Study on Serum Calcium Level in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease.

Patients often present with chronic kidney disease (CKD) complicated with hypocalcaemia. Lower serum calcium is independently associated with chronic kidney disease. Aim of this study was to assess of serum calcium level in chronic kidney diseased patients in order to compare this parameter with healthy subjects. This analytical type of cross-sectional study was carried out in the Physiology department, Mymensingh Medical College, Mymensingh, Bangladesh from July 2018 to June 2019. A total number of 200 subjects, age range 30-70 year were included in this study. Among 200 subjects, 100 healthy were taken as control group (Group I) and 100 chronic kidney diseased patients were taken as study group (Group II). Control group (Group I) subdivided into male healthy subject (Group IA) and female healthy subject (Group IB). Also study group (Group II) subdivided into male chronic kidney diseased patient (Group IIA) and female chronic kidney diseased patient (Group IIB). The results were calculated and analyzed by using SPSS version-21. Expression of data as mean±SE and statistical significance of difference among the group was calculated by unpaired student's 't' test. In this study we found that mean±SE serum calcium of Group IA and Group IIA were 9.60±0.09mg/dl & 8.04±0.03mg/dl respectively. The mean±SE serum calcium of Group IB and Group IIB were 9.38±0.096mg/dl & 8.19±0.05mg/dl respectively. Serum calcium was significantly decreased in study groups in comparison with control groups (p<0.001). By this study we therefore recommended that routine estimation of this parameter is important for prevention of complication related to chronic kidney disease for leading a healthy life.

Correlation between Fasting Serum Glucose and Serum Zinc Level in Patients with Type-2 Diabetes Mellitus.

Type-2 diabetes mellitus accounts for 90-95% of all diabetes. There is a Correlation between Fasting Serum Glucose and Serum Zinc level in patients with Type-2 Diabetes Mellitus. This study was done to assess the relationship of Fasting Serum Glucose and Serum Zinc in type-2 diabetic patients in order to compare this parameter with healthy subjects. This analytical type of cross sectional study was carried out in the Department of Physiology, Mymensingh Medical College, Mymensingh, Bangladesh from July 2018 to June 2019. A total number of 140 subjects, age ranged from 35-65 years was included in this study. Among them, seventy (70) type-2 diabetic patients were taken as study group (Group II) and seventy (70) ages matched healthy subjects were taken as control group (Group I). Group I again subdivided into control group male (Group IA) and control group female (Group IB). Group II also subdivided into study group male (Group IIA) and study group female (Group IIB). Pearson correlation coefficient test is done to correlate the relationship between fasting serum glucose (FSG) and serum zinc. In this study we found that serum zinc level was decreased in study groups in comparison with control groups. Therefore, by this study we recommended that routine estimation of this parameter is important for prevention of complication related to diabetes for leading a healthy life.

Association of Body Mass Index and Blood Pressure with Age: A Cross Sectional Study in Elderly Male.

The aim of the study was to assess the status of body mass index (BMI) and blood pressure in elderly male in comparison to younger male and to study the association of BMI and blood pressure with age. This analytical type of cross-sectional study was carried out in the Department of Physiology, Mymensingh Medical College, Mymensingh, Bangladesh from January 2019 to December 2019. A total number of 140 male subjects were included in this study. Among them seventy (70) younger males were taken as control group (Group I) and seventy (70) elderly males were taken as study group (Group II). Body mass index (BMI) was calculated as the weight in kilograms divided by the square of the height in meters (kg/m²). Systolic and diastolic blood pressure was measured by aneroid sphygmomanometer (ALPK2, Japan). Data were expressed as Mean±SD and statistical significance of difference among the group was calculated by unpaired student's 't' test. Pearson's correlation coefficient test was done to find the correlation of BMI, systolic blood pressure (SBP) & diastolic blood pressure (DBP) with age. In this study we found that mean BMI, systolic blood pressure & diastolic blood pressure were significantly higher in elderly male persons in comparison to younger male. Although the magnitude of correlation differed, we found that BMI, systolic blood pressure & diastolic blood pressure were positively correlated with age of the subjects. Based on the study carried out it can be concluded that due to aging process geriatric populations are more prone to development of hypertension and other cardiovascular complications than younger individuals.

Study on Body Mass Index, Serum C-Reactive Protein and Their Association with Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Postmenopausal Women.

