Comparison of the effects of maropitant, lidocaine, and dextroketamine administered by the intratesticular route in dogs undergoing elective orchiectomy

Background: Balanced anesthesia achieved with combinations of inhaled and injectable drugs administered systemicallyor in loco-regional anesthetic blocks, is widely used in veterinary medicine. The use of anesthesia and/or local analgesiahas already demonstrated benefits in the performance of elective orchiectomy in different species, there is no literature thatevaluates the use of the maropitant intratesticular route. The present study evaluated the cardiorespiratory variables andanalgesia produced by intratesticular blockade with maropitant, lidocaine, or dextroketamine during the trans-operativeperiod along with the discharge and anesthetic recovery of dogs that underwent elective orchiectomy.Materials, Methods & Results: Used twenty-four dogs from routine elective orchiectomy, considered healthy based onthe results of clinical and hematological tests. The animals were randomly divided into three groups and was applied intratesticularly 2% lidocaine at a dose of 1 mg/kg (GL), 5% dextrocetamina at a dose of 2.5 mg/kg (GC), or 1% maropitantat a dose of 1 mg/kg (GM). Anesthesia induction was performed with propofol (to effect), and stabilization of inhalationalanesthesia was achieved with 1.7 V% of sevoflurane diluted in 100% oxygen administered through a calibrated vaporizerand appropriate anesthetic system based on the animals weight, being kept under spontaneous ventilation, After induction, we waited 10 min for stabilization of exhaled anesthetic concentration and then administered one of the treatmentsintratesticularly. After five min from the local block the surgical procedure was started during up to 15 min. Heart rate(HR), respiratory rate (RR), systolic arterial pressure (SAP), diastolic arterial pressure (DAP), mean arterial pressure(MAP), oxygen saturation of hemoglobin (SatO2), end-tidal carbon dioxide partial pressure (EtCO2), end-tidal sevofluraneconcentration...(AU)

Avaliação da analgesia pós-operatória da dexmedetomidina isolada e associada à morfina quando utilizada na medicação pré-anestésica em cadelas submetidas à ovariosalpingohisterectomia eletiva / Evaluation of postoperative analgesia of dexmedetomidine alone or associated to morphine as premedicants in bitches undergoing ovariosalpingohisterectomy

Background: Elective ovariossalpingohysterectomy is a common surgery that causes mild to moderate pain. Aiming at the treatment of pain in these patients, analgesia should be balanced from pre-anesthetic, transoperative and postoperative medication, with-2-agonists and opioids being commonly used, especially dexmedetomidine that has sedation, relaxation muscle and analgesia.The aim of the present study was to evaluate the postoperative analgesic efficacy of dexmedetomidine alone and associated withmorphine when used in the preanesthetic medication of bitches submitted to elective ovarian oysterectomy using the modifiedGlasgow pain scale and the Melbourne pain scale.Materials, Methods & Results: Twenty bitches were used in this study, all of them submitted to ovarian oysterectomy, and were clinically healthy according to laboratory and clinical exams. During the experiment, bitches were randomly distributed into two groups,which received preanesthetic medication (MPA) with 5 μg/kg dexmedetomidine alone (GD) or associated with 0.3 mg/kg morphine(GDM) intramuscularly (IM). In both groups, anesthetic induction with dose-effect propofol was performed and maintained withisoflurane diluted in 100% oxygen administered through a calibrated vaporizer and appropriate anesthetic system based on the weightof the animal and maintained on spontaneous ventilation. After stabilization of the patient the surgery was started, which lasted 45min. The bitches were evaluated by the Modified Glasgow Scale (GSM), the Melbourne Scale (MS) and the Dobbins Sedation Scale(DS), previously administered MPA (T0) and the others performed in 1h (T1), 2h (T2), 4h (T3), 8h (T4), 12h (T5) and 24h (T6) afterextubation. If the GSM score was greater than the value of 3.3 an analgesic rescue of 0.5 mg/kg of morphine intramuscularly would beadministered. An increase in the scoring of pain scales in both groups can be observed from the T1, with significant difference only ofthe...

Comparison of the effects of maropitant, lidocaine, and dextroketamine administered by the intratesticular route in dogs undergoing elective orchiectomy

Background: Balanced anesthesia achieved with combinations of inhaled and injectable drugs administered systemicallyor in loco-regional anesthetic blocks, is widely used in veterinary medicine. The use of anesthesia and/or local analgesiahas already demonstrated benefits in the performance of elective orchiectomy in different species, there is no literature thatevaluates the use of the maropitant intratesticular route. The present study evaluated the cardiorespiratory variables andanalgesia produced by intratesticular blockade with maropitant, lidocaine, or dextroketamine during the trans-operativeperiod along with the discharge and anesthetic recovery of dogs that underwent elective orchiectomy.Materials, Methods & Results: Used twenty-four dogs from routine elective orchiectomy, considered healthy based onthe results of clinical and hematological tests. The animals were randomly divided into three groups and was applied intratesticularly 2% lidocaine at a dose of 1 mg/kg (GL), 5% dextrocetamina at a dose of 2.5 mg/kg (GC), or 1% maropitantat a dose of 1 mg/kg (GM). Anesthesia induction was performed with propofol (to effect), and stabilization of inhalationalanesthesia was achieved with 1.7 V% of sevoflurane diluted in 100% oxygen administered through a calibrated vaporizerand appropriate anesthetic system based on the animal’s weight, being kept under spontaneous ventilation, After induction, we waited 10 min for stabilization of exhaled anesthetic concentration and then administered one of the treatmentsintratesticularly. After five min from the local block the surgical procedure was started during up to 15 min. Heart rate(HR), respiratory rate (RR), systolic arterial pressure (SAP), diastolic arterial pressure (DAP), mean arterial pressure(MAP), oxygen saturation of hemoglobin (SatO2), end-tidal carbon dioxide partial pressure (EtCO2), end-tidal sevofluraneconcentration...

