levaduras, Malassezia pachydermatis 10,3% (54/523) fue la más frecuente. En cuanto a los resultados del perfil de sensibilidad de las bacterias a los antimicrobianos, se observó que las bacterias Gram positivas Staphylococcus spp. y Streptococcus spp. mostraron mayor sensibilidad a amoxicilina + ácido clavulánico, con 92,5% y 100% de cepas sensibles. Las bacterias gram negativas Pseudomonas spp., P. mirabilis y Escherichia coli, presentaron sensibilidad mayor al 90% a la tobramicina. Entre todos los agentes bacterianos, Pseudomonas spp. fue el que mostró mayores tasas de resistencia frente a amoxicilina + ácido clavulánico (6,2%), cefalexina (7,4%) y sulfametoxazol + trimetoprima (13,6%)...(AU)

The objective of this work was to identify the microbial etiology and describe the sensitivity profile of bacteria to antimicrobials in dogs with otitis externa attended at a veterinary school hospital. For this, 559 otological samples from dogs with clinical signs of otitis externa submitted to culture and antibiogram were analyzed. There was growth of microorganisms in 93.6% (523/559) of the samples, and in 88.5% (463/523) there was the growth of bacteria, in 5.7% (30/523) the growth of yeasts and 5.7% (30/523) mixed infections. 702 strains were obtained, being Staphylococcus spp. 55.1% (387/702), Pseudomonas spp. 11.8% (83/702) and Proteus mirabilis 9.8% (69/702) the most isolated bacterial agents. Among yeasts, Malassezia pachydermatis 10.3% (54/523) was the most frequent. Regarding the results of the sensitivity profile of bacteria to antimicrobials, it was observed that Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus spp. and Streptococcus spp. showed greater sensitivity to amoxicillin + clavulanic acid, with 92.5% and 100% of sensitive strains. Gram-negative bacteria Pseudomonas spp., P. mirabilis and Escherichia coli, presented sensitivity greater than 90% to tobramycin. Among all bacterial agents, Pseudomonas spp. was the one that demonstrated the highest resistance rates against amoxicillin + clavulanic acid (6.2%), cephalexin (7.4%) and sulfamethoxazole + trimethoprim (13.6%)...(AU)

O objetivo deste trabalho foi identificar a etiologia microbiana e descrever o perfil de sensibilidade das bactérias aos antimicrobianos em cães com otite externa atendidos em serviço hospitalar médico veterinário. Para isso, foram analisadas 559 amostras otológicas de cães com sinais clínicos de otite externa submetidas à cultura e antibiograma. Houve crescimento de microrganismos em 93,6% (523/559) das amostras, sendo que em 88,5% (463/523) houve crescimento de bactérias, 5,7% (30/523) crescimento de leveduras e 5,7% (30/523) infecções mistas. Foram obtidas 702 cepas, sendo Staphylococcus spp. 55,1% (387/702), Pseudomonas spp. 11,8% (83/702) e Proteus mirabilis 9,8% (69/702) os agentes bacterianos mais isolados. Dentre as leveduras, Malassezia pachydermatis 10,3% (54/523) foi a mais freqüente. Em relação aos resultados do perfil de sensibilidade das bactérias aos antimicrobianos, observou-se que as bactérias Gram-positivas Staphylococcus spp. e Streptococcus spp. apresentaram maior sensibilidade a amoxicilina + ácido clavulânico, com 92,5% e 100% das cepas sensíveis. Já as bactérias Gram-negativas Pseudomonas spp., P. mirabilis e Escherichia coli, apresentaram sensibilidade superior a 90% a tobramicina. Dentre todos os agentes bacterianos, Pseudomonas spp. foi o que demonstrou as maiores taxas de resistência frente a amoxicilina + ácido clavulânico (6,2%), cefalexina (7,4%) e...(AU)

Lynxacarus radovskyi (Acari: Listrophoridae) in a domestic cat from Espírito Santo, Brazil / Lynxacarus radovskyi (Acari: Listrophoridae) em gato doméstico no Espírito Santo, Brasil

Lynxacarus radovskyi is of uncommon occurrence and there are few reports in the state of Espírito Santo, Southeastern Brazil. The purpose of the present note is to record the occurrence of L. radovskyi in a Persian domestic cat in Vila Velha, Espírito Santo, Brazil. The animal was asymptomatic, without evidence of dermatological signs. The present report can be informative, once the lack of knowledge in relation to the ectoparasite presence and potential of spread in the regional cat population is constant in the veterinary medicine practice,may cause underreporting of infestations.

