Combined use of body condition score, radiography, ultrasonography and computed tomography in body condition evaluation of crab-eating fox (Cerdocyon thous).

This study aimed to evaluate the application of radiography, ultrasonography, and computed tomography (CT) as auxiliaries in the determination of body fat and musculature in crab-eating foxes (Cerdocyon thous). Eight animals were evaluated and classified based on the body condition score (BCS) scale. The total cut volume, total visceral volume, total subcutaneous volume, visceral fat volume, subcutaneous fat volume, and total fat volume were measured. The correlation of the BCS with the other data was determined. In the ultrasound, there was a correlation of the vertebral epaxial musculature score (VEMS) with body weight, BCS, muscle mass score (MMS), animal's height, and height at the withers. In the radiographic analysis, the amount of subcutaneous fat obtained in L3 vertebrae did not present a significant correlation with BCS, as opposed to L6. In the tomographic analysis, TFV/L6, VFV/L6, and SFV/L6 correlated with BCS in L3, and only SFV /L6 in L6. When the ratios between fat volumes were correlated, the correlation with BCS occurred only in L6 in the TFV/TBV, SFV/SVC, and VFW variants. Radiography and CT were effective and had a good association with BCS. With the CT it was possible to demonstrate the distribution of total fat at the level of the L3 slice. The ratio of calculations considering the length of the L6 vertebra was more adequate, while at the level of L6 the ratio between the volumes of the compartments was more effective.

Are echocardiographic parameters affected by body condition scores in blue-fronted Amazon parrots (Amazona aestiva, Linnaeus, 1758)?

This study aimed to determine the echocardiographic parameters of blue-fronted Amazon parrots (Amazona aestiva, Linnaeus, 1758) with varying body condition scores. Thirty-five birds only grown in captivity were included in the study and allocated into three different groups according to their respective body condition scores: Lean, Ideal, and Obese. The group of obese parrots presented lower right ventricle dimensions in diastole than lean parrots. The fractional shortening was considerably lower in obese parrots than in parrots with lean and ideal body condition scores but without statistical significance. The flow rate and the aortic pressure gradient were lower in the lean group than in the ideal group. The alterations in the nutritional state of captive blue-fronted amazon parrots may lead to cardiovascular dysfunctions detected through an echocardiographic evaluation, which represents an important diagnostic tool for these animals. The description of the techniques and the measures obtained in this study can contribute to future research in the area.

Topical ozone therapy in the treatment of pharmacodermia in a dog (Canis lupus familiaris)

Background: Pharmacodermia is a drug reaction that manifests itself on the skin and mucous membranes. The main drugsthat cause pharmacodermia are β-lactam antibiotics. It has a rare occurrence in dogs and may present different clinical signs.Ozone therapy is used to treat various conditions, such as infections and inflammatory diseases. This therapy acts throughoxidative stress generating a positive inflammatory response to the body and stimulating the formation of granulation tissue andangiogenesis. Since pharmacodermia is rare in dogs and reports of ozonized sunflower oil and ozone for treat pharmacodermiais are rare in the literature, this paper aimed to report the use of ozonized sunflower oil in the treatment of pharmacodermiain a young female Rottweiler dog assisted and treated at a private veterinary clinic in Garanhuns, Pernambuco, Brazil.Case: A 2-year-old Rottweiler female, weighting 53.3 kg was attended at a private veterinary clinic in Garanhuns (Pernambuco- PE) with a history of dystocia. The dog was submitted to ovary-hysterectomy under general anesthesia. After anesthesiarecovery was prescribed omeprazol (1 mg/kg, orally (P.O) SID for 10 days), cephalexin (20 mg/kg, P.O. BID for 10 days),tramadol hydrochloride (4 mg/kg, P.O. BID for seven days), carprofen (4.4 mg/kg, P.O. SID for three days), and the use ofElizabethan collar. Furthermore, for topical treatment was described chlorhexidine digluconate (0.2%) and ointment of allantoin and zinc oxide, SID, for 10 days. Seven days after the surgical procedure, the owners dog reported by a telephone callthe appearance of wounds in the dorsal region of the dog. Ten days after surgery, the dog returned to the veterinary clinic forstitches removal and wounds evaluation. During the physical examination, observed the presence of two cutaneous wounds,one located in the cervicothoracic region and the other wound...(AU)

Medidas biométricas, avaliação do escore corporal e índice de massa corpórea em Quatis (Nasua nasua) de vida livre da região Centro Sul do estado de São Paulo, Brasil / Biometric measures, body score and body mass index evaluation in wild coatis (Nasua nasua) living in the South-Central region of São Paulo State, Brazil

