Dietary lipid sources for growing rabbits: A review on animal health and productivity / Fontes lipídicas na dieta de coelhos em crescimento: uma revisão sobre a saúde e a produtividade animal

Abstract Studies that explore the use of lipids and their effects on animal nutrition have become increasingly abundant, producing a mass of information. The review was carried out on a parity basis through a survey of articles in the bibliographic databases: Web of Science and Periodicals Capes, using search terms associated or not, in the plural or singular, in English and Portuguese, such as: "lipids" AND "rabbits" AND "nutrition". After analyzing the files in the two scientific databases, certain files were excluded because they did not fit the theme or because they did not meet the inclusion criteria and repeated articles. A relevance test was carried out for the use of the articles, where they should deal with the subject: articles that report the use of lipids in the nutrition of non-ruminant animals; articles made available in complete form; articles that had at least one of the keywords; articles where the main subject is related to lipids. The articles were selected and tabulated in an Excel® spreadsheet with relevant information for exploration in the review. The use of oils and fats is a favorable point in the nutrition of non-ruminant animals, presenting benefits in the enrichment of final products such as: providing higher levels of omega-3 and omega-6, and thus obtaining meat products with lower levels of saturated fat and higher unsaturated fat contents promoting benefits to human health through its consumption, reduction of food costs, improvement in palatability and appearance of foods. These are nutritional strategies used in hot seasons of the year due to the low calorific increment produced.

Resumo Estudos que exploram o uso de lipídios e seus efeitos na nutrição animal têm se tornado cada vez mais abundantes, produzindo uma grande quantidade de informações. A revisão foi realizada de forma paritária por meio de uma pesquisa de artigos nas bases bibliográficas: Web of Science e Periódicos Capes, utilizando termos de busca associados ou não, no plural ou no singular, em inglês e português, tais como: "lipídios" E "coelhos" E "nutrição". Após analisar os arquivos nas duas bases científicas, determinados arquivos foram excluídos porque não se adequavam ao tema ou não atendiam aos critérios de inclusão, além de artigos repetidos. Um teste de relevância foi realizado para a seleção dos artigos, nos quais eles deveriam tratar do assunto: artigos que relatam o uso de lipídios na nutrição de animais não-ruminantes; artigos disponibilizados na forma completa; artigos que possuíam pelo menos uma das palavras-chave; artigos nos quais o assunto principal está relacionado a lipídios. Os artigos foram selecionados e tabulados em uma planilha do Excel® com informações relevantes para exploração na revisão. O uso de óleos e gorduras é um ponto favorável na nutrição de animais não-ruminantes, apresentando benefícios no enriquecimento de produtos finais, tais como: fornecer níveis mais altos de ômega-3 e ômega-6, e assim obter produtos de carne com menores teores de gordura saturada e maiores teores de gordura insaturada, promovendo benefícios para a saúde humana por meio do consumo, redução dos custos alimentares, melhoria na palatabilidade e aparência dos alimentos. Essas são estratégias nutricionais usadas nas estações quentes do ano devido ao baixo incremento calórico produzido.

Profile of hillbilly pork producers and consumers from Alto São Francisco region of Minas Gerais state / Perfil dos produtores e consumidores de carne de suíno caipira na região do Alto São Francisco ­ MG

Small rural properties are common in the interior of the state of Minas Gerais, making the production of animalsin a rustic system expressive, such as the raising of swine in an extensive or semi-extensive system. The objective was to evaluate the profile of producers and consumers of redneck swine in the Alto São Francisco Region -MG. The research was carried out in the municipality of Bambuí -MG, located in the centerwest of Minas Gerais. Participated in the questionnaire 16 rural producers in the region of Bambuí and 40 Bambuí residents approached at the open-air market who agreed to participate in the research. A questionnaire containing 21 questions was used, consisting of 17 open questions and 4 multiple-choice closed questions. Data analysis was carried out with the help of spreadsheets in Microsoft Office Excel® 2019. The lack of technical assistance and the dissemination of products through marketing are the main factors that negatively influence the growth of the activity. The analysis of the data obtained allows us to affirm that it is necessary to promote and structure the rustic pig farming, where 70% of the producers are unaware of the subject. 50% of the producers say they do not have technical assistance due to the price and difficulty of access to the properties, which would otherwise favor the best production and commercial rates in alternative systems. Consumers point out that pig'smeat is purchased through the local fair (50%), where the price and origin of the products are the most relevant factors at the time of purchase and 90% of consumers believe that pork can be a vector for disease transmission.(AU)

