French protocol for the diagnosis and management of systemic lupus erythematosus.

Because Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) is a rare disease, and due to the significant prognostic impact of early management, a diagnosis confirmed by a physician with experience in SLE is recommended, for example from an expert center. Once the diagnosis is confirmed, existing manifestations should be identified in particular, renal involvement by an assessment of proteinuria, disease activity and severity should be determined, potential complications anticipated, associated diseases searched for, and the patient's socioprofessional and family context noted. Therapeutic management of SLE includes patient education on recognizing symptoms, understanding disease progression as well as when they should seek medical advice. Patients are informed about routine checkups, treatment side effects, and the need for regular vaccinations, especially if they are receiving immunosuppressive treatment. They are also advised on lifestyle factors such as the risks of smoking, sun exposure, and dietary adjustments, especially when they are receiving corticosteroids. The importance of contraception, particularly when teratogenic medications are being used, and regular cancer screening are emphasized. Support networks can help relieve a patient's isolation. The first-line medical treatment of SLE is hydroxychloroquine (HCQ), possibly combined with an immunosuppressant and/or low-dose corticosteroid therapy. The treatment of flares depends on their severity, and typically involves HCQ and NSAIDs, but may be escalated to corticosteroid therapy with immunosuppressants or biologic therapies in moderate to severe cases. Because there is no curative treatment, the goals of therapy are patient comfort, preventing progression and flares, and preserving overall long-term health and fertility. The frequency of follow-up visits depends on disease severity and any new symptoms. Regular specialized assessments are necessary, especially when treatment changes, but a frequency of every 3 to 6 months is recommended during periods of remission and monthly during active or severe disease, especially in children. These assessments include both clinical and laboratory tests to monitor complications and disease activity, with specific attention to proteinuria.

Optimizing the Recovery of Rare Earth Elements from Spent Fluorescent Lamps by Living Ulva sp.

Given the significant industrial applications of rare earth elements (REEs), supply chain constraints, and negative environmental impacts associated with their extraction, finding alternative sources has become a critical challenge. Previously, we highlighted the potential of living Ulva sp. in the removal and pre-concentration of Y from a solution obtained by sequential acid leaching of spent fluorescent lamps (SFLs). Here, we extended that study to other REEs extracted from SFLs and evaluated the effect of pH (4.5-9.0), light exposure (absence, natural and supplemented with artificial light), and Hg (presence and absence). The results showed small differences in the removal of Y (23-30%) and other REEs at the different pH values, opening the scope of the methodology. However, Ulva sp. relative growth rate (RGR) was negatively affected in the higher acidity condition, without any visible signs of decay. In the absence of light, the RGR also decreased, which was accompanied by a halving of the removal efficiency compared to that with artificial light supplementation (40% for Y). Although Hg had minimal influence on the removal and concentration of REEs by Ulva sp., its presence in the enriched biomass is undesirable. Therefore, this contaminant was selectively removed from the solution using Fe3O4@SiO2/SiDTC nanoparticles before contact with the macroalgae (70% removal in 30 min; 99% in 72 h). In addition to easy solubilization, macroalgae enriched with REEs have a simpler composition compared to SFLs. Calcination of the biomass allowed the REEs to be further concentrated, with concentrations (130 mg/g for Y) up to 240 times higher than in typical apatite ore. This highlights enriched biomass as a sustainable alternative to traditional mining for obtaining these critical raw materials.

Eco-friendly methodology for removing and recovering rare earth elements from saline industrial wastewater.

In this study, response surface methodology (RSM) was applied with a Box-Behnken design to optimize the biosorption (removal and bioconcentration) of rare earth elements (REEs) (Y, La, Ce Eu, Gd, Tb) by living Ulva sp. from diluted industrial wastewaters (also containing Pt and the classic contaminants Hg, Pb, Zn, Cu, Co, and Cd). Element concentration (A: 10-190 µg/L), wastewater salinity (B: 15-35), and Ulva sp. dosage (C: 1.0-5.0 g/L) were the operating parameters chosen for optimization. Analysis of the Box-Behnken central point confirmed the reproducibility of the methodology and p-values below 0.0001 validated the developed mathematical models. The largest inter-element differences were observed at 24 h, with most REEs, Cu, Pb and Hg showing removals ≥ 50 %. The factor with the greatest impact (positive) on element removal was the initial seaweed dosage (ANOVA, p < 0.05). The optimal conditions for REEs removal were an initial REEs concentration of 10 µg/L, at a wastewater salinity of 15, and an Ulva sp. dosage of 5.0 g/L, attaining removals up to 88 % in 24 h. Extending the time to 96 h allowed seaweed dosage to be reduced to 4.2 g/L while achieving removals ≥ 90 %. The high concentrations in REE-enriched biomass (∑REEs of 3222 µg/g), which are up to 3000 times higher than those originally found in water and exceed those in common ores, support their use as an alternative source of these critical raw materials.