Avaliação da analgesia pós-operatória da dexmedetomidina isolada e associada à morfina quando utilizada na medicação pré-anestésica em cadelas submetidas à ovariosalpingohisterectomia eletiva / Evaluation of postoperative analgesia of dexmedetomidine alone or associated to morphine as premedicants in bitches undergoing ovariosalpingohisterectomy

Background: Elective ovariossalpingohysterectomy is a common surgery that causes mild to moderate pain. Aiming at the treatment of pain in these patients, analgesia should be balanced from pre-anesthetic, transoperative and postoperative medication, with-2-agonists and opioids being commonly used, especially dexmedetomidine that has sedation, relaxation muscle and analgesia.The aim of the present study was to evaluate the postoperative analgesic efficacy of dexmedetomidine alone and associated withmorphine when used in the preanesthetic medication of bitches submitted to elective ovarian oysterectomy using the modifiedGlasgow pain scale and the Melbourne pain scale.Materials, Methods & Results: Twenty bitches were used in this study, all of them submitted to ovarian oysterectomy, and were clinically healthy according to laboratory and clinical exams. During the experiment, bitches were randomly distributed into two groups,which received preanesthetic medication (MPA) with 5 μg/kg dexmedetomidine alone (GD) or associated with 0.3 mg/kg morphine(GDM) intramuscularly (IM). In both groups, anesthetic induction with dose-effect propofol was performed and maintained withisoflurane diluted in 100% oxygen administered through a calibrated vaporizer and appropriate anesthetic system based on the weightof the animal and maintained on spontaneous ventilation. After stabilization of the patient the surgery was started, which lasted 45min. The bitches were evaluated by the Modified Glasgow Scale (GSM), the Melbourne Scale (MS) and the Dobbins Sedation Scale(DS), previously administered MPA (T0) and the others performed in 1h (T1), 2h (T2), 4h (T3), 8h (T4), 12h (T5) and 24h (T6) afterextubation. If the GSM score was greater than the value of 3.3 an analgesic rescue of 0.5 mg/kg of morphine intramuscularly would beadministered. An increase in the scoring of pain scales in both groups can be observed from the T1, with significant difference only ofthe...(AU)

Avaliação dos efeitos cardiorrespiratórios da dexmedetomidina isolada e associada à morfina em cadelas submetidas à ovariossalpingohisterectomia eletiva sob anestesia geral inalatória / Evaluation of cardiorespiratory effects of dexmedetomidine isolated and associated with morphine in bitches submitted to elective ovariossalpingohisterectomy under general inhalation anesthesia

Background: Elective ovariossalpingohysterectomy is one of the most accomplished surgeries in veterinary practice, presenting moderate degree of pain. Aiming at balanced anesthesia, α2-agonists have been increasingly used, with dexmedetomidine being characterized by its sympatholytic, sedative, analgesic properties and synergism with opioids, benzodiazepines and other drugs. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of dexmedetomidine alone and associated with morphine under the cardiovascular, respiratory and body temperature variables in the pre and trans-operative periods in bitches submitted to elective ovariossalpingohisterectomy under general inhalation anesthesia.Materials, Methods & Results: Sixteen bitches were used in this study, which were submitted to elective ovariossalpingohisterectomy, all of which were clinically healthy based on clinical and hematological results. The animals were randomized into two groups, in which intramuscular dexmedetomidine alone and 5 µg/kg (DG) and 0.3 mg/kg morphine (GDM). In both groups, anesthesia was induced with propofol administered and maintained with isoflurane diluted in 100% oxygen administered through a calibrated vaporizer and appropriate anesthetic system based on the weight of the animal and kept under spontaneous ventilation. After stabilization of the patient, the surgical procedure started, which lasted 45 min. The parameters evaluated were heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (ƒ), systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), mean arterial pressure (MAP), body temperature (TºC), expired isoflurane concentration , partial carbon dioxide gas pressure (ETCO2 ) and oxygen saturation in hemoglobin (SatO2 ), which were measured before and after the application of preanesthetic medication and at specific surgical times:[...]

Evaluation of postoperative residual analgesia of two solutions used for local anesthesia by tumescence in bitches who underwent a unilateral mastectomy / Avaliação da analgesia residual pós-operatória de duas soluções utilizadas para anestesia local por tumescência em cadelas submetidas à mastectomia unilateral

Background: Breast tumors are common and require surgical treatment. A mastectomy causes edema, inflammation, and moderate to severe pain; therefore, analgesics should be used efficiently during the trans and postoperative periods. Tumescence anesthesia has been studied in veterinary medicine; however, there is limited literature on the comparison of the constituents of the different solutions and the most suitable protocol. The objective of this study was to evaluate the residual postoperative analgesia of two solutions through the Melbourne, Modified Glasgow for dogs (EGM), and Visual Analogue (EVA) scales in bitches who underwent a unilateral mastectomy.Materials, Methods & Results: Twelve bitches, weighing between 5 and 15 kg and aged between 5 and 13 years old, were included in the study. To determine if the animals were medically fit to undergo the procedure, they were evaluated by clinical examination, laboratory testing (complete blood count, serum biochemistry [urea, creatinine and alanine aminotransferase/ALT], and imaging (thorax x-ray and abdominal ultrasonography). Patients were randomly divided into two groups. One group received a lidocaine-containing tumescent solution (GTL) that consisted of 210 mL of lactated Ringer’s solution (at a temperature between 8 and 12°C), 40 mL of 2% lidocaine hydrochloride without vasoconstrictor, and 0.5 mL of adrenaline (1 mg/mL). The other group received ropivacaine (GTR) with 233.3 mL of lactated Ringer’s solution (at the same temperature as the previous group’s), 16.7 mL of ropivacaine (7.5 mg/mL), and 0.5 mL of adrenaline (1 mg/mL). Both groups received a combination of acepromazine (0.04 mg/kg) and meperidine (2 mg/kg) as preanesthetic medication (MPA), followed by induction using propofol (to effect) and maintenance using isoflurane. The solutions were infused subcutaneously (SC) 5 min after stabilization of the anesthetic plane.[...]

Avaliação dos efeitos cardiorrespiratórios da dexmedetomidina isolada e associada à morfina em cadelas submetidas à ovariossalpingohisterectomia eletiva sob anestesia geral inalatória / Evaluation of cardiorespiratory effects of dexmedetomidine isolated and associated with morphine in bitches submitted to elective ovariossalpingohisterectomy under general inhalation anesthesia

Background: Elective ovariossalpingohysterectomy is one of the most accomplished surgeries in veterinary practice, presenting moderate degree of pain. Aiming at balanced anesthesia, α2-agonists have been increasingly used, with dexmedetomidine being characterized by its sympatholytic, sedative, analgesic properties and synergism with opioids, benzodiazepines and other drugs. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of dexmedetomidine alone and associated with morphine under the cardiovascular, respiratory and body temperature variables in the pre and trans-operative periods in bitches submitted to elective ovariossalpingohisterectomy under general inhalation anesthesia.Materials, Methods & Results: Sixteen bitches were used in this study, which were submitted to elective ovariossalpingohisterectomy, all of which were clinically healthy based on clinical and hematological results. The animals were randomized into two groups, in which intramuscular dexmedetomidine alone and 5 µg/kg (DG) and 0.3 mg/kg morphine (GDM). In both groups, anesthesia was induced with propofol administered and maintained with isoflurane diluted in 100% oxygen administered through a calibrated vaporizer and appropriate anesthetic system based on the weight of the animal and kept under spontaneous ventilation. After stabilization of the patient, the surgical procedure started, which lasted 45 min. The parameters evaluated were heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (ƒ), systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), mean arterial pressure (MAP), body temperature (TºC), expired isoflurane concentration , partial carbon dioxide gas pressure (ETCO2 ) and oxygen saturation in hemoglobin (SatO2 ), which were measured before and after the application of preanesthetic medication and at specific surgical times:[...](AU)