Pequenas propriedades rurais são comuns em regiões do interior do estado de Minas Gerais, tornando expressivo a produção de animais emsistema caipira, como a criação de suínos em sistema extensivo ou semi-extensivo. Objetivou-se avaliar o perfil dos produtores e consumidores de suínos caipira da Região do Alto São Francisco ­MG.A pesquisa foi realizada no município de Bambuí ­MG, situado no centro oeste mineiro. Participaram do questionário 16 produtores rurais da região de Bambuí e 40 bambuienses abordados na feira-livre que aceitaram participar da pesquisa. Foi utilizado questionário contendo 21 questões, sendo composto por 17 questões abertas e 4 questões fechadas de múltipla escolha.A análise dos dados foi realizada com o auxílio de planilhas eletrônicas no Microsoft Office Excel® 2019.A falta de assistência técnica e a divulgação dos produtos por meio marketingsão os principaisfatores que influem negativamente sobre o crescimento da atividade. A análise de dados obtidos,permitem afirmar, que é necessário realizar divulgação e estruturara suinocultura caipira, onde 70% dos produtores desconhecem o tema.50% dos produtores afirma não possuir assistência técnica devido ao preço e dificuldade de acesso nas propriedades, o que de forma contrário iria favoreceros melhores índices produtivos e comerciais nos sistemas alternativos.Os consumidores apontam que a carne suína consumidaé adquirida por meio da feira local(50%), onde o preço e procedência dos produtos são os fatores mais relevantes na hora da comprae 90% dos consumidores acreditam que a carne suína possa ser vetor para transmissão de doenças.(AU)

Effect of crude propolis on the performance and feed digestibility of new zealand white rabbits

The objective of this study was to evaluate the performance and digestibility of diets containing different levels of crude propolis for growing rabbits. Forty-eight New Zealand White rabbits, 43 days old, of both genders, were used, distributed in a completely randomized design. There were four diets with different inclusion levels of crude propolis (0.0; 0.5; 1.0 and 1.5%). There was no statistical difference for performance regarding the inclusion levels of crude propolis (p = 0.85), as well as for the variables dry matter consumption, neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber (p ≥ 0.07). Crude protein consumption showed a statistical difference in relation to gender (p = 0.04): males showed higher consumption. However, final weight, total weight gain, daily weight gain and feed efficiency were not influenced by the addition of crude propolis (p ≥ 0.37). Dry matter digestibility, crude protein, neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber were not influenced by the inclusion levels of crude propolis in the diets (p ≥ 0.12). This study indicates that the inclusion of raw propolis up to 1.5% in the diets does not affect the performance parameters of rabbits.(AU)

Effect of crude propolis on the performance and feed digestibility of new zealand white rabbits

The objective of this study was to evaluate the performance and digestibility of diets containing different levels of crude propolis for growing rabbits. Forty-eight New Zealand White rabbits, 43 days old, of both genders, were used, distributed in a completely randomized design. There were four diets with different inclusion levels of crude propolis (0.0; 0.5; 1.0 and 1.5%). There was no statistical difference for performance regarding the inclusion levels of crude propolis (p = 0.85), as well as for the variables dry matter consumption, neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber (p ≥ 0.07). Crude protein consumption showed a statistical difference in relation to gender (p = 0.04): males showed higher consumption. However, final weight, total weight gain, daily weight gain and feed efficiency were not influenced by the addition of crude propolis (p ≥ 0.37). Dry matter digestibility, crude protein, neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber were not influenced by the inclusion levels of crude propolis in the diets (p ≥ 0.12). This study indicates that the inclusion of raw propolis up to 1.5% in the diets does not affect the performance parameters of rabbits.

