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ABSTRACT Objective Evaluate the consumer's food environment in food retailers around public schools in the municipality of Governador Celso Ramos, state of Santa Catarina, in southern Brazil. Methods A survey was carried out in the surroundings of three public schools, from March to May 2022. Food retailers located in a pre-established 800m buffer zone were identified. A location system device recorded latitude and longitude. An audit of the establishments was performed using a specific validated instrument for auditing the consumer food environment (AUDITNOVA). These establishments were grouped into: Group 1 - predominantly selling fresh foods, Group 2 - mixed establishments, and Group 3 - predominantly selling ultra-processed foods. These establishments were assessed using a Consumer Food Environment Healthiness Score evaluation system. The data were analyzed using the statistical software Stata version 16.0. Results The study audited 21 establishments, 47.6% of which were small neighborhood food markets, 23.8% bakeries, 14.3% butchers/fishmongers, 9.5% grocery stores and 4.8% supermarkets. It was found that privately-owned vegetable markets had a higher availability of fresh and minimally processed food categories, while the lowest scores for this category were found in bakeries. Regarding ultra-processed foods, the most commonly found items were sugary beverages and candies, chocolates, and filled cookies. Conclusion More audit studies ought to be carried out in the surroundings of schools to broaden the understanding of the relationship between access, availability, prices and food advertisement in order to support the construction of strategies aimed at preventing obesity in the population.
RESUMO Objetivo Avaliar o ambiente alimentar do consumidor em estabelecimentos de comercialização de alimentos no entorno de escolas públicas no município de Governador Celso Ramos, estado de Santa Catarina, no Sul do Brasil. Métodos Foi realizada, entre março e maio de 2022, no entorno de três escolas públicas, auditoria nos comércios varejistas localizados em uma zona pré-estabelecida de 800m. Um equipamento com sistema de localização realizou o registro da latitude e longitude. Esta auditoria foi realizada utilizando um instrumento validado próprio para auditoria do ambiente alimentar do consumidor (AUDITNOVA). Estes foram agrupados em Grupo 1 - com venda predominante de alimentos in natura; Grupo 2 - estabelecimentos mistos; Grupo 3 - com venda predominante de alimentos ultraprocessados. Os estabelecimentos foram avaliados por um sistema de avaliação de saudabilidade do ambiente alimentar do consumidor. Os dados foram analisados no programa estatístico Stata versão 16.0. Resultados O estudo auditou 21 estabelecimentos, sendo 47,6% mercados de bairro, 23,8% padarias, 14,3% açougues/peixarias, 9,5% sacolões/hortifrutis privados e 4,8% supermercados. Foi identificado que sacolões/hortifrutis privados apresentaram maior oferta de alimentos da categoria in natura e minimamente processados, enquanto os menores scores desta categoria de alimentos foram encontrados em padarias. Em relação aos alimentos ultraprocessados, os alimentos mais presentes foram bebidas açucaradas e balas, chocolates e biscoito recheado. Conclusão Sugere-se a realização de mais estudos de auditoria em comércios varejistas no entorno de escolas para ampliar a compreensão da relação entre o acesso, disponibilidade, preços e propagandas dos alimentos de modo a subsidiar a construção de estratégias que visem a prevenção da obesidade na população.
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ObesidadRESUMEN
BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Dysphagia is a swallowing disorder that affects mainly the older adults and can compromise quality of life, and increase the risk for malnutrition and aspiration. Early diagnosis is, therefore, essential to prevent adversities. We aimed to evaluate the validity of self-perceived dysphagia in community-dwelling older adults (60 years or older) from Pelotas, Brazil, participants in the "COMO VAI?" METHODS: The Eating Assessment Tool (EAT-10) was used as the reference tool to identify the risk for dysphagia and the self-perception of dysphagia was assessed using the following question: "Do you have swallowing difficulties?" (Yes/No). The parameters of sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV), and accuracy were described with 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) and according to independent variables (sex, age, economic level, and education). RESULTS: The prevalence of dysphagia risk according to EAT-10 and self-perception was 12.9% (95% CI 10.2-16.1) and 8.8% (95% CI 6.6-11.6), respectively. Sensitivity was 34.8% (95% CI 23.5-47.6) and the highest values were observed in women and the older individuals (80 years or older). Specificity was 95.1% (95% CI 92.6-96.9). PPV was 51.1% (95% CI 35.8-66.3), NPV 90.8% (95% CI 87.8-93.2) and accuracy 87.3%. CONCLUSIONS: Considering the low sensitivity and PPV, the self-perception of dysphagia analyzed with a single question should be used with caution, as an individual at risk for dysphagia may not realize their condition.