Evaluation of postoperative residual analgesia of two solutions used for local anesthesia by tumescence in bitches who underwent a unilateral mastectomy / Avaliação da analgesia residual pós-operatória de duas soluções utilizadas para anestesia local por tumescência em cadelas submetidas à mastectomia unilateral

Background: Breast tumors are common and require surgical treatment. A mastectomy causes edema, inflammation, and moderate to severe pain; therefore, analgesics should be used efficiently during the trans and postoperative periods. Tumescence anesthesia has been studied in veterinary medicine; however, there is limited literature on the comparison of the constituents of the different solutions and the most suitable protocol. The objective of this study was to evaluate the residual postoperative analgesia of two solutions through the Melbourne, Modified Glasgow for dogs (EGM), and Visual Analogue (EVA) scales in bitches who underwent a unilateral mastectomy.Materials, Methods & Results: Twelve bitches, weighing between 5 and 15 kg and aged between 5 and 13 years old, were included in the study. To determine if the animals were medically fit to undergo the procedure, they were evaluated by clinical examination, laboratory testing (complete blood count, serum biochemistry [urea, creatinine and alanine aminotransferase/ALT], and imaging (thorax x-ray and abdominal ultrasonography). Patients were randomly divided into two groups. One group received a lidocaine-containing tumescent solution (GTL) that consisted of 210 mL of lactated Ringers solution (at a temperature between 8 and 12°C), 40 mL of 2% lidocaine hydrochloride without vasoconstrictor, and 0.5 mL of adrenaline (1 mg/mL). The other group received ropivacaine (GTR) with 233.3 mL of lactated Ringers solution (at the same temperature as the previous groups), 16.7 mL of ropivacaine (7.5 mg/mL), and 0.5 mL of adrenaline (1 mg/mL). Both groups received a combination of acepromazine (0.04 mg/kg) and meperidine (2 mg/kg) as preanesthetic medication (MPA), followed by induction using propofol (to effect) and maintenance using isoflurane. The solutions were infused subcutaneously (SC) 5 min after stabilization of the anesthetic plane.[...](AU)

Anestesia total intravenosa com propofol associado ao fentanil, lidocaínaou cetamina em cadelas submetidas à ovariossalpingohisterectomia eletiva / Total intravenous anesthesia with propofol associated with fentanyl, lidocaine or ketamine in bitches submitted to elective ovariohysterectomy

Background: Total intravenous anesthesia with propofol is an alternative to inhalation anesthesia because it offers smoother anesthetic recovery, however, since propofol does not have adequate analgesic action, it is necessary to associate it with some drug to avoid the pain process. In addition, the combination may minimize cardiovascular depression resulting from continuous infusion of propofol by reducing infusion rate. The aim of this study was to evaluate cardiorespiratory parameters and anesthetic recovery in bitches submitted to continuous infusion of fentanyl, lidocaine and ketamine associated with total intravenous anesthesia with propofol and submitted to elective ovariohisterectomy. Materials, Methods & Results: Twenty-four bitches were medicated intramuscularly with 0.03 mg/kg of acepromazine. After 30 min, they were divided into three groups with different analgesic treatments: group F (GF) received a loading dose (LD) of 0.0036 mg/kg fentanyl, followed by continuous infusion of 0.0036 mg/kg/h; group L (GL), LD of 3 mg/kg lidocaine, followed by 3 mg/kg/h and group K (GK), LD of 0.6 mg/kg ketamine, followed by 0.6 mg/kg/h. First a LD of analgesic treatment was administered, followed by induction (to the effect) and beginning of continuous infusion of the analgesic treatment and propofol. The animals were intubated with endotracheal tube of adequate size, and connected to 100% oxygen, being kept under spontaneous ventilation during the entire period of anesthetic maintenance. The infusion of propofol started at 0.34 mg/kg/min and was adjusted so as to maintain the surgical anesthesia plane of Guedel and the cardiovascular parameters within the physiological limits for the species. The cardiorespiratory parameters were measured at different moments: basal (before application of any drug) and 5, 15, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70 and 80 min after induction. The surgery started 20 min after anesthetic induction and lasted 60 min. […]

Anestesia total intravenosa com propofol associado ao fentanil, lidocaínaou cetamina em cadelas submetidas à ovariossalpingohisterectomia eletiva / Total intravenous anesthesia with propofol associated with fentanyl, lidocaine or ketamine in bitches submitted to elective ovariohysterectomy

Background: Total intravenous anesthesia with propofol is an alternative to inhalation anesthesia because it offers smoother anesthetic recovery, however, since propofol does not have adequate analgesic action, it is necessary to associate it with some drug to avoid the pain process. In addition, the combination may minimize cardiovascular depression resulting from continuous infusion of propofol by reducing infusion rate. The aim of this study was to evaluate cardiorespiratory parameters and anesthetic recovery in bitches submitted to continuous infusion of fentanyl, lidocaine and ketamine associated with total intravenous anesthesia with propofol and submitted to elective ovariohisterectomy. Materials, Methods & Results: Twenty-four bitches were medicated intramuscularly with 0.03 mg/kg of acepromazine. After 30 min, they were divided into three groups with different analgesic treatments: group F (GF) received a loading dose (LD) of 0.0036 mg/kg fentanyl, followed by continuous infusion of 0.0036 mg/kg/h; group L (GL), LD of 3 mg/kg lidocaine, followed by 3 mg/kg/h and group K (GK), LD of 0.6 mg/kg ketamine, followed by 0.6 mg/kg/h. First a LD of analgesic treatment was administered, followed by induction (to the effect) and beginning of continuous infusion of the analgesic treatment and propofol. The animals were intubated with endotracheal tube of adequate size, and connected to 100% oxygen, being kept under spontaneous ventilation during the entire period of anesthetic maintenance. The infusion of propofol started at 0.34 mg/kg/min and was adjusted so as to maintain the surgical anesthesia plane of Guedel and the cardiovascular parameters within the physiological limits for the species. The cardiorespiratory parameters were measured at different moments: basal (before application of any drug) and 5, 15, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70 and 80 min after induction. The surgery started 20 min after anesthetic induction and lasted 60 min. […](AU)