The economic viability of L-arginine supplementation in diets for sows in the lactation phase / Viabilidade econômica da suplementação de L-arginina em dietas para matrizes suínas em lactação

The objective of this study was to evaluate the economic viability of L-arginine supplementation in diets for sows during the lactation phase. A descriptive case study was carried out to identify the economic viability of the supplementation of L-arginine in the lactation ration, in relation to the control diet, on the productive performance of hyper prolific sows and their litters. The study was carried out on a commercial farm located in the state of Minas Gerais. It analyzed feasibility criteria such as the marginal physical product (MPPg) and gross margin (GM) in the scenario of technical and economic efficiency, which were compared to the GM in the control group. Technical efficiency was established at 0.71% of L-arginine in daily feed intake according to previous fieldwork by the authors, while economic efficiency obtained in this study was 0.43% supplementation. The relationship between the L-arginine price and the sale price of the piglets directly determined the economic viability, compared to the control group. Thus, initially considering the price of a piglet as R$ 9.76/kg, the cost of L-arginine should not exceed 6.61 times this value; that is, it is estimated at up to R$ 64.50. Therefore, at the final price of L-arginine of R$ 54.88, a piglet should be sold at a price of R$ 8.30/kg to make the supplementation of L-arginine in the diet of lactation-phase swine economically possible.

O objetivo com o trabalho foi avaliar a viabilidade econômica da suplementação de L-arginina em dietas para matrizes suínas durante a fase de lactação. Um estudo de caso descritivo foi realizado para identificar a viabilidade econômica da suplementação de L-arginina na ração de lactação, em relação à dieta controle, sobre o desempenho produtivo de matrizes suínas hiperprolíficas e suas leitegadas. O estudo foi realizado em uma granja comercial localizada no estado de Minas Gerais. Analisou critérios de viabilidade como o produto físico marginal (MPPg) e margem bruta (GM) no cenário de eficiência técnica e econômica, que foram comparados com o GM no grupo controle. A eficiência técnica foi estabelecida em 0,71% de L-arginina no consumo diário de ração de acordo com trabalho de campo prévio realizado pelos autores, enquanto a eficiência econômica obtida neste estudo foi de 0,43% de suplementação. A relação entre o preço da L-arginina e o preço de venda dos leitões determinou diretamente a viabilidade econômica, comparado ao grupo controle. Assim, considerando inicialmente o preço de um leitão como R$ 9,76/kg, o custo da L-arginina não deve exceder 6,61 vezes esse valor; isto é, estima-se em até R$ 64,50. Portanto, ao preço final de L-arginina de R$ 54,88, um leitão deve ser vendido ao preço de R$ 8,30/kg para tornar a suplementação de L-arginina na dieta de matrizes suínas em fase de lactação economicamente viáveis.

The economic viability of L-arginine supplementation in diets for sows in the lactation phase / Viabilidade econômica da suplementação de L-arginina em dietas para matrizes suínas em lactação

The objective of this study was to evaluate the economic viability of L-arginine supplementation in diets for sows during the lactation phase. A descriptive case study was carried out to identify the economic viability of the supplementation of L-arginine in the lactation ration, in relation to the control diet, on the productive performance of hyper prolific sows and their litters. The study was carried out on a commercial farm located in the state of Minas Gerais. It analyzed feasibility criteria such as the marginal physical product (MPPg) and gross margin (GM) in the scenario of technical and economic efficiency, which were compared to the GM in the control group. Technical efficiency was established at 0.71% of L-arginine in daily feed intake according to previous fieldwork by the authors, while economic efficiency obtained in this study was 0.43% supplementation. The relationship between the L-arginine price and the sale price of the piglets directly determined the economic viability, compared to the control group. Thus, initially considering the price of a piglet as R$ 9.76/kg, the cost of L-arginine should not exceed 6.61 times this value; that is, it is estimated at up to R$ 64.50. Therefore, at the final price of L-arginine of R$ 54.88, a piglet should be sold at a price of R$ 8.30/kg to make the supplementation of L-arginine in the diet of lactation-phase swine economically possible.(AU)

O objetivo com o trabalho foi avaliar a viabilidade econômica da suplementação de L-arginina em dietas para matrizes suínas durante a fase de lactação. Um estudo de caso descritivo foi realizado para identificar a viabilidade econômica da suplementação de L-arginina na ração de lactação, em relação à dieta controle, sobre o desempenho produtivo de matrizes suínas hiperprolíficas e suas leitegadas. O estudo foi realizado em uma granja comercial localizada no estado de Minas Gerais. Analisou critérios de viabilidade como o produto físico marginal (MPPg) e margem bruta (GM) no cenário de eficiência técnica e econômica, que foram comparados com o GM no grupo controle. A eficiência técnica foi estabelecida em 0,71% de L-arginina no consumo diário de ração de acordo com trabalho de campo prévio realizado pelos autores, enquanto a eficiência econômica obtida neste estudo foi de 0,43% de suplementação. A relação entre o preço da L-arginina e o preço de venda dos leitões determinou diretamente a viabilidade econômica, comparado ao grupo controle. Assim, considerando inicialmente o preço de um leitão como R$ 9,76/kg, o custo da L-arginina não deve exceder 6,61 vezes esse valor; isto é, estima-se em até R$ 64,50. Portanto, ao preço final de L-arginina de R$ 54,88, um leitão deve ser vendido ao preço de R$ 8,30/kg para tornar a suplementação de L-arginina na dieta de matrizes suínas em fase de lactação economicamente viáveis.(AU)