Drought patterns: their spatiotemporal variability and impacts on maize production in Limpopo province, South Africa.

Due to global climate change, droughts are likely to become more frequent and more severe in many regions such as in South Africa. In Limpopo, observed high climate variability and projected future climate change will likely increase future maize production risks. This paper evaluates drought patterns in Limpopo at two representative sites. We studied how drought patterns are projected to change under future climatic conditions as an important step in identifying adaptation measures (e.g., breeding maize ideotypes resilient to future conditions). Thirty-year time horizons were analyzed, considering three emission scenarios and five global climate models. We applied the WOFOST crop model to simulate maize crop growth and yield formation over South Africa's summer season. We considered three different crop emergence dates. Drought indices indicated that mainly in the scenario SSP5-8.5 (2051-2080), Univen and Syferkuil will experience worsened drought conditions (DC) in the future. Maize yield tends to decline and future changes in the emergence date seem to impact yield significantly. A possible alternative is to delay sowing date to November or December to reduce the potential yield losses. The grain filling period tends to decrease in the future, and a decrease in the duration of the growth cycle is very likely. Combinations of changed sowing time with more drought tolerant maize cultivars having a longer post-anthesis phase will likely reduce the potential negative impact of climate change on maize.

Application of response surface methodology and box-behnken design for the optimization of mercury removal by Ulva sp.

Mercury (Hg) is a global and top priority contaminant, toxic at low concentrations. Although it has been progressively eliminated from processes, this metal continues to circulate in the atmosphere, soil, and water. In this work, the Response Surface Methodology (RSM) combined with a Box-Behnken Design (3 factors - 3 levels) was used to optimize key operational conditions that influence the removal and uptake of Hg by living macroalga Ulva sp. in a complex mixture containing several elements used in industry (potentially toxic elements, rare earth elements, and platinum-group elements) (initial concentration 10, 100 and 190 µg/L, salinity 15, 25 and 35, seaweed stock density 1.0, 3.0 and 5.0 g/L). Results evidenced the great capability of Ulva sp. to remove Hg, with removal efficiencies between 69 % and 97 %. 3-D surfaces showed that the most impactful variable was seaweed stock density, with higher densities leading to higher removal. Regarding the uptake, a positive correlation between initial concentration and qt values was observed. The appliance of RSM made possible to obtain optimal operating conditions for removing virtually 100 % of Hg from waters with high ionic strength, which is a pivotal step in the direction of the application of this remediation biotechnology at large scale.

Validation of a methodology to quantify macro, micro, and potentially toxic elements in food matrices.

To routinely assess whether consumed food meets international guidelines, a single analytical method able to quantify minerals and potentially toxic elements (PTEs) in real food matrices is required. This work validated a simple and efficient method to quantify nine elements in different food matrices by ICP-MS. Samples from local markets (chicken, mussels, fish, rice, and seaweed) and certified reference materials were digested with HNO3 68 % and H2O2 30 %. All performance criteria (working range, linearity, LOD, LOQ, selectivity, repeatability, and trueness) met the requirements of the Portuguese Association of Accredited Laboratories. Comparison between raw and cooked food showed significant changes in most element levels, and PTEs contents complied with the maximum permissible values (EC N° 1881/2006). The minimum and maximum amounts of the foods studied, alone or in combination, raw or cooked, that can be daily consumed to meet EFSA and WHO nutritional and safety requirements were analysed.

Immunoglobulin A Vasculitis Following COVID-19: A French Multicenter Case Series.