Background: Coatis (Nasua nasua) have easy interaction with man, besides being sociable and curious animals. Theproximity to urbanized areas encourages them to intake food from anthropogenic sources, and it can change their eatinghabits and make them prone to obesity. The body condition evaluates the animals’ energetic status and measures variations in their body fat reserves. There are direct-invasive methods and indirect methods that rely on size and body massto evaluate the body condition, like body condition score and body mass index. Thus, the aim of the present study was toassess different methods to determine the body condition of wild coatis (Nasua nasua) living in urban areas.Materials, Methods & Results: Sixteen wild coatis (Nasua nasua), nine females and seven males, were captured at Facultyof Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science (FMVZ) of São Paulo State University, Botucatu, in pitfalls. The animals wereanesthetized with ketamine and midazolam and subjected to biometric evaluation after physical exams proved normal. Thefollowing variables were analyzed: body weight, body condition score (BCS) based on the five-point scale for dogs, thoracicand abdominal circumference, height at the withers, spine length and distance from the patella to the calcaneus. Two bodymass index (BMI) were calculated from these data, one was based on dogs (BMI1) and another one on cats (BMI2), as well asthe body fat percentage (%BF). Results showed that 25% of the assessed coatis were overweight. Body weight, thoracic andabdominal circumference, height at the withers, spine length and distance from the patella to the calcaneus were significantlyhigher in males than in females and the other assessed parameters did not present differences between sexes. The correlationbetween fat percentage and body weight was significant, and that between fat percentage and BCS was not. There was closer correlation...

Medidas biométricas, avaliação do escore corporal e índice de massa corpórea em Quatis (Nasua nasua) de vida livre da região Centro Sul do estado de São Paulo, Brasil / Biometric measures, body score and body mass index evaluation in wild coatis (Nasua nasua) living in the South-Central region of São Paulo State, Brazil

Background: Coatis (Nasua nasua) have easy interaction with man, besides being sociable and curious animals. Theproximity to urbanized areas encourages them to intake food from anthropogenic sources, and it can change their eatinghabits and make them prone to obesity. The body condition evaluates the animals energetic status and measures variations in their body fat reserves. There are direct-invasive methods and indirect methods that rely on size and body massto evaluate the body condition, like body condition score and body mass index. Thus, the aim of the present study was toassess different methods to determine the body condition of wild coatis (Nasua nasua) living in urban areas.Materials, Methods & Results: Sixteen wild coatis (Nasua nasua), nine females and seven males, were captured at Facultyof Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science (FMVZ) of São Paulo State University, Botucatu, in pitfalls. The animals wereanesthetized with ketamine and midazolam and subjected to biometric evaluation after physical exams proved normal. Thefollowing variables were analyzed: body weight, body condition score (BCS) based on the five-point scale for dogs, thoracicand abdominal circumference, height at the withers, spine length and distance from the patella to the calcaneus. Two bodymass index (BMI) were calculated from these data, one was based on dogs (BMI1) and another one on cats (BMI2), as well asthe body fat percentage (%BF). Results showed that 25% of the assessed coatis were overweight. Body weight, thoracic andabdominal circumference, height at the withers, spine length and distance from the patella to the calcaneus were significantlyhigher in males than in females and the other assessed parameters did not present differences between sexes. The correlationbetween fat percentage and body weight was significant, and that between fat percentage and BCS was not. There was closer correlation...(AU)

Topical ozone therapy in the treatment of pharmacodermia in a dog (Canis lupus familiaris)

Background: Pharmacodermia is a drug reaction that manifests itself on the skin and mucous membranes. The main drugsthat cause pharmacodermia are β-lactam antibiotics. It has a rare occurrence in dogs and may present different clinical signs.Ozone therapy is used to treat various conditions, such as infections and inflammatory diseases. This therapy acts throughoxidative stress generating a positive inflammatory response to the body and stimulating the formation of granulation tissue andangiogenesis. Since pharmacodermia is rare in dogs and reports of ozonized sunflower oil and ozone for treat pharmacodermiais are rare in the literature, this paper aimed to report the use of ozonized sunflower oil in the treatment of pharmacodermiain a young female Rottweiler dog assisted and treated at a private veterinary clinic in Garanhuns, Pernambuco, Brazil.Case: A 2-year-old Rottweiler female, weighting 53.3 kg was attended at a private veterinary clinic in Garanhuns (Pernambuco- PE) with a history of dystocia. The dog was submitted to ovary-hysterectomy under general anesthesia. After anesthesiarecovery was prescribed omeprazol (1 mg/kg, orally (P.O) SID for 10 days), cephalexin (20 mg/kg, P.O. BID for 10 days),tramadol hydrochloride (4 mg/kg, P.O. BID for seven days), carprofen (4.4 mg/kg, P.O. SID for three days), and the use ofElizabethan collar. Furthermore, for topical treatment was described chlorhexidine digluconate (0.2%) and ointment of allantoin and zinc oxide, SID, for 10 days. Seven days after the surgical procedure, the owner’s dog reported by a telephone callthe appearance of wounds in the dorsal region of the dog. Ten days after surgery, the dog returned to the veterinary clinic forstitches removal and wounds evaluation. During the physical examination, observed the presence of two cutaneous wounds,one located in the cervicothoracic region and the other wound...