Arginine improves nutritional quality of sow milk and piglet performance

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of L-arginine supplementation in lactation diets on the productive and reproductive performance of pluriparous sows and their litters. Seventy-six sows of the same genetic line were assigned to four treatments in a completely randomized design with 19 replicates. The experimental unit was the sow and its respective litter. Treatments comprised a control diet (no L-arginine supplementation) and other three diets obtained by top dressing the control diet with 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5% of L-arginine. L-arginine supplementation had no effect on any performance variables, body condition, milk production, or weaning-estrus interval. There was a quadratic effect on percentage of protein and fat in milk as well as on the daily production of these components. Protein and fat percentage declined during lactation. Adding L-arginine to the diet had a quadratic effect on piglet weight at 13 and 21 days, the optimal level of L-arginine supplementation being estimated as 0.64% and 0.71%, respectively. L-arginine supplementation had a quadratic effect on the weight gain of piglets during the first 13 days and on total period of lactation, the optimal level of L-arginine supplementation being estimated as 0.60% and 0.70%, respectively. Supplementing lactation diets with 0.70% of L-arginine, corresponding to 45 g day−1, improves the weight gain of piglets by improving the nutritional quality of sow milk.(AU)

Behavioral and physiological responses of different genetic lines of free-range broiler raised on a semi-intensive system

The aim of the study was evaluate the ability of adaptation of seven different genetic lines of free-range broilers to a semi-intensive raising system. Four hundred and twenty chicks of the Pescoço Pelado (PP), Carijó (CG), Colorpak (CPK), Tricolor (TRC), Caboclo (CBC), Gigante Negro (GNG) and Pesadão Vermelho (PS) genetic groups were used. At 28 days of age the birds were allowed access the paddocks and after three days of adaptation the monitoring of the animals has started, being performed behavioral visual observations from 07:00 to 17:00. Cloacal temperature (CT) and respiratory rate (RR) were collected once a week. The environment was monitored considering the temperature, relative humidity and black globe temperature at various points of the paddocks and the shed. The physiological variables were evaluated using a randomized complete block design with a split plot arrangement. Behavioral variables were analyzed using nonparametric Friedman test. Birds of Carijó and Colorpak genetic line presented greater RR, 34.6 mov/min and 36.0 mov/min respectively, compared to the birds of the Caboclo and Gigante Negro genetic line, 29.0 mov/min and 28.4 mov/min respectively. The average values of RR and CT for all genetic lines were higher in the afternoon. At 7:00 and 17:00 the foraging behavior was more intense. The Caboclo and Gigante Negro genetic line were those that stood out in the behavior of foraging, consequently, they are more able to adapt to the semi-intensive raising system.(AU)

Behavioral and physiological responses of different genetic lines of free-range broiler raised on a semi-intensive system

The aim of the study was evaluate the ability of adaptation of seven different genetic lines of free-range broilers to a semi-intensive raising system. Four hundred and twenty chicks of the Pescoço Pelado (PP), Carijó (CG), Colorpak (CPK), Tricolor (TRC), Caboclo (CBC), Gigante Negro (GNG) and Pesadão Vermelho (PS) genetic groups were used. At 28 days of age the birds were allowed access the paddocks and after three days of adaptation the monitoring of the animals has started, being performed behavioral visual observations from 07:00 to 17:00. Cloacal temperature (CT) and respiratory rate (RR) were collected once a week. The environment was monitored considering the temperature, relative humidity and black globe temperature at various points of the paddocks and the shed. The physiological variables were evaluated using a randomized complete block design with a split plot arrangement. Behavioral variables were analyzed using nonparametric Friedman test. Birds of Carijó and Colorpak genetic line presented greater RR, 34.6 mov/min and 36.0 mov/min respectively, compared to the birds of the Caboclo and Gigante Negro genetic line, 29.0 mov/min and 28.4 mov/min respectively. The average values of RR and CT for all genetic lines were higher in the afternoon. At 7:00 and 17:00 the foraging behavior was more intense. The Caboclo and Gigante Negro genetic line were those that stood out in the behavior of foraging, consequently, they are more able to adapt to the semi-intensive raising system.