Influência da lidocaína ou da dextrocetamina pela via intratesticular na anestesia com sevoflurano em cães submetidos à orquiectomia eletiva / Influence of intratesticular administration of lidocaine or dextroketamine in dogs undergoing elective orchiectomy anesthetized with sevoflurane

Background: Elective orchiectomy is one of the most performed surgeries in the veterinary practice and is considered a moderately painful procedure; thus, the use of balanced anesthesia is a good choice. Local anesthetics have shown to be effective for intratesticular and spermatic cord blocks in several species; however, there have been no reports of the use of dextroketamine with this purpose. The objective of this study was to evaluate cardiovascular and respiratory variables, and analgesia produced by intratesticular block using dextroketamine or lidocaine, as well as to assess post-anesthesia recovery and discharge in dogs subjected to elective orchiectomy under inhalation anesthesia with sevoflurane.Materials, Methods & Results: Sixteen dogs which underwent elective orchiectomy were included in this study. All animals were healthy based on clinical and hematological examinations. The animals were randomly distributed into two groups, in which 2% lidocaine at 1 mg/kg (LG) or 5% dextroketamine at 2.5 mg/kg (KG) were administered by the intratesticular route. In both groups, anesthesia was induced with propofol to effect, and maintained with 1.7 V% sevoflurane diluted in 100% oxygen, administered through a calibrated vaporizer and appropriate anesthetic system based on the animal’s weight, kept under spontaneous ventilation. After induction, 10 min were given for stabilization of exhaled anesthetic concentration before one of the treatments was administered intratesticularly. Five min after administration of the local block, the surgical procedure was performed, which lasted up to 15 min.[...]

Influência da lidocaína ou da dextrocetamina pela via intratesticular na anestesia com sevoflurano em cães submetidos à orquiectomia eletiva / Influence of intratesticular administration of lidocaine or dextroketamine in dogs undergoing elective orchiectomy anesthetized with sevoflurane

Background: Elective orchiectomy is one of the most performed surgeries in the veterinary practice and is considered a moderately painful procedure; thus, the use of balanced anesthesia is a good choice. Local anesthetics have shown to be effective for intratesticular and spermatic cord blocks in several species; however, there have been no reports of the use of dextroketamine with this purpose. The objective of this study was to evaluate cardiovascular and respiratory variables, and analgesia produced by intratesticular block using dextroketamine or lidocaine, as well as to assess post-anesthesia recovery and discharge in dogs subjected to elective orchiectomy under inhalation anesthesia with sevoflurane.Materials, Methods & Results: Sixteen dogs which underwent elective orchiectomy were included in this study. All animals were healthy based on clinical and hematological examinations. The animals were randomly distributed into two groups, in which 2% lidocaine at 1 mg/kg (LG) or 5% dextroketamine at 2.5 mg/kg (KG) were administered by the intratesticular route. In both groups, anesthesia was induced with propofol to effect, and maintained with 1.7 V% sevoflurane diluted in 100% oxygen, administered through a calibrated vaporizer and appropriate anesthetic system based on the animals weight, kept under spontaneous ventilation. After induction, 10 min were given for stabilization of exhaled anesthetic concentration before one of the treatments was administered intratesticularly. Five min after administration of the local block, the surgical procedure was performed, which lasted up to 15 min.[...](AU)

Epidural administration of ropivacaine or ropivacaine and xylazine in cattle / Administração epidural de ropivacaína isolada ou associada à xilazina em bovinos

Epidural protocols are commonly used in cattle, enabling surgical procedures with the animal in standingposition, however, problems such as paresis and recumbency beyond that, blocking/recovery times areimportant factors in protocol choice. The aim of this study was to evaluate time and quality of block and systemic effects of two epidural protocols in cattle. Fourteen crossbred cows with 350 ± 170 kg ofbody weight were allocated in two groups with 7 animals each: ropivacaine (GR) they received epiduralinjection of ropivacaine (0.1 mg.kg-1), and ropivacaine/xylazine (GRX) that received ropivacaine andxylazine (0.075 mg.kg-1and 0.05 mg.kg-1 respectively) in the same route. The following parameters wereevaluated, heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (RR), mean blood pressure (MBP), ruminal movements(RM), rectal temperature (RT), durations of epidural block (DB), quality of block (QB), responseto nociceptive stimulus by clamping perineal region, degree of paresis (DP) and hemogasometricevaluation. They were evaluated until 420 minutes after epidural. HR, pH, RR, PaCO2, Na+, Ca++, HCO3-and Base Excess (BE) did not differ between groups. It was observed a slight decrease for RM, andan increase for PaO2 and RT in GRX comparing with GR. Both protocols were effective producing along lasting sensitive block (6 hours in GR, and 7 hours in GRX). In both groups using nociceptivestimuli, the quality of block was considered good/excellent (66% of animals in GR at M360 and 71% ofanimals in GRX at M420). The animals of GRX showed mild to severe paresis from M15 to M240. Weconcluded that both protocols can be used by epidural route, and ropivacaine associated with xylazineadministered by epidural route presents a longer sensitive block than isolated, but causes paresis as aside effect.(AU)

Protocolos epidurais são comumente utilizados em bovinos, possibilitando inclusive a realização de procedimentos cirúrgicos com o animal em posição quadrupedal, no entanto, problemas como paresia e decúbito, além do tempo de bloqueio/recuperação são fatores importantes na escolha do protocolo. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar dois protocolos de anestesia epidural em bovinos, quanto ao tempo, qualidade de bloqueio e efeitos clínicos. Foram utilizadas 14 vacas mestiças, com peso médio de 350±170 kg, as quais foram alocadas em dois grupos: ropivacaína (GR, n=7) onde os animais receberam a administração epidural de ropivacaína (0,1 mg.kg-1) e ropivacaína/xilazina (GRX, n=7) que receberam ropivacaína e xilazina (0,075 e 0,05 mg.kg-1, respectivamente) pela mesma via. Avaliou-se: freqüência cardíaca (FC), frequência respiratória (f), pressão arterial média (PAM), movimentos ruminais (MR), temperatura retal (TR), tempo de duração do bloqueio anestésico (TB), qualidade do bloqueio (QB) através da resposta a estímulos nociceptivos pelo clampeamento perineal, grau de paresia (GP) e hemogasometria arterial. Os animais foram avaliados por até 420 minutos após a administração. A FC, f, PAM, pH, PaCO2, Na+, Ca++, HCO3 - e Excesso de Base (EB) não diferiram entre grupos. Foi observada uma leve diminuição nos movimentos ruminais e aumento da PaO2 e TR no GRX comparado ao GR. A duração do bloqueio sensitivo foi de 6 e 7 horas para o GR e GRX, respectivamente. A QBfoi considerada boa/excelente frente à estimulação nociceptiva em 66% e 71% dos animais do GR emM360 e do GRX em M420. Os animais do GRX apresentaram sinais de paresia moderada a grave deM15 até M240. Conclui-se que a ropivacaína associada à xilazina pela via epidural apresenta bloqueiosensitivo mais prolongado do que a ropivacaína isolada, no entanto a associação com a xilazina promovebloqueio motor, com sinais de paresia, devendo ser utilizada com cautela em bovinos.(AU)