Dopplerfluxometria da artéria femoral de cães adultos hígidos (Canis lupus familiaris) / Femoral artery Dopplerfluxometry of adult healthy dogs (Canis lupus familiaris)

Background: In Veterinary Medicine, there are several methods for early and accurate assessment of blood flow dynamics. The Dopplerfluxometry can access the peak systolic velocity, mean velocity and end diastolic velocity, including Resistive Index and Pulsatility Index. Normal values of Dopplerfluxometry in healthy dogs allow the identification of vascular abnormalities and authors’ knowledge there are no reference regarding the values of Dopplerfluxometry of the femoral artery in healthy dogs. The aim of the study was to assess the femoral Dopplerfluxometry of adult healthy dogs by Resistive Index, Pulsatility Index, systolic and diastolic velocities, and femoral artery diameter.Materials, Methods & Results: Eighteen healthy intact beagle dogs, male and female, aging from 2 to 4 years old (mean ± SD: mean 3 ± 0.8 years), weighing from 10.1-17.9 kg [22.3-39.5 lb] [mean ± SD: 14.3 ± 2.7 kg (31.5 ± 5.96 lb)] were used. The dogs underwent to physical examination, complete blood cell count, serum biochemistry examination urinalysis, and radiographs examination, muscular and cardiac evaluation. Females had to be in anestrous. All dogs were submitted to right femoral artery Dopplerfluxometry. The dogs were positioned in dorsal recumbency by one person without any chemical restraint. A high definition ultrasound device equipped with a 3 - 13 MHz multi-frequency linear transducer was used. The right femoral artery was identified with the transducer positioned transversely on the right triangle femoral area. Peak systolic velocity, end-diastolic velocity was measured. The Resistivity Index and Pulsatility Index were calculated automatically by the ultrasound machine software. Three measurements were obtained with the Doppler spectrum. The values of peak systolic velocity, end-diastolic velocity, Resistivity Index, Pulsatility Index and femoral artery diameter were expressed as Mean ± Standard Deviation (SD).[...]

Pododermite em cisne negro (Cygnus atratus) em Moçambique / Bumblefoot in free-living black swan (Cygnus atratus) in Mozambique

Background: Black Swan (Cygnus atratus Linnaeus 1766) is an aquatic bird native to Australia and non-migratory birds. Bumblefoot is a chronic, progressive, degenerative and granulomatous disease that affects the plantar region and causes inflammation and degenerative changes in plantar tissues. Given that bumblefoot incidence in free-living wild birds is low and that the literature lacks publications about bumblefoot in free-living Black Swans, the aim of the current study is to describe the first bumblefoot case reported in a free-living Black Swan (Cygnus atratus) in Mozambique who was subjected to surgical procedure.Case: An adult intact Black Swan (Cygnus atratus) weighing 7.2 kg was presented to Veterinary Hospital of the Veterinary Medicine School, Mozambique with reluctance to support the left hind limb. Water intake was not unsettled and urine and feces were normal. A brown mass with 3 cm diameter approximately was identified in the footpad of the left hind limb; there were local bleeding and ulcers and pain. Footpad radiographic images of the left hind limb showed no abnormalities in the bone tissue. An incisional biopsy was performed with patient under sedation. The cytopathological examination was suggestive of bumblefoot. An excisional biopsy was performed with patient under anesthesia. The mass was excised with surgical margin of 1 cm and the local was subjected to debridement. The sample was sent to histopathological examination. The histopathological examination confirmed a chronic Bumblefoot Type 2. The patient started to support the left hind limb three days after surgery and twenty days after surgery, the footpad sutures were removed. Fifty days after the surgical procedure the patient was released in the site it was rescued.[...]