OBJECTIVE: Immunoglobulin A vasculitis (IgAV) usually occurs following viral respiratory tract infection. In the context of the global coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, we describe a case series of patients who developed IgAV following SARS-CoV-2 infection. METHODS: This national multicenter retrospective study included patients with IgAV following SARS-CoV-2 infection from January 1, 2020, to January 1, 2022. Patients had histologically proven IgAV and reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR)-proven SARS-CoV-2 infection. The interval between infection and vasculitis onset had to be < 4 weeks. RESULTS: We included 5 patients, 4 of whom were women with a mean age of 45 years. Four patients had paucisymptomatic infections and 1 required a 48-hour low-flow oxygen treatment. All 5 patients had purpuric skin involvement. Arthritis was observed in 2 patients, 3 had IgA glomerulonephritis, and 2 had digestive involvement. Three renal biopsies were performed and showed mesangial IgA deposits without any extracapillary proliferation. Median C-reactive protein was 180 (range 15.1-225) mg/L, median serum creatinine level was 65 (range 41-169) µmol/L, and 2 patients had a glomerular filtration rate < 60 mL/min. Four patients received first-line treatment with glucocorticoids. All patients had a favorable progression and 2 patients experienced minor skin relapses, one after COVID-19 vaccination. CONCLUSION: This series describes the emergence of IgAV closely following COVID-19; we were not able to eliminate an incidental link between these events. Their disease outcomes were favorable. In most of our patients, the SARS-CoV-2 infection was paucisymptomatic, and we recommend RT-PCR tests to look for COVID-19 in patients without any evident triggers for IgAV.

Impacto do comanejo multidisciplinar em desfechos de pacientes com fratura de quadril / Impacto del manejo conjunto multidisciplinario en desenlaces de pacientes con fractura de cadera / Impact of multidisciplinary co-management on outcomes of patients with hip fracture

Resumo Objetivo Avaliar o impacto do programa de comanejo multidisciplinar nos desfechos de pacientes com fratura de quadril hospitalizados. Métodos Estudo observacional, do tipo antes e depois, retrospectivo. Foram coletados dados dos pacientes hospitalizados por fratura de quadril entre 2015 e 2019, em hospital universitário com serviço referência para ortopedia. A intervenção analisada foi o programa de comanejo multidisciplinar, que iniciou em 2017. Resultados O número de lesões por pressão adquiridas na internação diminuiu significativamente (p<0,005) após a implementação do comanejo. Da mesma forma, o tempo de internação até a cirurgia reduziu (p<0,046), sendo cumpridas as diretrizes nacionais e internacionais de correção da fratura em até 48 horas. Infecções, reinternações e óbitos não tiveram seu impacto confirmado. Conclusão O comanejo multidisciplinar teve impacto positivo nos desfechos dos pacientes hospitalizados por fratura de quadril, resultando em redução do número de lesões por pressão e do tempo de espera para realizar a cirurgia. Através deste estudo, foram identificadas evidências preliminares que suportam a implementação desse tipo de programa.

Resumen Objetivo Evaluar el impacto del programa de manejo conjunto multidisciplinario en los desenlaces de pacientes con fractura de cadera hospitalizados. Métodos Estudio observacional, tipo antes y después, retrospectivo. Se recopilaron datos de pacientes hospitalizados por fractura de cadera entre 2015 y 2019, en un hospital universitario con servicio de ortopedia de referencia. La intervención analizada fue el programa de manejo conjunto multidisciplinario, que comenzó en 2017. Resultados El número de úlceras por presión adquiridas en la internación se redujo significativamente (p<0,005) luego de la implementación del manejo conjunto. De la misma forma, el tiempo de internación hasta la cirugía se redujo (p<0,046), cumpliendo las directrices nacionales e internacionales de corrección de la fractura en 48 horas como máximo. No se confirmó el impacto de infecciones, reinternaciones y fallecimientos. Conclusión El manejo conjunto multidisciplinario tuvo un impacto positivo en los desenlaces de los pacientes hospitalizados por fractura de cadera, lo que redujo el número de úlceras por presión y el tiempo de espera para realizar la cirugía. A través de este estudio, se identificaron evidencias preliminares que respaldan la implementación de este tipo de programa.