Epidural administration of ropivacaine or ropivacaine and xylazine in cattle / Administração epidural de ropivacaína isolada ou associada à xilazina em bovinos

Epidural protocols are commonly used in cattle, enabling surgical procedures with the animal in standingposition, however, problems such as paresis and recumbency beyond that, blocking/recovery times areimportant factors in protocol choice. The aim of this study was to evaluate time and quality of block and systemic effects of two epidural protocols in cattle. Fourteen crossbred cows with 350 ± 170 kg ofbody weight were allocated in two groups with 7 animals each: ropivacaine (GR) they received epiduralinjection of ropivacaine (0.1 mg.kg-1), and ropivacaine/xylazine (GRX) that received ropivacaine andxylazine (0.075 mg.kg-1and 0.05 mg.kg-1 respectively) in the same route. The following parameters wereevaluated, heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (RR), mean blood pressure (MBP), ruminal movements(RM), rectal temperature (RT), durations of epidural block (DB), quality of block (QB), responseto nociceptive stimulus by clamping perineal region, degree of paresis (DP) and hemogasometricevaluation. They were evaluated until 420 minutes after epidural. HR, pH, RR, PaCO2, Na+, Ca++, HCO3-and Base Excess (BE) did not differ between groups. It was observed a slight decrease for RM, andan increase for PaO2 and RT in GRX comparing with GR. Both protocols were effective producing along lasting sensitive block (6 hours in GR, and 7 hours in GRX). In both groups using nociceptivestimuli, the quality of block was considered good/excellent (66% of animals in GR at M360 and 71% ofanimals in GRX at M420). The animals of GRX showed mild to severe paresis from M15 to M240. Weconcluded that both protocols can be used by epidural route, and ropivacaine associated with xylazineadministered by epidural route presents a longer sensitive block than isolated, but causes paresis as aside effect.

Protocolos epidurais são comumente utilizados em bovinos, possibilitando inclusive a realização de procedimentos cirúrgicos com o animal em posição quadrupedal, no entanto, problemas como paresia e decúbito, além do tempo de bloqueio/recuperação são fatores importantes na escolha do protocolo. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar dois protocolos de anestesia epidural em bovinos, quanto ao tempo, qualidade de bloqueio e efeitos clínicos. Foram utilizadas 14 vacas mestiças, com peso médio de 350±170 kg, as quais foram alocadas em dois grupos: ropivacaína (GR, n=7) onde os animais receberam a administração epidural de ropivacaína (0,1 mg.kg-1) e ropivacaína/xilazina (GRX, n=7) que receberam ropivacaína e xilazina (0,075 e 0,05 mg.kg-1, respectivamente) pela mesma via. Avaliou-se: freqüência cardíaca (FC), frequência respiratória (f), pressão arterial média (PAM), movimentos ruminais (MR), temperatura retal (TR), tempo de duração do bloqueio anestésico (TB), qualidade do bloqueio (QB) através da resposta a estímulos nociceptivos pelo clampeamento perineal, grau de paresia (GP) e hemogasometria arterial. Os animais foram avaliados por até 420 minutos após a administração. A FC, f, PAM, pH, PaCO2, Na+, Ca++, HCO3 - e Excesso de Base (EB) não diferiram entre grupos. Foi observada uma leve diminuição nos movimentos ruminais e aumento da PaO2 e TR no GRX comparado ao GR. A duração do bloqueio sensitivo foi de 6 e 7 horas para o GR e GRX, respectivamente. A QBfoi considerada boa/excelente frente à estimulação nociceptiva em 66% e 71% dos animais do GR emM360 e do GRX em M420. Os animais do GRX apresentaram sinais de paresia moderada a grave deM15 até M240. Conclui-se que a ropivacaína associada à xilazina pela via epidural apresenta bloqueiosensitivo mais prolongado do que a ropivacaína isolada, no entanto a associação com a xilazina promovebloqueio motor, com sinais de paresia, devendo ser utilizada com cautela em bovinos.

Dexmedetomidina e cetamina S(+) por via oralou intramuscular em gatas pediátricas: sedaçãoe parâmetros fisiológicos / Dexmedetomidine and ketamine S (+) orally or intramuscularly in female kittens:sedation and physiological parameters

Em virtude das particularidades dos pacientes pediátricos e da necessidade da utilização de protocolosanestésicos mais seguros e práticos, objetivou-se avaliar os efeitos sedativos da cetamina S(+) edexmedetomidina pela via intramuscular ou oral em gatas pediátricas. Foram utilizadas 12 fêmeas,sem raça definida (SRD), com 3 meses de idade e peso de 0,7±0,16kg. Os animais foram distribuídosem dois grupos: GIM (n=6), que receberam cetamina S+ (10mg/Kg) e dexmedetomidina (10μg/kg)pela via intramuscular, e GOR (n=6), que receberam os mesmos fármacos nas mesmas doses por viaoral.A frequência cardíaca (FC), frequência respiratória (f), temperatura retal (TR), pressão arterialsistólica (PAS), resposta ao pinçamento interdigital (PI), grau de sedação (GS) e relaxamento muscular(RM) foram avaliados antes da administração dos fármacos (T0) e aos 5, 15, 30, 45 e 60 minutosapós tratamento.Os valores de FC e PAS foram menores no GIM em T30 e T45 respectivamente. A ffoi menor em GIM a partir de T5, porém manteve-se dentro dos valores fisiológicos. A TR foi menora partir de T30 no GIM. Os valores obtidos com o PI foram menores para o GIM, com diminuiçãodos reflexos. No GIM obteve-se maior grau de sedação e miorrelaxamento. Conclui-se que ambosos protocolos apresentaram estabilidade cardiorrespiratória, entretanto os animais que receberam aassociação de dexmedetomidina e cetamina S(+) pela via intramuscular apresentaram maior efeitosedativo e miorrelaxamento.