Lynxacarus radovskyi é de ocorrência incomum e existem poucos relatos no estado do Espírito Santo, Sudeste do Brasil. O objetivo do presente relato foi reportar a ocorrência de L. radovskyi em felino doméstico da raça Persa em Vila Velha, Espírito Santo, Brasil. O animal apresentava-se assintomático à infestação, sem evidências de alterações dermatológicas. Este relato pode ser informativo, uma vez que a falta de conhecimento em relação à presença e potencial disseminativo deste ectoparasito é constante na prática da Medicina Veterinária, podendo causar subnotificações das infestações.

Lynxacarus radovskyi (Acari: Listrophoridae) in a domestic cat from Espírito Santo, Brazil / Lynxacarus radovskyi (Acari: Listrophoridae) em gato doméstico no Espírito Santo, Brasil

Lynxacarus radovskyi is of uncommon occurrence and there are few reports in the state of Espírito Santo, Southeastern Brazil. The purpose of the present note is to record the occurrence of L. radovskyi in a Persian domestic cat in Vila Velha, Espírito Santo, Brazil. The animal was asymptomatic, without evidence of dermatological signs. The present report can be informative, once the lack of knowledge in relation to the ectoparasite presence and potential of spread in the regional cat population is constant in the veterinary medicine practice,may cause underreporting of infestations.

Lynxacarus radovskyi é de ocorrência incomum e existem poucos relatos no estado do Espírito Santo, Sudeste do Brasil. O objetivo do presente relato foi reportar a ocorrência de L. radovskyi em felino doméstico da raça Persa em Vila Velha, Espírito Santo, Brasil. O animal apresentava-se assintomático à infestação, sem evidências de alterações dermatológicas. Este relato pode ser informativo, uma vez que a falta de conhecimento em relação à presença e potencial disseminativo deste ectoparasito é constante na prática da Medicina Veterinária, podendo causar subnotificações das infestações.

Etiologia microbiana e perfil de resistência bacteriana in vitro em otites externas de cães: estudo retrospectivo em animais atendidos na rotina de hospital veterinário (2013 a 2020) / Microbial etiology and in vitro bacterial resistance profile in external dogs otitis: retrospective study in animals attended in the routine of veterinary hospital (2013 to 2020) / Etiología microbiana y perfil de resistencia bacteriana in vitro en otitis externa en perros: estudio retrospectivo en animales atendidos en la rutina de hospital veterinario (2013 a 2020)

El objetivo de este estudio fue identificar la microbiota y describir el perfil de sensibilidad de las bacterias a los antimicrobianos en perros con otitis externa tratados en un hospital veterinario. Para ello, se analizaron 559 muestras otológicas de perros con clínica de otitis externa sometidas a cultivo y antibiograma. Hubo crecimiento de microorganismos en el 93,6% (523/559) de las muestras, y en el 88,5% (463/523) hubo crecimiento de bacterias, 5,7% (30/523) de levaduras y 5,7% (30/523) infecciones mixtas. Se obtuvieron 702 cepas, Staphylococcus spp. 55,1% (387/702), Pseudomonas spp. 11,8% (83/702) y Proteus mirabilis 9,8% (69/702) los agentes bacterianos más aislados. Entre las levaduras, Malassezia pachydermatis 10,3% (54/523) fue la más frecuente. En cuanto a los resultados del perfil de sensibilidad de las bacterias a los antimicrobianos, se observó que las bacterias Gram positivas Staphylococcus spp. y Streptococcus spp. mostraron mayor sensibilidad a amoxicilina + ácido clavulánico, con 92,5% y 100% de cepas sensibles. Las bacterias gram negativas Pseudomonas spp., P. mirabilis y Escherichia coli, presentaron sensibilidad mayor al 90% a la tobramicina. Entre todos los agentes bacterianos, Pseudomonas spp. fue el que mostró mayores tasas de resistencia frente a amoxicilina + ácido clavulánico (6,2%), cefalexina (7,4%) y sulfametoxazol + trimetoprima (13,6%)...