Abstract Objective To assess the impact of the multidisciplinary co-management program on the outcomes of hospitalized patients with hip fractures. Methods This is an observational, before-and-after, retrospective study. Data were collected from patients hospitalized for hip fracture between 2015 and 2019, at a university hospital with a referral service for orthopedics. The intervention analyzed was the multidisciplinary co-management program, which started in 2017. Results The number of pressure injuries acquired during hospitalization decreased significantly (p<0.005) after the implementation of co-management. Likewise, the length of hospital stay until surgery was reduced (p<0.046), and national and international guidelines for fracture correction within 48 hours were complied with. Infections, readmissions and deaths have not had their impact confirmed. Conclusion The multidisciplinary co-management had a positive impact on the outcomes of patients hospitalized for hip fracture, resulting in a reduction in the number of pressure injuries and in the waiting time for surgery. Through this study, preliminary evidence was identified to support the implementation of this type of program.

Response surface approach to optimize the removal of the critical raw material dysprosium from water through living seaweeds.

Dysprosium (Dy) is a rare earth element with a high economic and strategic value, and simultaneously an emerging contaminant, whose removal from wastewaters is gaining increasing attention. In this work, the Response Surface Methodology (RSM) combined with a Box-Behnken Design (3 factors-3 levels) was used to optimize the key operational conditions that influence the uptake of Dy by two living seaweed, Ulva sp. and Gracilaria sp.. The initial concentration of Dy (10-500 µg/L), water salinity (10-30), and seaweed dosage (0.5-5.5 g/L) were the independent variables, while the removal efficiency (%) and bioaccumulation (q, µg/g) were the response variables. Results highlighted the high capacity of both species to capture Dy. After 168 h, the optimal conditions that led to a maximum of 91 % of Dy removed by Gracilaria sp. were: 500 µg of Dy per L of water, salinity 10, and 5.5 g of seaweed per L. For Ulva sp., a maximum removal percentage of 79 % was achieved in the conditions: any initial concentration of Dy, salinity 20, and seaweed dosage of 3.7 g/L. Independently of the species, the response surfaces showed that the most important variable for the removal is the seaweed dosage, while for bioaccumulation is the initial concentration of Dy. Using RSM, it was possible to obtain the optimal operating conditions for Dy removal from waters, which is a fundamental step toward the application of the proposed technology at large scale.

Sustainable recovery of neodymium and dysprosium from waters through seaweeds: Influence of operational parameters.

The high demand for greener energy and technological innovation require some crucial elements, such as the rare earths Nd and Dy. Being considered two of the most critical elements (high supply risk), it is vital to recover them from wastes/wastewaters, for later reuse. Here, the influence of operational parameters, such as biosorbent stock density (0.5, 3.0, and 5.5 g L-1), ionic strength (salinity 10 and 30) and contact time (24, 72 and 168 h), in the biosorption/bioaccumulation of Nd and Dy by two living marine macroalgae was evaluated in artificial seawater, seeking the improvement of the process. Results demonstrated that stock density is the most influential parameter, while the ionic strength showed to be a selective parameter, with a major influence only for Dy removal, which can be attributed to the different chemical characteristics observed between light rare earth elements (LREE) and heavy rare earth elements (HREE). For the ranges studied, the greatest removal/recovery for Gracilaria sp. was achieved with a stock density of 3.0 g L-1 at salinity 10, after 72 h for both REEs. For Ulva lactuca optimal conditions were: stock density of 5.5 g L-1 at salinity 10 with a contact time of 72 h for both REEs. Between species, U. lactuca showed to be the most promising, with removal efficiencies up to 98% for Nd and 89% for Dy. Findings substantiate the potential of the proposed process for obtaining Nd and Dy from secondary sources, particularly from low-level contaminated waters.

Can the recycling of europium from contaminated waters be achieved through living macroalgae? Study on accumulation and toxicological impacts under realistic concentrations.