Due to the particularities of pediatric patients and the necessity of use of safe and practical anestheticprotocols, the aim was to evaluate the sedative effects of S(+) ketamine and dexmedetomidine administeredorally or intramusculary in pediatric female cats. Twelve pediatric female cats, 0.7±0.16Kg,were used. The animals were divided in two groups: in the IMG (n=6), S(+) ketamine (10mg/Kg) anddexmedetomidine (10μg/Kg) were administered intramuscularly; in the ORG (n=6), the same drugsat the same doses were given orally. The heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (RR), rectal temperature (RT), non-invasive systolic arterial pressure (SAP), pedal withdrawal reflex (PWR), sedation degree (SD) and muscle relaxation(MR) were measured before drugs administration(T0)and at 5,15, 30,45and60minutes after the treatment.The HR and SAP were lower in GIM at T30 and T45, respectively. In GIM, RR was lower from T5, but remained inphysiological values. The RT was lower from T30 in GIM. The means of ICR were lower in GIM, with diminishedreflexes. In GIM, a higher degree of sedation and muscle relaxant were obtained. We conclude that both protocolsmaintained cardiorespiratory stability, but the animals that received the combination of dexmedetomidine andketamine S (+) intramuscularly showed greater muscle relaxant and sedative effects than the oral route.

Dexmedetomidina e cetamina S(+) por via oralou intramuscular em gatas pediátricas: sedaçãoe parâmetros fisiológicos / Dexmedetomidine and ketamine S (+) orally or intramuscularly in female kittens:sedation and physiological parameters

Em virtude das particularidades dos pacientes pediátricos e da necessidade da utilização de protocolosanestésicos mais seguros e práticos, objetivou-se avaliar os efeitos sedativos da cetamina S(+) edexmedetomidina pela via intramuscular ou oral em gatas pediátricas. Foram utilizadas 12 fêmeas,sem raça definida (SRD), com 3 meses de idade e peso de 0,7±0,16kg. Os animais foram distribuídosem dois grupos: GIM (n=6), que receberam cetamina S+ (10mg/Kg) e dexmedetomidina (10μg/kg)pela via intramuscular, e GOR (n=6), que receberam os mesmos fármacos nas mesmas doses por viaoral.A frequência cardíaca (FC), frequência respiratória (f), temperatura retal (TR), pressão arterialsistólica (PAS), resposta ao pinçamento interdigital (PI), grau de sedação (GS) e relaxamento muscular(RM) foram avaliados antes da administração dos fármacos (T0) e aos 5, 15, 30, 45 e 60 minutosapós tratamento.Os valores de FC e PAS foram menores no GIM em T30 e T45 respectivamente. A ffoi menor em GIM a partir de T5, porém manteve-se dentro dos valores fisiológicos. A TR foi menora partir de T30 no GIM. Os valores obtidos com o PI foram menores para o GIM, com diminuiçãodos reflexos. No GIM obteve-se maior grau de sedação e miorrelaxamento. Conclui-se que ambosos protocolos apresentaram estabilidade cardiorrespiratória, entretanto os animais que receberam aassociação de dexmedetomidina e cetamina S(+) pela via intramuscular apresentaram maior efeitosedativo e miorrelaxamento.(AU)

Due to the particularities of pediatric patients and the necessity of use of safe and practical anestheticprotocols, the aim was to evaluate the sedative effects of S(+) ketamine and dexmedetomidine administeredorally or intramusculary in pediatric female cats. Twelve pediatric female cats, 0.7±0.16Kg,were used. The animals were divided in two groups: in the IMG (n=6), S(+) ketamine (10mg/Kg) anddexmedetomidine (10μg/Kg) were administered intramuscularly; in the ORG (n=6), the same drugsat the same doses were given orally. The heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (RR), rectal temperature (RT), non-invasive systolic arterial pressure (SAP), pedal withdrawal reflex (PWR), sedation degree (SD) and muscle relaxation(MR) were measured before drugs administration(T0)and at 5,15, 30,45and60minutes after the treatment.The HR and SAP were lower in GIM at T30 and T45, respectively. In GIM, RR was lower from T5, but remained inphysiological values. The RT was lower from T30 in GIM. The means of ICR were lower in GIM, with diminishedreflexes. In GIM, a higher degree of sedation and muscle relaxant were obtained. We conclude that both protocolsmaintained cardiorespiratory stability, but the animals that received the combination of dexmedetomidine andketamine S (+) intramuscularly showed greater muscle relaxant and sedative effects than the oral route.(AU)

Efeitos cardiovascular e metabólico da reposição volêmica com solução salina hipertônica 7,5 por cento associada ou não ao hidroxietilamido 130/0,4 em gatas com hipovolemia induzida / Cardiovascular and metabolic effects of volemic expansion with 7.5 percent hypertonic saline alone or in combination with hydroxyethylstarch 130/0.4 in cats with induced hypovolemia

A hipovolemia é caracterizada por uma perda de fluido corpóreo, cursando com inadequado fluxo circulatório e consequentemente lesão tecidual. Neste trabalho, objetivou-se comparar a expansão volêmica resultante da administração de solução salina hipertônica (NaCl 7,5 por cento), isolada ou em associação com hidroxietilamido 130/0,4 (HES 130/0,4), em gatas com hipovolemia induzida, sob anestesia geral inalatória com isofluorano. Foram utilizadas 12 gatas, sem raça definida, adultas, com massa corporal média de 3,07±0,56kg. Os animais foram anestesiados com isofluorano e, após a preparação cirúrgica, foram mantidos em 1CAM sob ventilação controlada. Após a estabilização do plano anestésico, foram avaliados os parâmetros basais. Em ato contínuo, iniciou-se a fase de hipovolemia, por meio da retirada de 30ml kg-1 de sangue da artéria femoral. Após 60 minutos da estabilização do quadro de hipovolemia, foi realizada nova mensuração dos dados, alocando-se os animais aleatoriamente em dois grupos: GSH (grupo solução hipertônica, n=6), que receberam, na fase de expansão volêmica, NaCl 7,5 por cento isolada, na dose de 4ml kg-1, e GSHC (grupo salina hipertônica associado ao coloide, n=6), que receberam NaCl 7,5 por cento, na mesma dose citada, em associação com HES 130/0,4, na dose de 30ml kg-1. Após realização do tratamento, foram avaliados novamente os efeitos cardiovasculares e hemogasométricos por 120 minutos. As pressões arteriais média (PAM), sistólica (PAS) e diastólica (PAD) foram maiores logo após a expansão volêmica (T0) para o GSH. De T45 até T120, as PAM, PAS e PAD foram maiores para o GSHC, em comparação com o GSH. A pressão venosa central foi maior no GSHC até T60. Não foram observadas diferenças entre grupos para frequência cardíaca e respiratória, íons sódio e potássio, déficit de base, bicarbonato, saturação de oxigênio na hemoglobina, glicose, PaCO2, PaO2 e pH. Conclui-se que a administração de NaCl 7,5 por cento isoladamente aumenta rapidamente a PAM, PAS e PAD em gatos com hipovolemia induzida, mantendo esse efeito por apenas 30 minutos, enquanto que a administração de hidroxietilamido 130/0,4 associado à NaCl 7,5 por cento promove reestabelecimento mais tardio (após 30 minutos), porém mais duradouro (até 120 minutos) da PAM, PAS e PAD em gatas com hipovolemia induzida. A administração de HES 130/0,4 associada à NaCl 7,5 por cento promove aumento acentuado da PVC por até 60 minutos após a administração.