The objective of this work was to identify the microbial etiology and describe the sensitivity profile of bacteria to antimicrobials in dogs with otitis externa attended at a veterinary school hospital. For this, 559 otological samples from dogs with clinical signs of otitis externa submitted to culture and antibiogram were analyzed. There was growth of microorganisms in 93.6% (523/559) of the samples, and in 88.5% (463/523) there was the growth of bacteria, in 5.7% (30/523) the growth of yeasts and 5.7% (30/523) mixed infections. 702 strains were obtained, being Staphylococcus spp. 55.1% (387/702), Pseudomonas spp. 11.8% (83/702) and Proteus mirabilis 9.8% (69/702) the most isolated bacterial agents. Among yeasts, Malassezia pachydermatis 10.3% (54/523) was the most frequent. Regarding the results of the sensitivity profile of bacteria to antimicrobials, it was observed that Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus spp. and Streptococcus spp. showed greater sensitivity to amoxicillin + clavulanic acid, with 92.5% and 100% of sensitive strains. Gram-negative bacteria Pseudomonas spp., P. mirabilis and Escherichia coli, presented sensitivity greater than 90% to tobramycin. Among all bacterial agents, Pseudomonas spp. was the one that demonstrated the highest resistance rates against amoxicillin + clavulanic acid (6.2%), cephalexin (7.4%) and sulfamethoxazole + trimethoprim (13.6%)...

O objetivo deste trabalho foi identificar a etiologia microbiana e descrever o perfil de sensibilidade das bactérias aos antimicrobianos em cães com otite externa atendidos em serviço hospitalar médico veterinário. Para isso, foram analisadas 559 amostras otológicas de cães com sinais clínicos de otite externa submetidas à cultura e antibiograma. Houve crescimento de microrganismos em 93,6% (523/559) das amostras, sendo que em 88,5% (463/523) houve crescimento de bactérias, 5,7% (30/523) crescimento de leveduras e 5,7% (30/523) infecções mistas. Foram obtidas 702 cepas, sendo Staphylococcus spp. 55,1% (387/702), Pseudomonas spp. 11,8% (83/702) e Proteus mirabilis 9,8% (69/702) os agentes bacterianos mais isolados. Dentre as leveduras, Malassezia pachydermatis 10,3% (54/523) foi a mais freqüente. Em relação aos resultados do perfil de sensibilidade das bactérias aos antimicrobianos, observou-se que as bactérias Gram-positivas Staphylococcus spp. e Streptococcus spp. apresentaram maior sensibilidade a amoxicilina + ácido clavulânico, com 92,5% e 100% das cepas sensíveis. Já as bactérias Gram-negativas Pseudomonas spp., P. mirabilis e Escherichia coli, apresentaram sensibilidade superior a 90% a tobramicina. Dentre todos os agentes bacterianos, Pseudomonas spp. foi o que demonstrou as maiores taxas de resistência frente a amoxicilina + ácido clavulânico (6,2%), cefalexina (7,4%) e...

Lynxacarus radovskyi (Acari: Listrophoridae) in a domestic cat from Espírito Santo, Brazil / Lynxacarus radovskyi (Acari: Listrophoridae) em gato doméstico no Espírito Santo, Brasil

Lynxacarus radovskyi is of uncommon occurrence and there are few reports in the state of Espírito Santo, Southeastern Brazil. The purpose of the present note is to record the occurrence of L. radovskyi in a Persian domestic cat in Vila Velha, Espírito Santo, Brazil. The animal was asymptomatic, without evidence of dermatological signs. The present report can be informative, once the lack of knowledge in relation to the ectoparasite presence and potential of spread in the regional cat population is constant in the veterinary medicine practice,may cause underreporting of infestations.(AU)