Europium (Eu) strategic importance for the manufacturing industry, high economic value and high supply risk, categorizes it as critical raw material. Due to anthropogenic contamination, Eu levels in ecosystems have been growing, which opens opportunities for innovation: its recovery and recycling from contaminated water as element source - circular economy. In this pioneering study, six widely available living marine macroalgae (Ulva intestinalis, Ulva lactuca, Gracilaria sp., Osmundea pinnatifida, Fucus vesiculosus and Fucus spiralis) were characterized (water content and specific surface area) and evaluated in the pre-concentration and recovery of Eu from contaminated seawater, under different relevant contamination scenarios (10, 152 and 500 µg L-1). U. lactuca and Gracilaria sp. (3 g L-1, fresh weight) proved to be the most effective in removing Eu, reaching up to 85% in 72 h, while the highest Eu enrichment was observed in U. intestinalis biomass, up to 827 µg g-1 (bioconcentration factor of 1800), which is higher than Eu levels in common apatite ores. The effect of Eu exposure on macroalgae growth rate and organism biochemical performance (LPO, SOD, GPx and GSTs) was also evaluated for the first time, to the best of our knowledge. Although no cellular damage was recorded, findings revealed toxicity and defence mechanisms activation, emphasizing the need of further studies on the potential risks associated with the presence of this emerging contaminant in aquatic ecosystems.

Climate change and extreme events on drainage systems: numerical simulation of soil water in corn crops in Illinois (USA).

The influence of climate conditions in the agricultural environment is important in evapotranspiration, water availability for plants and roots, and other processes. This research focuses on two aspects: (1) the effects of climate change on the occurrence of extreme events that may affect agricultural processes in a region in Illinois (USA), and (2) the effects of climate change on the soil water dynamics in a corn crop. Different climate scenarios developed by the Institut Pierre Simon Laplace, using a climate model with medium resolution-IPSL(CM5MR), provided input to simulate soil water dynamics in two fields with different drainage system layouts. The Hydrus model simulated surface flux and runoff. Results indicate that the variation of precipitation and temperature in the future may increase extreme events, representing a risk for agriculture. Hydrus simulations indicate different results accordingly to the drainage layout, suggesting that it may be necessary to make adjustments in drainage systems in the future. In general, surface flux and runoff will increase over time, and these changes are more related to extreme events than average values. Extreme event indices show vulnerability in agriculture and will be reflected in changes in the soil water dynamics, and may increase the climatic risk of corn production.

Bioaccumulation processes for mercury removal from saline waters by green, brown and red living marine macroalgae.

Mercury is a very toxic metal that persists and accumulates in the living organisms present in the aquatic systems and its elimination is an urgent need. Two green (Ulva intestinalis and Ulva lactuca), brown (Fucus spiralis and Fucus vesiculosus), and red (Gracilaria sp. and Osmundea pinnatifida) marine macroalgae were tested for mercury removal from saline waters. The ability of each species was evaluated to the initial mercury concentrations of 50, 200, and 500 µg dm-3 along 72 h. In general, all species exhibited good performances, removing 80.9-99.9% from solutions with 50 µg dm-3, 79.3-98.6% from solutions with 200 µg dm-3, and 69.8-97.7% from solutions containing 500 µg dm-3 of mercury. Among the macroalgae, Ulva intestinalis showed the highest affinity to mercury and it presented an uptake ability up to 1888 µg g-1 of Hg(II) and bioconcentration factors up to 3823, which proved its promising potential on Hg removal.

Biomechanical and histological characterization of MPS I mice femurs.

Mucopolysaccharidosis type I (MPS I) is a lysosomal storage disorder characterized by alpha-L-iduronidase (IDUA) deficiency, an enzyme responsible for glycosaminoglycan degradation. Musculoskeletal impairment is an important component of the morbidity related to the disease, as it has a major impact on patients' quality of life. To understand how this disease affects bone structure, morphological, biomechanical and histological analyses of femurs from 3- and 6-month-old wild type (Idua +/+) and MPS I knockout mice (Idua -/-) were performed. Femurs from 3-month-old Idua -/- mice were found to be smaller and less resistant to fracture when compared to their age matched controls. In addition, at this age, the femurs presented important alterations in articular cartilage, trabecular bone architecture, and deposition of type I and III collagen. At 6 months of age, femurs from Idua -/- mice were more resistant to fracture than those from Idua +/+. Our results suggest that the abnormalities observed in bone matrix and articular cartilage in 3-month-old Idua -/- animals caused bone tissue to be less flexible and more likely to fracture, whereas in 6-month-old Idua -/- group the ability to withstand more load before fracturing than wild type animals is possibly due to changes in the bone matrix.