Hypovolemia is characterized by body fluid loss leading to an inadequate circulatory flow and consequently tissue injury. The aim of this study was to compare the volume expansion using hypertonic saline solution (NaCl 7.5 percent) alone or in combination with hydroxyethylstarch 130/0.4 (HES 130/0.4) in cats under general anesthesia with isoflurane and exposed to experimental hypovolemia. Twelve adult mixed breed cats, average weight of 3.07±0.56kg were used in this study. The queens were anesthetized using isoflurane and after surgical prepare, anesthesia were maintained with 1 MAC of isoflurane and the animals were mechanically ventilated. After waiting for anesthesia stabilization, baseline cardiovascular and hemogasometric parameters were recorded. Hypovolemia was induced by withdrawing 30mL kg-1 of blood from the femoral artery, after an hour, data were reassessed, and then, the animals were allocated into two groups: HSG (hypertonic saline group, n=6), which received 4mL kg-1 of 7.5 percent NaCl, and HSCG (hypertonic saline, associated to HES 130/0,4 group n=6) which received 4mL kg-1 of 7.5 percent NaCl associated to 30ml kg-1 of HES 130/0.4. After the treatments, cardiovascular and hemogasometric parameters were assessed for 120 minutes. Systolic blood pressure (SAP), diastolic blood pressure (DAP), mean arterial pressure (MAP) were significantly higher after volemic expansion on HSG at T0. From T45 to T120, SAP, DAP and MAP were significantly higher in HSCG when compared to HSG. Central venous pressure was higher in HSCG up to T60. There were no significant differences between groups on heart rate, respiratory rate, Na+, K+, base excess, bicarbonate, hemoglobin saturation, glucose, PaCO2, PaO2 and pH. The administration of 7.5 percent NaCl, promoted a faster increase in MAP, SAP and DAP in cats with induced hypovolemia and these effects were maintained for 30 minutes while the administration of HES 130/0.4 in combination with 7.5 percent NaCl promoted a delayed reestablishment (30 minutes after treatment) of MAP, SAP and DAP in cats with induced hypovolemia, but lasting up to T120. The combination of HES 130/0.4 and NaCl 7.5 percent promoted a significant increase on CVP for up to 60 minutes after the treatment.

Associação de cetamina S(+) e midazolam pelo método convencional de cálculo e pela extrapolação alométrica em bugios-ruivo (Alouatta guariba clamitans): resposta clínica e cardiorrespiratória / S(+) ketamine and midazolam association by the conventional method of calculation and allometric extrapolation in red howler monkeys (Alouatta guariba clamitans): clinical and cardiopulmonary response

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o protocolo de contenção química com cetamina S(+) e midazolam em bugios-ruivos, comparando o cálculo de doses pelo método convencional e o método de extrapolação alométrica. Foram utilizados 12 macacos bugios (Alouatta guariba clamitans) hígidos, com peso médio de 4,84±0,97kg, de ambos os sexos. Após jejum alimentar de 12 horas e hídrico de seis horas, realizou-se contenção física manual e aferiram-se os seguintes parâmetros: frequência cardíaca (FC), frequência respiratória (f), tempo de preenchimento capilar (TPC), temperatura retal (TR), pressão arterial sistólica não invasiva (PANI) e valores de hemogasometria arterial. Posteriormente, os animais foram alocados em dois grupos: GC (Grupo Convencional, n=06), os quais receberam cetamina S(+) (5mg kg-1) e midazolam (0,5mg kg-1), pela via intramuscular, com doses calculadas pelo método convencional; e GA (Grupo Alometria, n=06), os quais receberam o mesmo protocolo, pela mesma via, utilizando-se as doses calculadas pelo método de extrapolação alométrica. Os parâmetros descritos foram mensurados novamente nos seguintes momentos: M5, M10, M20 e M30 (cinco, 10, 20 e 30 minutos após a administração dos fármacos, respectivamente). Também foram avaliados: qualidade de miorrelaxamento, reflexo podal e caudal, pinçamento interdigital, tempo para indução de decúbito, tempo hábil de sedação, qualidade de sedação, e tempo e qualidade de recuperação. O GA apresentou menor tempo para indução ao decúbito, maior grau e tempo de sedação, bem como redução significativa da FC e PANI de M5 até M30, quando comparado ao GC. Conclui-se que o grupo no qual o cálculo de dose foi realizado por meio da alometria (GA) apresentou melhor grau de relaxamento muscular e sedação, sem produzir depressão cardiorrespiratória significativa.

The aim of this study was to evaluate a protocol of chemical restraint comparing the conventional method of calculation (weight dose) and allometric extrapolation. Twelve healthy red howler monkeys (Alouatta guariba clamitans), average weight 4.84±0.97kg, male and female, were used for this study. After a 12-hour period of food restriction and 6 hours of water restriction, the animals were physically restraint and the following parameters were measured: heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (RR), capillary refill time (CRT), rectal temperature (RT), non invasive systolic arterial pressure (NISAP) and arterial blood gases analysis. The animals were distributed into two groups: CG (Conventional Group, n=6), in which the animals received S(+) ketamine (5mg kg-1) and midazolam (0.5mg kg-1), by intramuscular (IM) injection; and AG (Allometry Group, n=6), in which the animals also received S(+) ketamine and midazolan IM, but the doses were calculated by allometric extrapolation. Parameters were evaluated at the following moments: M5, M10, M20 and M30 (5, 10, 20 and 30 minutes after IM injection, respectively). Muscle relaxation, pedal and caudal reflexes, interdigital pinch, recumbency time, sedation's quality and duration, and recovery time and its quality were also evaluated. The AG had a faster time for recumbency, higher period and quality of sedation, and a significantly reduction on HR and SAP from M5 to M30 when compared to CG. It was concluded that allometric extrapolation presented a better muscle relaxation and sedation without significant cardiorespiratory depression.