Lynxacarus radovskyi é de ocorrência incomum e existem poucos relatos no estado do Espírito Santo, Sudeste do Brasil. O objetivo do presente relato foi reportar a ocorrência de L. radovskyi em felino doméstico da raça Persa em Vila Velha, Espírito Santo, Brasil. O animal apresentava-se assintomático à infestação, sem evidências de alterações dermatológicas. Este relato pode ser informativo, uma vez que a falta de conhecimento em relação à presença e potencial disseminativo deste ectoparasito é constante na prática da Medicina Veterinária, podendo causar subnotificações das infestações.(AU)

Infestation por Rhabditis spp: una revisión / Infestations by Rhabditis spp: a review / Infestações por Rhabditis spp: uma revisão

Os nematoides do gênero Rhabditis são responsáveis por causar a otite parasitária em bovinos leiteiros da raça Gir. Esta afecção parasitária tem sido relatada em vários países de clima quente e úmido. No Brasil, a rhabditiose tem sido descrita em diversas regiões, sendo responsável pela queda na produção de leite nos rebanhos afetados. De acordo com a literatura, a otite parasitária gera danos diretos na economia e sanidade animal, contudo, existe uma certa discrepância no controle e terapêutica utilizados. O objetivo dessa revisão foi proporcionar a comunidade científica, técnicos e aos produtores rurais uma atualização do conhecimento da problemática da otite parasitária no Brasil e no mundo. O controle parasitário do Rhabditis spp., bem como a sua terapêutica ainda são considerados ineficazes, visto que as recidivas são comuns. Dessa forma, a problemática da otite parasitária no Brasil ainda carece de novos estudos, mas alguns protocolos alternativos experimentais recentes apontam sinergicamente para um “horizonte” mais produtivo no controle desta parasitose.(AU)

Nematodes of the genus Rhabditis are responsible for parasitic otitis in Gir dairy cattle. This parasitic condition has been reported in several countries with hot and humid climates. In Brazil, it has been described in several regions, being responsible for the drop in milk production in the affected herds. To the best of our knowledge, parasitic otitis causes direct damage to the economy and animal health, however it still lacks a standardized and effective protocol for treatment and control. The purpose of this review was to provide the scientific community, technicians and rural producers with an update on the knowledge of the problem of parasitic otitis in Brazil and worldwide. Parasitic control of Rhabditis spp., as well as its treatment, are still considered ineffective, since recurrences are common. Thus, the problem of parasitic otitis in Brazil requires further studies, but some recent experimental alternative protocols point synergistically towards a more promising “horizon” in the control of this parasitosis.(AU)

Los nematodos del género Rhabditis son responsables de causar otitis parasitaria en el ganado lechero de raza Gyr. Esta condición parasitaria se ha informado en varios países con climas cálidos y húmedos. En Brasil, la otitis parasitaria por Rhabditis spp., se ha descrito en varias regiones, siendo responsable de la caída en la producción de leche en los rebaños afectados. Según nuestro conocimiento literario, la otitis parasitaria causa daño directo a la economía y la salud animal, sin embargo, hubo una cierta discrepancia en el control y el tratamiento utilizado. El objetivo de esta revisión fue proporcionarle a la comunidad científica, técnicos y productores rurales una actualización sobre el conocimiento del problema de la otitis parasitaria en Brasil y en todo el mundo. El control parasitario de Rhabditis spp., como también su tratamiento, todavía se consideran ineficaces, ya que las recurrencias son comunes. Por lo tanto, el problema de la otitis parasitaria en Brasil todavía necesita más estudios, pero algunos protocolos alternativos experimentales recientes apuntan sinérgicamente hacia un "horizonte" más productivo en el control de esta parasitosis.(AU)

Germination capacity of the Pochonia chlamydosporia fungus after its passage through the gastrointestinal tract of domestic chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus).