Metabolic profiles of multidrug resistant and extensively drug resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis unveiled by metabolomics.

Although treatable with antibiotics, tuberculosis is a leading cause of death. Mycobacterium tuberculosis antibiotic resistance is becoming increasingly common and disease control is challenging. Conventional drug susceptibility testing takes weeks to produce results, and treatment is often initiated empirically. Therefore, new methods to determine drug susceptibility profiles are urgent. Here, we used mass-spectrometry-based metabolomics to characterize the metabolic landscape of drug-susceptible (DS), multidrug-resistant (MDR) and extensively drug-resistant (XDR) M. tuberculosis. Direct infusion mass spectrometry data showed that DS, MDR, and XDR strains have distinct metabolic profiles, which can be used to predict drug susceptibility and resistance. This was later confirmed by Ultra-High-Performance Liquid Chromatography and High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry, where we found that levels of ions presumptively identified as isoleucine, proline, hercynine, betaine, and pantothenic acid varied significantly between strains with different drug susceptibility profiles. We then confirmed the identification of proline and isoleucine and determined their absolute concentrations in bacterial extracts, and found significantly higher levels of these amino acids in DS strains, as compared to drug-resistant strains (combined MDR and XDR strains). Our results advance the current understanding of the effect of drug resistance on bacterial metabolism and open avenues for the detection of drug resistance biomarkers.

Multi-elemental composition of white and dark muscles in swordfish.

Concentrations of 16 elements (K, Na, Mg, Ca, Fe, Zn, Hg, Se, As, Cu, Cd, Mn, Ni, Cr, Pb and Co) were determined in dorsal white and dark muscle of Xiphias gladius, sampled at various positions of a single swordfish and at the same position of eight specimens. Hg was quantified by thermal decomposition atomic absorption spectrometry (LECO AMA-254) and the rest of the elements by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP OES) or mass spectrometry (ICP MS). Element partitioning differed in dark and white muscle. Dark muscle was particularly enriched in Fe (median 13 times) and Cu (9) and moderately enhanced in Se, Mn, Zn and Cd (2.8-4.0). Dark:white ratios of the potentially toxic elements (As, Cr, Hg, Ni and Pb) varied from 0.9 to 1.4, pointing to a similar distribution between the two muscles types and indicating no additional risk in the consumption of dark muscle.

How safe are the new green energy resources for marine wildlife? The case of lithium.

Considering the increasing use of Lithium (Li) and the necessity to fulfil this demand, labile Li occurrence in the environment will be enhanced. Thus, additional research is needed regarding the presence of this element in marine environment and its potential toxic impacts towards inhabiting wildlife. The aim of the present study was to evaluate Li toxicity based on the exposure of Mytilus galloprovincialis to this metal, assessing the biochemical changes related with mussels' metabolism, oxidative stress and neurotoxicity. For this, organisms were exposed to different Li concentrations (100, 250, 750 µg/L) for 28 days. The results obtained clearly demonstrated that Li lead to mussels' metabolism depression. The present study also revealed that, especially at the highest concentrations, antioxidant and biotransformation enzymes were not activated, leading to the occurrence of lipid peroxidation and loss of redox homeostasis, with increased content in oxidized glutathione in comparison to the reduced form. Furthermore, after 28 days, higher Li exposure concentrations induced neurotoxic effects in mussels, with a decrease in acetylcholinesterase enzyme activity. The responses observed were closely related with Li concentrations in mussels' tissues, which were more pronounced at higher exposure concentrations. Such results highlight the potential toxic effects of Li to marine species, which may even be higher under predicted climate changes and/or in the presence of other pollutants.

Influence of salinity and rare earth elements on simultaneous removal of Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni and Pb from contaminated waters by living macroalgae.