Anestesia epidural cranial com lidocaína e morfina para campanhas de castração em cães / Cranial epidural anesthesia with lidocaine and morphine for sterilization campaign in dogs

A castração de machos e fêmeas tem sido preconizada como a principal técnica para redução do grande número de cães errantes. No entanto, vários são os entraves com relação à escolha do melhor protocolo anestésico, em relação à eficácia, segurança e redução de custos. Objetivou-se, com este trabalho, avaliar os efeitos cardiorrespiratórios, hemogasométricos e analgésicos da utilização de lidocaína em um volume maior, associada à morfina, pela via epidural em cadelas submetidas à ovariosalpingohisterectomia (OSH), com ou sem suplementação de oxigênio. Utilizaram-se 12 cadelas, com peso médio de 11,5±3,7kg e idade de um a quatro anos. Os animais receberam como medicação pré-anestésica (MPA) acepromazina (0,1mg kg-1) e meperidina (5mg kg-1), pela via intramuscular. Após 15 minutos, administrou-se tiopental (10mg kg-1), por via intravenosa, seguido de intubação endotraqueal. Nesse momento, os animais foram alocados em dois grupos: o grupo GCO (com oxigênio, n=06) recebeu suplementação de oxigênio 100 por cento e o grupo GSO (sem oxigênio, n=06) permaneceu intubado sem suplementação de oxigênio. Após a intubação, foi administrada, pela via epidural, em ambos os grupos, morfina (0,1mg kg-1) em volume final ajustado para 1mL 3,0kg-1 de peso com lidocaína 2 por cento sem vasoconstritor. Imediatamente após a anestesia epidural, os animais foram posicionados em decúbito dorsal com a cabeça no mesmo plano do corpo, e iniciou-se o procedimento cirúrgico, o qual foi padronizado em 30 minutos. Em ambos os grupos, foi possível realizar a cirurgia sem a necessidade de complementação analgésica e sem resposta de dor. A pressão arterial média (PAM) foi menor no GSO em todos os momentos em comparação ao basal. No GCO, a PAM foi menor após MPA e após epidural. Houve redução da f de M1 até M6 no GSO. A SaO2 e PaO2 foram maiores no GCO em comparação ao GSO. O pH foi menor no GCO 15 minutos após MPA até 40 minutos após epidural, em comparação ao GSO. ...

Male and female sterilization have been established as the main technique to reduce the huge number of mongrel dogs. However, there are several barriers regarding to the choice of the best anesthetic protocol, in terms of efficacy, security and cost reduction. The aim of this study was to evaluate the analgesic, cardiorespiratory and hemogasometric effects of epidural anesthesia with a large volume of lidocaine in combination with morphine in female dogs submitted to ovariosalpingohisterectomy (OSH), with or without oxygen supplementation. Twelve adult female dogs were used, with average weight of 11.5±3.7kg and age of 1 to 4 years. The animals received acepromazine (0.1mg kg-1) and meperidine (5mg kg-1) as premedication, administered by the intramuscular route. Fifteen minutes later, thiopental (10mg kg-1) was administered by intravenous route, followed by endotracheal intubation. The animals were allocated into two groups: GCO (group with oxygen, n=06), where the animals received 100 percent oxygen supplementation and GSO (group without oxygen supplementation, n=6), mantained with endotracheal intubation, but without oxygen supplementation. After intubation, epidural with morphine (0,1mg kg-1), adjusted to 1mL 3kg-1 in lidocaine 2 percent without epinepherine was administered. Immediately after epidural administration, the animals were positioned in dorsal recumbency, with the head in the same level of the body. In both groups, surgery was performed without the need of additional analgesia and without signs of pain. Mean arterial pressure (MAP) was lower in GSO in all moments compared to baseline values. In GCO, MAP was lower after premedication and epidural anesthesia. Respiratory rate was lower from M1 to M6 in GSO. The SaO2 and PaO2 were higher in GCO when compared to GSO. The pH was lower in GCO after 15 minutes after premedication, until 40 minutes after the epidural administration, compared to GSO. It was concluded that ...

Azaperone e sua associação com xilazina ou dexmedetomidina em suínos / Azaperone and its association with xilazina or dexmedetomidina in swines

O estudo objetivou avaliar o efeito sedativo do azaperone e de sua associação com a xilazina ou dexmedetomidina na espécie suína, assim como verificar a possibilidade de o agente butirofenônico contrabalançar os efeitos causados pelos agonistas α2-adrenérgicos nos parâmetros cardiovasculares. Foram estudados 18 suínos hígidos da linhagem Dambread X MS 50, de 50 dias de idade, pesando 17,3kg (±1,7). Todos os animais foram submetidos a anestesia com isofluorano para instrumentação necessária ao protocolo experimental e, 30 minutos após a recuperação anestésicas, os parâmetros basais foram mensurados e os animais alocados aleatoriamente em três grupos de seis animais cada: GA (Azaperone 2mg kg-1 + Cloreto de sódio 0,5ml - IM), GAD (Azaperone 2mg kg-1 + Dexmedetomidina 3µg kg-1 - IM), GAX (Azaperone 2mg kg-1 + Xilazina 2mg kg-1 - IM). Os parâmetros foram novamente avaliados aos 15, 30, 45 e 60 minutos após administração dos fármacos correspondentes aos grupos do estudo. A frequência cardíaca teve seus valores reduzidos em todos os grupos, porém essa redução foi maior no GAX. Durante o estudo não foi observado efeito bifásico sobre a pressão arterial, com hipertensão seguida de hipotensão. O GAX apresentou redução de PaO2 e aumento de PaCO2, assim como observou-se melhor efeito sedativo nesse grupo. Os resultados permitem concluir que a associação de azaperone com xilazina promoveu melhor sedação e miorrelaxamento e menor resposta a estímulos.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the sedative effects of azaperone and its association with xylazine or dexmedetomidine in swine, as well as verifying the possibility of the butyrophenone agent to counterbalance the effects caused by α2-adreneceptor agonists on the cardiovascular and hemodynamic parameters. For this, eighteen healthy swines of the Dambread X MS 50 lineage aged 50 days-old, weighing around 17.3kg (±1.7) were used. All animals were submitted an isoflurane anesthesia by face mask throughout the period of instrumentation. Basal parameters were measured 30 minutes after recovering from general anesthesia. All swines were randomly assigned into three groups of six animals each: AG (azaperone 2mg kg-1 + sodium chloride 0.5ml - IM), ADG (azaperone 2mg kg-1 + dexmedetomidine 3µg kg-1 - IM) and AXG (azaperone 2mg kg-1 + xylazine 2mg kg-1 - IM). Parameters were again measured at the following times: 15, 30, 45 and 60 minutes after administrating the corresponding drugs to each group. The heart rate had its values reduced in all groups; however this reduction was more significative in AXG. During the study was not observed a biphasic effect over the arterial pressure with an initial increase followed by a gradual decrease. AXG presented reduction of PaO2 and an increase in PaCO2 as well as a better sedative effect. The results allow to conclude that the association of azaperone with xylazine promoted a better tranquilization and muscular relaxation.