This study evaluated the germination capacity of Pochonia chlamydosporia (VC4) fungus after its passage through the gastrointestinal tract of domestic chickens and its interaction with Ascaridia galli and Heterakis gallinarum eggs. Twenty-two domestic chickens were divided in two groups: control group (G1) received shredded corn substrate without VC4; and treatment group (G2) received a single dose of 29 g corn substrate containing 3.3 × 106 conidia/chlamydospores (VC4). Subsequently, chicken fecal samples were collected at intervals of 0, 6, 8, 10, 12, 18 and 24 h. Petri dishes from fecal samples of the treated group (G2) were subdivided (G2a and G2b), and then replicated in 2% agar-water medium for the microbiological test. After VC4 growth, approximately 200 eggs of A. galli (G2a) and H. gallinarum (G2b) were added to each subgroup to evaluation of ovicidal activity. There was fungal viability after passage through chicken gastrointestinal tract and egg predation of 59.9% and 43.2% for A. galli and H. gallinarum, respectively. The present work demonstrates the ability of the fungus P. chlamydosporia to survive after passing through the gastrointestinal tract of domestic chickens, an extreme environment (low pH, enzymes, microbiota and mechanical action), and still germinate after being excreted with feces.

Effect of silver nanoparticles (AgNP's) from Duddingtonia flagrans on cyathostomins larvae (subfamily: cyathostominae).

The in vitro effect of silver nanoparticles of the Duddingtonia flagrans filtrate enriched with chitin was evaluated on infective larvae of cyathostomins (L3). After biosynthesis, an assay was carried out with two experimental groups in microtubes, for a period of 24 h: G1 (AgNP's-D. flagrans (43.4 µg/mL) + 120 L3) and G2 (distilled water + 120 L3). At the end of this period, AgNP's-D. flagrans (G1) demonstrated an effect on L3 with a 43% reduction (p < 0.01) in relation to G2. Thus, the authors suggest new designs with AgNP's-D. flagrans for the control of cyathostomins.

Infestation por Rhabditis spp: una revisión / Infestations by Rhabditis spp: a review / Infestações por Rhabditis spp: uma revisão

Os nematoides do gênero Rhabditis são responsáveis por causar a otite parasitária em bovinos leiteiros da raça Gir. Esta afecção parasitária tem sido relatada em vários países de clima quente e úmido. No Brasil, a rhabditiose tem sido descrita em diversas regiões, sendo responsável pela queda na produção de leite nos rebanhos afetados. De acordo com a literatura, a otite parasitária gera danos diretos na economia e sanidade animal, contudo, existe uma certa discrepância no controle e terapêutica utilizados. O objetivo dessa revisão foi proporcionar a comunidade científica, técnicos e aos produtores rurais uma atualização do conhecimento da problemática da otite parasitária no Brasil e no mundo. O controle parasitário do Rhabditis spp., bem como a sua terapêutica ainda são considerados ineficazes, visto que as recidivas são comuns. Dessa forma, a problemática da otite parasitária no Brasil ainda carece de novos estudos, mas alguns protocolos alternativos experimentais recentes apontam sinergicamente para um “horizonte” mais produtivo no controle desta parasitose.

Nematodes of the genus Rhabditis are responsible for parasitic otitis in Gir dairy cattle. This parasitic condition has been reported in several countries with hot and humid climates. In Brazil, it has been described in several regions, being responsible for the drop in milk production in the affected herds. To the best of our knowledge, parasitic otitis causes direct damage to the economy and animal health, however it still lacks a standardized and effective protocol for treatment and control. The purpose of this review was to provide the scientific community, technicians and rural producers with an update on the knowledge of the problem of parasitic otitis in Brazil and worldwide. Parasitic control of Rhabditis spp., as well as its treatment, are still considered ineffective, since recurrences are common. Thus, the problem of parasitic otitis in Brazil requires further studies, but some recent experimental alternative protocols point synergistically towards a more promising “horizon” in the control of this parasitosis.