Dopplerfluxometria da artéria femoral de cães adultos hígidos (Canis lupus familiaris) / Femoral artery Dopplerfluxometry of adult healthy dogs (Canis lupus familiaris)

Background: In Veterinary Medicine, there are several methods for early and accurate assessment of blood flow dynamics. The Dopplerfluxometry can access the peak systolic velocity, mean velocity and end diastolic velocity, including Resistive Index and Pulsatility Index. Normal values of Dopplerfluxometry in healthy dogs allow the identification of vascular abnormalities and authors knowledge there are no reference regarding the values of Dopplerfluxometry of the femoral artery in healthy dogs. The aim of the study was to assess the femoral Dopplerfluxometry of adult healthy dogs by Resistive Index, Pulsatility Index, systolic and diastolic velocities, and femoral artery diameter.Materials, Methods & Results: Eighteen healthy intact beagle dogs, male and female, aging from 2 to 4 years old (mean ± SD: mean 3 ± 0.8 years), weighing from 10.1-17.9 kg [22.3-39.5 lb] [mean ± SD: 14.3 ± 2.7 kg (31.5 ± 5.96 lb)] were used. The dogs underwent to physical examination, complete blood cell count, serum biochemistry examination urinalysis, and radiographs examination, muscular and cardiac evaluation. Females had to be in anestrous. All dogs were submitted to right femoral artery Dopplerfluxometry. The dogs were positioned in dorsal recumbency by one person without any chemical restraint. A high definition ultrasound device equipped with a 3 - 13 MHz multi-frequency linear transducer was used. The right femoral artery was identified with the transducer positioned transversely on the right triangle femoral area. Peak systolic velocity, end-diastolic velocity was measured. The Resistivity Index and Pulsatility Index were calculated automatically by the ultrasound machine software. Three measurements were obtained with the Doppler spectrum. The values of peak systolic velocity, end-diastolic velocity, Resistivity Index, Pulsatility Index and femoral artery diameter were expressed as Mean ± Standard Deviation (SD).[...](AU)

Preferência alimentar de uma fêmea e um filhote de Dasypus novemcinctus (Linnaeus, 1758) em cativeiro / Feeding preference of a female and young Dasypus novemcinctus (Linnaeus, 1758) in captivity

Em cativeiro, as dietas para Dasypus novemcinctus, em geral, constituem-se de proteína animal misturadas com frutas, verduras e suplemento vitamínico-mineral. Porém, não há estudos relacionados com a preferência alimentar de tatus em cativeiro. Assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a preferência alimentar de uma fêmea adulta e de um filhote mantidos em cativeiro, expostos a quatro dietas com origem e porcentagens proteicas diferentes. Desta forma, o experimento foi realizado durante cinco semanas, sendo que as quatro primeiras semanas foi um período de manejo preliminar e a quinta semana foi realizada a coleta dos dados. A preferência alimentar, segundo a frequência de consumo, foi diferente para mãe e filhote, sendo que o filhote apresentou uma maior preferência pela dieta 1 e a mãe procurou igualmente as dietas. Quanto ao consumo, a dieta 1 apresentou maior ingestão. Assim, conclui-se que a preferência alimentar do filhote está em consonância ao requerimento proteico da espécie e a mãe apresentou um comportamento alimentar diverso, relacionado ao seu comportamento de espera de escolha do filhote. (AU)

Pododermite em cisne negro (Cygnus atratus) em Moçambique / Bumblefoot in free-living black swan (Cygnus atratus) in Mozambique

Background: Black Swan (Cygnus atratus Linnaeus 1766) is an aquatic bird native to Australia and non-migratory birds. Bumblefoot is a chronic, progressive, degenerative and granulomatous disease that affects the plantar region and causes inflammation and degenerative changes in plantar tissues. Given that bumblefoot incidence in free-living wild birds is low and that the literature lacks publications about bumblefoot in free-living Black Swans, the aim of the current study is to describe the first bumblefoot case reported in a free-living Black Swan (Cygnus atratus) in Mozambique who was subjected to surgical procedure.Case: An adult intact Black Swan (Cygnus atratus) weighing 7.2 kg was presented to Veterinary Hospital of the Veterinary Medicine School, Mozambique with reluctance to support the left hind limb. Water intake was not unsettled and urine and feces were normal. A brown mass with 3 cm diameter approximately was identified in the footpad of the left hind limb; there were local bleeding and ulcers and pain. Footpad radiographic images of the left hind limb showed no abnormalities in the bone tissue. An incisional biopsy was performed with patient under sedation. The cytopathological examination was suggestive of bumblefoot. An excisional biopsy was performed with patient under anesthesia. The mass was excised with surgical margin of 1 cm and the local was subjected to debridement. The sample was sent to histopathological examination. The histopathological examination confirmed a chronic Bumblefoot Type 2. The patient started to support the left hind limb three days after surgery and twenty days after surgery, the footpad sutures were removed. Fifty days after the surgical procedure the patient was released in the site it was rescued.[...](AU)