Potentially toxic elements (PTEs) are of major concern due to their high persistence and toxicity. Recently, rare earth elements (REEs) concentration in aquatic ecosystems has been increasing due to their application in modern technologies. Thus, this work aimed to study, for the first time, the influence of REEs (lanthanum, cerium, praseodymium, neodymium, europium, gadolinium, terbium, dysprosium and yttrium) and of salinity (10 and 30) on the removal of PTEs (Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni and Pb) from contaminated waters by living macroalgae (Fucus spiralis, Fucus vesiculosus, Gracilaria sp., Osmundea pinnatifida, Ulva intestinalis and Ulva lactuca). Experiments ran for 168 h, with each macroalga exposed to saline water spiked with the six PTEs and with the six PTEs plus nine REEs (all at 1 µmol L-1) at both salinities. Results showed that all species have high affinity with Hg (90-99% of removal), not being affected neither by salinity changes nor by the presence of other PTEs or REEs. Cd showed the lowest affinity to most macroalgae, with residual concentrations in water varying between 50 and 108 µg L-1, while Pb removal always increased with salinity decline (up to 80% at salinity 10). REEs influence was clearer at salinity 30, and mainly for Pb. No substantial changes were observed in Ni and Hg sorption. For the remaining elements, the effect of REEs varied among algae species. Overall, the results highlight the role of marine macroalgae as living biofilters (particularly U. lactuca), capable of lowering the levels of top priority hazardous substances (particularly Hg) and other PTEs in water, even in the presence of the new emerging contaminants - REEs. Differences in removal efficiency between elements and macroalgae are explained by the contaminant chemistry in water and by macroalgae characteristics.

Assessment of marine macroalgae potential for gadolinium removal from contaminated aquatic systems.

Gadolinium (Gd) is a rare earth associated with hospital and urban wastewaters due to its application as a contrast agent for magnetic resonance imaging. In this work, the uptake of Gd from contaminated seawater by three living marine macroalgae, Ulva lactuca (Chlorophyta), Fucus spiralis (Phaeophyta) and Gracilaria sp. (Rhodophyta) was studied along 72 h. Surface analysis (FTIR), water content, kinetic modelling, and Gd quantification in seawater and biomass were performed. All species were able to accumulate Gd from seawater with 10, 157, and 500 µg Gd L-1, although green and red macroalgae performed better, following the order: green > red > brown. Removal efficiencies reached 85%, corresponding to a bioconcentration factor of 1700. In more complex solutions that intended to mimic real contaminated environments, namely mixtures with other rare earth elements (Y, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Eu, Tb, Dy), and with potentially toxic elements commonly found in wastewaters (Cr, Ni, Cu, Cd, Hg, Pb), at two salinities (10 and 30), the macroalgae kept its efficiency: 84% and 88% of removal by green and red macroalgae, respectively. Overall, findings evidence that living macroalgae could be a countermeasure to the increasing anthropogenic enrichment of Gd observed in the aquatic environment.

Main drivers of mercury levels in Southern Ocean lantern fish Myctophidae.

Myctophids are the most abundant fish group in the Southern Ocean pelagic ecosystem and are an important link in the Antarctic marine food web. Due to their major ecological role, evaluating the level of mercury (Hg) contamination in myctophids is important as a step towards understanding the trophic pathway of this contaminant. The concentrations of total Hg were determined in muscle, gill, heart and liver tissue of 9 myctophid species to quantify tissue partitioning variability between species. Organic Hg concentration and proportion in muscle was also determined. Hg concentrations were higher in the liver and heart than in muscle and gills, but the proportion of organic Hg was almost 100% in muscle, indicating that the main uptake route for Hg is through the diet. Most of the species analysed have similar vertical and horizontal distributions, and similar feeding modes and prey. Geographical and temporal variability of Hg concentrations was examined using samples from 3 different sampling cruise (2007/08, 2015/16 and 2016/17) and 2 locations (South Georgia and South Orkneys Islands). Our results appear to indicate a decreasing trend in Hg contamination over the last decade, particularly gill tissue, which is in agreement with a previous study on squid from the same region. There was no significant variability in Hg concentration between the different sampling locations. Hg levels were consistent with values reported previously for myctophids around the world, indicating low global-scale geographic variability. A positive relationship between fish size and Hg concentration was found for most species, with the exception of Electrona antarctica females, which may be explained through Hg elimination by egg laying. We estimate that myctophids collectively comprise a Southern Ocean mercury 'reserve' of ≈1.82 metric tonnes.