Los nematodos del género Rhabditis son responsables de causar otitis parasitaria en el ganado lechero de raza Gyr. Esta condición parasitaria se ha informado en varios países con climas cálidos y húmedos. En Brasil, la otitis parasitaria por Rhabditis spp., se ha descrito en varias regiones, siendo responsable de la caída en la producción de leche en los rebaños afectados. Según nuestro conocimiento literario, la otitis parasitaria causa daño directo a la economía y la salud animal, sin embargo, hubo una cierta discrepancia en el control y el tratamiento utilizado. El objetivo de esta revisión fue proporcionarle a la comunidad científica, técnicos y productores rurales una actualización sobre el conocimiento del problema de la otitis parasitaria en Brasil y en todo el mundo. El control parasitario de Rhabditis spp., como también su tratamiento, todavía se consideran ineficaces, ya que las recurrencias son comunes. Por lo tanto, el problema de la otitis parasitaria en Brasil todavía necesita más estudios, pero algunos protocolos alternativos experimentales recientes apuntan sinérgicamente hacia un "horizonte" más productivo en el control de esta parasitosis.

Efficiency of the Bioverm ® (Duddingtonia flagrans) fungal formulation to control in vivo and in vitro of Haemonchus contortus and Strongyloides papillosus in sheep.

The objective of the present work was to evaluate the efficiency of Bioverm® fungal formulation (Duddingtonia flagrans-AC001) in controlling Haemonchus contortus and Strongyloides papillosus in sheep. In vitro predation tests were carried out in Petri dishes containing agar culture medium 2%. Four experimental groups were formed, with five replicates each: Group 1: 1 g of Bioverm ® and 1000 third-stage larvae (L3) of H. contortus; Group 2: 1000 L3 of H. contortus; Group 3: 1 g of Bioverm ® and 1000 L3 of S. papillosus; and Group 4: 1000 L3 of S. papillosus. In the in vivo tests, twelve 11-month-old sheep males positive for H. contortus were used. The animals were sorted in two groups (treatment and control), based on fecal egg counts (eggs per gram, EPG). Each group comprised six animals: treatment group-each animal received orally 100 g of Bioverm ® ; and control group-each animal received orally 100 g of rice. Subsequently, feces from these animals were collected at 12, 24, 36, 48, 60, 72, 84, and 96 h after Bioverm ® administration. In vitro results demonstrate that D. flagrans kept its predatory activity with 91.5% of mean reduction percentage of L3. After the passage test, Bioverm ® presented efficacy already after 12 h of its administration and kept similar results for 60 h. Bioverm® fungal formulation (D. flagrans-AC001) was efficient in reducing the population of H. contortus and S. papillosus under laboratory conditions in sheep feces. However, further studies are needed under natural conditions of ruminant grazing to prove the efficiency of this product.

Association between infestation by Lynxacarus radovskyi (Acari: Lystrophoridae) and the occurrence of Feline Eosinophilic Granuloma Complex.

Lynxacarus radovskyi are mites commonly found within domestic feline hair stems. The infested animal presents an opaque fur with a "salt and pepper" aspect. The contamination may occur by direct contact with other infected animals or by fomites, and the main diagnostic tool is the direct examination of the fur. The Feline Eosinophilic Granuloma Complex (FEGC) is a dermatological pattern of an immune answer against many types of injuries in felines, mainly during allergic reactions, and the treatment of choice are corticosteroids. The objective of this work was to document the linxcariosis cases at the Veterinary Hospital Professor Ricardo Alexandre Hippler-University of Vila Velha. Futhermore, the work also meant to research the association between the parasite contagion and the occurrence of FEGC injuries, which commonly occurred. Between April 2017 and August 2018, there were 8 reported cases of felines infested with L. radovskyi. The diagnoses were made with Acetate tape impression or by direct fur examination. Seven out of the eight cats presented with at least one characteristic injury of the FEGC. In all of them the chosen treatment was moxidectin or spot-on imidacloprid plus corticotherapy on the cats with FEGC, which were effective.