Menopause is the natural process of ageing when women pass from reproductive to non -reproductive phase with the cessation of cyclical ovarian functions. After menopause women are usually troubled by increasing weight and waist circumference caused by obesity and androidal fat redistribution. With the increase in life expectancy resulting in women living one half to one third of their lives after menopause, the high incidence of overweight and obesity in women have become important public health concerns. In postmenopausal women, elevated C-reactive protein (CRP) is one of the most significant predictors of cardiovascular disease and heart attack risk. In middle aged women, the risk of a coronary event rises dramatically after onset of menopause corresponding to decreased levels of circulating endogenous estrogens. Both body mass index (BMI) and serum CRP are significantly higher among postmenopausal women as compared with reproductive aged women. To assess the BMI and serum CRP level changes in healthy postmenopausal women in order to compare this parameter with healthy reproductive aged women. This comparative study was carried out in the Department of Physiology, Mymensingh Medical College, Mymensingh, Bangladesh from July, 2018 to June, 2019. Two hundred healthy women (100 female were postmenopausal as study group and 100 female were reproductive aged women as control group) aged between 25 to 65 years were enrolled in this study. BMI was calculated as weight in kilogram divided by the height in meter square. Serum CRP by CRP-Latex Test (Slide agglutination procedure). Data were expressed as mean±SD and statistical significance of difference among the group was calculated by unpaired students' 't' test. The mean value ±SD of BMI and serum CRP level was higher in postmenopausal group in comparison to the reproductive women group. This study concludes, BMI and Serum C-Reactive protein level increased in postmenopausal women.

Evaluation of Change of Peak Expiratory Flow Rate (PEFR) in Male Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Diseased (COPD) Patients.

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a major public health problem which causes high health care utilizations, poor health-related quality of life, and substantial cost burden and deaths in worldwide. This study was done to evaluate the changes of peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR) in COPD patients in comparison to healthy person. This analytical type of cross sectional study was carried out in the Department of Physiology, Mymensingh Medical College, Mymensingh, Bangladesh from July 2018 to June 2019. A total number of 160 male subjects, age ranged from 30-70 years was included in this study. Among them, eighty (80) male COPD subjects were taken as study group (Group II) and eighty (80) age matched male healthy subjects were taken as control group (Group I). PEFR was assessed by peak flow meter. Data were expressed as mean ±SD and statistical significance of difference among the group was calculated by unpaired students' 't' test. The mean ±SD of PEFR of Group I and Group II were 432.75±30.23 L/min & 203.5±20.81 L/min respectively. The mean ±SD of PEFR significantly lower in study group in comparison with control group. Patients with COPD with greater changes in PEFR causes more frequent hospitalization and increased mortality and morbidity due to COPD related complications. So, assessment of this parameter is important for early detection and prevention of complications related to COPD for leading a healthy life.

Relationship of BMI and Fasting Serum Glucose with Hypertension.

Hypertension is an important worldwide public-health challenge because of its high frequency and concomitant risks of cardiovascular and kidney disease. It is recognized as a major contributor to the disease burden globally. Aim of the study was to evaluate body mass index and fasting serum glucose level in male hypertensive patients in order to compare these parameters with male normotensive subjects. This analytical type of cross sectional study was carried out in the Department of Physiology, Mymensingh Medical College, Bangladesh from July 2018 to June 2019. Total 200 male subjects, age range was from 30-65 years were included in this study. Among them, 100 hypertensive subjects were taken as study group (Group II) and 100 ages matched normotensive male subjects were taken as control group (Group I). Quantitative data were expressed as mean (±SD) and statistical significance of difference among the group was calculated by unpaired student's 't' test. In this study we found that body mass index was significantly (p<0.001) increased in study group (29.52±2.46) in comparison with control group (22.91±1.04). Fasting serum glucose level was also significantly (p<0.001) increased in study group (6.35±0.47) in comparison with control group (4.52±0.50). Based on the study carried out it is concluded that there is definite relationship of body mass index and fasting serum glucose level with hypertension. Therefore, basic measurement of weight and height to determine the body mass index and fasting serum glucose level as routine assessment during hospital visitation with appropriate lifestyle modification would help in controlling hypertension as well as its devastating consequences.

Body Mass Index and Serum Thyroid Stimulating Hormone in Third Trimester of Pregnancy.

Pregnancy is a natural physiological state with hormonal and metabolic changes that helps the growth and survival of the fetus. Adequate body mass index (BMI) in pregnancy is important for securing, protecting and promoting the health of women and newborns. High or low maternal body mass index is associated with adverse outcome. Thyroid physiology plays a major role in pregnancy and thyroid disorders constitute one of the most common endocrine disorders in pregnancy. To assess the levels of body mass index and serum thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) in third trimester of pregnancy in order to compare these parameters with non-pregnant women of same age range. This analytical type of cross sectional study was carried out in the Department of Physiology, Mymensingh Medical College, Bangladesh from January 2019 to December 2019. A total number of 140 subjects, age range between 20-35 years were included in this study. Among them, 70 healthy subjects were taken as control group (Group I) and 70 pregnant women of third trimester were taken as study group (Group II). The results were calculated and analyzed by using SPSS. Quantitative data were expressed as mean (±SE) and statistical significance of difference among the group was calculated by unpaired student's 't' test. In this study we found that BMI was 27.87±1.9kg/m² and serum TSH level was 2.27±1.18µIU/ml in study group. Both (BMI & TSH) are significantly increased in study groups in comparison with control group. Therefore, by this study we recommended that routine estimation of these parameters is important for prevention of complication related to pregnancy.