Sporotrichosis outburst after cancer chemotherapy in a dog

Background: Sporotrichosis is a dermatozoonosis that affects mammals in general, with the domestic feline (Felis catus)being the most epidemiologically important species. However, diagnosis of this disease in dogs is important consideringthe proximity with people and with other communicants. The epidemiology of sporotrichosis is already known in somestates of Brazil, especially in the southeast region, but to the best of our knowledge there are no reports of sporotrichosisin non-human species in the state of Espírito Santo. This paper aimed at describing the first case of canine sporotrichosisin Espírito Santo, Brazil.Case: A 10 year-old Bull Terrier male dog was presented with nodular non-ulcerated lesions on the head and nodularulcerated lesion on the nasal planum. The dog had a previous diagnosis of a low-grade mast cell tumour and palpebralmelanoma. Mast cell tumour was treated with scrotum ablation (and orchiectomy) and bilateral inguinal lymph node removal, followed by chemotherapy with twelve intravenous infusion of vinblastine, along with prednisolone. Cutaneouslesions in the head and nasal planum appeared two months after finishing chemotherapy. At further anamnesis, the pet´sresponsible reported that the dog had the habit of hunting cats that entered the residence, which raised the hypothesis ofsporotrichosis. An undiagnostic cytology was performed, followed by a fungal culture, positive for Sporothrix schenckii.Treatment was then initiated with itraconazol (Oficial generic drug), at a dose of 10mg/kg/SID, until clinical remission,obtained after 60 days, maintaining it for 60 more days. Patient showed completed recovery, with no further complatintsafter a follow-up of more than 220 days.Discussion: Sporotrichosis is considered a rare disease in dogs, with isolated cases in the literature...(AU)

Combined use of ivermectin, dimethyl sulfoxide, mineral oil and nematophagous fungi to control Rhabditis spp.

Rhabditis spp., is a nematode known to cause otitis externa, an infection difficult to control, in cattle reared within tropical regions. The objective of this study was to assess the combined use of ivermectin 1%, dimethyl sulfoxide 1% and mineral oil 100% containing nematophagous fungi of both Duddingtonia flagrans (AC001) and Monacrosporium thaumasium (NF34) species to control in vitro Rhabditis spp. Thus, 12 experimental groups were designed with eight replicates each: G1 (nematodes + AC001); G2 (nematodes + NF34); G3 (nematodes + ivermectin 1%/positive control); G4 (nematodes + dimethyl sulfoxide 1%/positive control); G5 (nematodes + mineral oil 100%/positive control); G6 (nematodes + AC001 + ivermectin 1%); G7 (nematodes + NF34 + ivermectin 1%); G8 (nematodes + AC001 + mineral oil 100%); G9 (nematodes + NF34 + mineral oil 100%); G10 (nematodes + AC001 + dimethyl sulfoxide 1%); G11 (nematode + NF34 + dimethyl sulfoxide 1%); G12 (nematode + distilled water/negative control). The results demonstrated that all experimentally treated groups differed statistically (p < 0.01) from the control group. In the present study, the use of dimethyl sulfoxide 1% and mineral oil 100% in conjunction with conidia fungi portrayed noteworthy outcomes, which represents a future premise for the combined use of nematophagous fungi within these vehicles in both controlling Rhabditis spp.

Rhabditis spp., in the Espírito Santo, State of Brazil and evaluation of biological control.

The objectives of this study were to describe occurrences of Rhabditis spp. causing parasitic otitis in dairy cattle of Gir breed in the state of Espírito Santo, southeastern Brazil, and to evaluate the biological control of this nematode using the nematophagous fungi Duddingtonia flagrans (AC001) and Monacrosporium thaumasium (NF34). After nematode detection and collection, three groups were formed: two groups that were treated, respectively, with the fungal isolates; and a control group, without fungus. The treatments were as follows: (a) Petri dishes containing the culture medium 2% water agar (WA) + 250 nematodes + AC001; (b) Petri dishes containing 2% WA + 250 nematodes + NF34; and (c) Petri dishes containing only 2% WA + 250 nematodes. After seven days at 27 °C the treatments with fungi were able to capture and destroy the nematodes, with percentages of 82.0% (AC001) and 39.0% (NF34) in relation to the control group. The results demonstrate the occurrence of Rhabditis spp. after animals physical examination and that there was efficacy of the in vitro predatory activity of both fungal isolates. Thus, these results are important because they can assist in future in vivo control of this nematode in cattle.