Relationship of Serum Creatinine and Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease.

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a common condition in which there is a loss of kidney function over time. CKD is associated with increased risks of several co morbidities, not limited to but including cardiovascular disease and chronic renal failure. Hypercreatininemia is associated with low level of estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) in chronic kidney diseased patients. Objective of the study was to assess the relationship of eGFR and serum creatinine in chronic kidney diseased patients in order to compare this parameter with healthy subjects. This analytical type of cross-sectional study was carried out in the Department of Physiology, Mymensingh Medical College, Mymensingh, Bangladesh from July 2018 to June 2019. A total number of 200 subjects, age range (30-70 year) were included in this study. Among them, 100 healthy subjects were taken as control group (Group I) and 100 chronic kidney diseased patients were taken as study group (Group II). Control group (Group I) again subdivided into male healthy subject (Group IA) and female healthy subject (Group IB). Study group (Group II) also subdivided into male chronic kidney diseased patient (Group IIA) and female chronic kidney diseased patient (Group IIB). The results were calculated and analyzed by using SPSS. Data were expressed as mean(±SE) and statistical significance of difference among the group was calculated by unpaired Student's t-test. In this study we found that eGFR was significantly decreased and serum creatinine was significantly increased in study groups in comparison with control groups. Therefore, by this study we recommended that routine estimation of these parameters is important for prevention of complications related to chronic kidney disease.

Thyroid Function Status in Elderly Male.

With the advancement of age, the production, metabolism and action of thyroid hormone are also changed. The incidence of thyroid dysfunction is increased greatly with age. Aim of the study was to assess the age-related change in thyroid function status in elderly male in order to compare it with younger male. This analytical type of cross-sectional study was carried out in the Department of Physiology, Mymensingh Medical College, Mymensingh, Bangladesh from January 2019 to December 2019. A total number of 140 male subjects were included in this study. Among them seventy (70) younger male were taken as control group (Group I) and seventy (70) elderly male were taken as study group (Group II). For assessment of thyroid function, serum free tri-iodothyronine (FT3), free thyroxine (FT4) and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) levels were estimated by RIA method. Data were expressed as mean (±SD) and statistical significance of difference among the group was calculated by unpaired student's t-test. Pearson's correlation coefficient test was done to find the correlation of serum FT3, FT4 & TSH with age. In this study we found that mean serum free tri-iodothyronine (FT3) & free thyroxine (FT4) levels were significantly lower and serum thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) level was significantly higher in elderly male persons in comparison to younger male. Again, serum FT3, FT4 was negatively correlated with age of the subjects whereas serum TSH level was positively correlated with age of the subjects. Based on the study carried out it is concluded that there is a progressive decrease in thyroid function with advancement of age.

Evaluation of the Changes of Blood Pressure and Serum Calcium Level In Postmenopausal Women.

Menopause is the permanent cessation of menstruation at the end of the reproductive life due to loss of ovarian follicular activity. The prevalence of hypertension in women increases after menopause, suggesting that an absence of female gonadal steroids may represent a major risk factor for postmenopausal hypertension. Menopause is the phase from where bone mineralization becomes critics because of various physiological and hormonal changes. Estrogen deficiency and age related processes alter the rate of calcium turnover in bone that the ageing women face. Both systolic and diastolic blood pressure is significantly higher and serum calcium level is significantly lower among post menopausal women as compared with reproductive aged women. The objective of the study was to assess the blood pressure and serum calcium level changes in healthy postmenopausal women in order to compare this parameter with healthy reproductive aged women. This comparative study was carried out in the Department of Physiology, Mymensingh Medical College, Mymensingh, Bangladesh from July 2018 to June 2019. Two hundred healthy women (100 female were postmenopausal as study group and 100 female were reproductive aged women as control group) aged between 25 to 65 years were enrolled in this study. Blood pressure was measured by indirect auscultatory method with an aneroid sphygmomanometer and serum calcium level of the individual was measured by enzymatic colorimetric method with o-cresoftaline-complexon. Data were expressed as mean±SD and statistical significance of difference among the group was calculated by unpaired students' 't' test. The mean value ±SD of blood pressure was higher and serum calcium level was lower in postmenopausal group in comparison to the reproductive women group. This study concludes, blood pressure increases and serum calcium level decreases in postmenopausal women.

Percent Saturation of Oxygen Status in Male Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Diseased Patients.

At present Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is becoming one of the important global health problems. This study was done to evaluate the changes of percent saturation of oxygen in COPD patients in comparison to healthy person. This analytical type of cross sectional study was carried out in the Department of Physiology, Mymensingh Medical College, Mymensingh, Bangladesh from July 2018 to June 2019. A total number of 160 male subjects, age ranged from 30-70 years was included in this study. Among them, eighty (80) male COPD subjects were taken as study group (Group II) and eighty (80) age matched male healthy subjects were taken as control group (Group I). Percent saturation of oxygen was estimated by pulse oximeter. Data were expressed as mean±SD and statistical significance of difference among the group was calculated by unpaired students' 't' test. The mean±SD of percent saturation of oxygen of Group I and Group II were 98.30±0.74% & 90.65±3.27% respectively. The mean±SD of percent saturation of oxygen was significantly lower in study group in comparison with control group. Patients with COPD with greater changes in percent saturation of oxygen causes more frequent hospitalization and increased mortality and morbidity due to COPD related complications. So assessment of this parameter is important for prevention of complication related to COPD for leading a healthy life.

Evaluation of Serum Uric Acid and Serum Creatinine in Male Hypertensive Patients.

Hypertension is a major public health problem of adult population across the globe that significantly increases the risk of heart attack, stroke, kidney failure and blindness. It is one of the leading cause of premature death worldwide. Aim of the study was to evaluate serum uric acid and serum creatinine in male hypertensive patients in order to compare these parameters with male normotensive subjects. This analytical type of cross sectional study was carried out in the Department of Physiology, Mymensingh Medical College, Mymensingh, Bangladesh from July 2018 to June 2019. A total number of 200 male subjects, age ranged from 30-65 years was included in this study. Among them, hundred (100) hypertensive subjects were taken as study group (Group II) and hundred (100) ages matched normotensive male subjects were taken as control group (Group I). Data were expressed as mean±SD and statistical significance of difference among the group was calculated by unpaired student's 't' test. In this study we found that serum uric acid and serum creatinine was significantly increased in study group in comparison with control group. Based on the study carried out it is concluded that there is definite relationship of serum uric acid and serum creatinine with hypertension. Therefore, serum uric acid and serum creatinine should be measured in all hypertensive subjects for prevention of devastating consequences of hypertension and thus can combat morbidity and mortality.

Evaluation of Serum Zinc Status and Glycated Hemoglobin in Patients with Type-2 Diabetes Mellitus.

Type-2 diabetes is the most common type of diabetes, accounting for about 90% of all diabetes. This study was done to assess the Serum Zinc status and Glycated Hemoglobin in type-2 diabetic patients in order to compare this parameter with healthy subjects. This analytical type of cross sectional study was carried out in the Department of Physiology, Mymensingh Medical College, Mymensingh, Bangladesh from July 2018 to June 2019. A total number of 140 subjects, age was ranged from 35-65 years were included in this study. Among them, seventy (70) type-2 diabetic patients were taken as study group (Group II) and seventy (70) age matched healthy subjects were taken as control group (Group I). Group I again subdivided into control group male (Group IA) and control group female (Group IB). Group II also subdivided into study group male (Group IIA) and study group female (Group IIB). Data were expressed as mean±SE and statistical significance of difference among the group was calculated by unpaired students' 't' test. Therefore, by this study we recommended that routine estimation of this parameter is important for prevention of complication related to diabetes for leading a healthy life.

Ultrasound-guided parasacral approach to the sciatic nerve block in children.

BACKGROUND: The parasacral (PS) approach to sciatic nerve blockade has the potential for safe and effective use in children, but has never been studied in this population. Its potential advantages include increased posterior cutaneous nerve block reliability, potential for hip joint analgesia, and decreased nerve depth, making ultrasound guidance easier. OBJECTIVE: To assess the efficacy of an ultrasound-guided PS sciatic nerve block in children. METHODS: Nineteen patients, 1-16 years old, scheduled for lower limb surgery with peripheral nerve blockade (PNB) were prospectively enrolled. A PS sciatic block was performed using both ultrasound guidance and nerve stimulation, and 0.5 ml·kg(-1) ropivacaine 0.2% (maximum 20 ml) was administered. Patient demographics, the time to perform the block, the lowest intensity of nerve stimulation, evoked response, identification of gluteal arteries, and amount of narcotic given were recorded. Postoperatively, pain scores, block success or failure, block duration, and complications were recorded. RESULTS: The block was performed using the PS approach in 95% of the cases. The success rate was 100% in the PS sciatic blocks performed. The pain scores for all patients in the first postsurgical hour were zero, except one patient that had a pain score of 3 of 10 at 30 min; his pain improved to 0 of 10 after administration of one dose of fentanyl and distraction techniques. The blocks lasted 17.3 ± 5.4 h. No complications were identified. CONCLUSION: The PS approach is an effective option for sciatic nerve blockade to provide postoperative pain relief in children having lower extremity surgery.