Performance, behaviour and physiological responses of finishing pigs under different lighting programs / Desempenho, comportamento e respostas fisiológicas de suínos em terminação submetidos a diferentes programas de luz

Technologies that improve productivity are essentials for competitiveness in the pork market. The consumer market is always requiring information about the technologies applied in swine production, mainly from the perspective of animal welfare. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of lighting on performance, behavioral and physiological characteristics in finishing pigs. Thirty-six pigs were distributed in a completely randomized design with three treatments and six replications. The animals were subjected to three light programs: natural light (NL), 16 hours of light and eight hours of dark (16L:8D) and 23 hours of light and one hour of dark (23L:1D) for 28 days. Daily feed intake (DFI), average daily gain (ADG) and feed conversion (FC) were evaluated. The physiological parameters evaluated were rectal temperature (RT), respiratory rate (RR) and surface temperature (ST). The behavioral standards observed were: standing, lying, eating, drinking, sniffing, interacting, sitting, urinating and defecating. The lighting programs did not affect animal performance. However, pigs that received 23L:1D, showed, in the afternoon, ST upper than others treatments. Providing supplemental light promoted the elevation of RR, also in the afternoon. The RT was not influenced by treatments. The extended light program altered the behavior of the animals, which animals were most active, especially at night. Anyway, there was no improvement or reduction of the performance with the use of different lighting programs for finishing pigs. (AU)

Ferramentas capazes de melhorar a produtividade são essenciais para a competitividade no mercado da carne suinícola. Cada vez mais, o mercado consumidor exige informações sobre as tecnologias aplicadas na produção, principalmente sob a ótica do bem-estar animal. Desse modo, objetivou-se avaliar a influência da iluminação sobre características de desempenho, comportamentais e fisiológicas de suínos em fase de terminação. Para isso, foram utilizados 36 suínos distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente ao acaso em três tratamentos com seis repetições. Os animais foram submetidos a três programas de luz: luz natural (LN), 16 horas de luz e oito horas de escuro (16L:8E) e 23 horas de luz e uma de escuro (23L:1E), durante 28 dias. Foi observado consumo de ração diário (CRD), ganho de peso diário (GPD) e conversão alimentar (CA). Os parâmetros fisiológicos avaliados foram temperatura retal (TR), frequência respiratória (FR) e temperatura superficial (TS). Os padrões comportamentais observados foram: em pé, deitado, comendo, bebendo, fuçando, interagindo, sentado, urinando e defecando. Os programas de iluminação utilizados não influenciaram o desempenho dos animais. Entretanto, os suínos que receberam 23L:1E, apresentaram, no período da tarde, maior TS. O fornecimento de luz suplementar promoveu a elevação da FR, também no período da tarde. A TR não foi influenciada pelos tratamentos. Os programas de iluminação estendida alteraram o comportamento dos animais, que ficaram mais ativos, principalmente durante a noite. De toda forma, não se verificou benefício ou malefício no uso de programas de luz quanto ao desempenho de suínos em terminação. (AU)

Performance, behaviour and physiological responses of finishing pigs under different lighting programs / Desempenho, comportamento e respostas fisiológicas de suínos em terminação submetidos a diferentes programas de luz

Technologies that improve productivity are essentials for competitiveness in the pork market. The consumer market is always requiring information about the technologies applied in swine production, mainly from the perspective of animal welfare. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of lighting on performance, behavioral and physiological characteristics in finishing pigs. Thirty-six pigs were distributed in a completely randomized design with three treatments and six replications. The animals were subjected to three light programs: natural light (NL), 16 hours of light and eight hours of dark (16L:8D) and 23 hours of light and one hour of dark (23L:1D) for 28 days. Daily feed intake (DFI), average daily gain (ADG) and feed conversion (FC) were evaluated. The physiological parameters evaluated were rectal temperature (RT), respiratory rate (RR) and surface temperature (ST). The behavioral standards observed were: standing, lying, eating, drinking, sniffing, interacting, sitting, urinating and defecating. The lighting programs did not affect animal performance. However, pigs that received 23L:1D, showed, in the afternoon, ST upper than others treatments. Providing supplemental light promoted the elevation of RR, also in the afternoon. The RT was not influenced by treatments. The extended light program altered the behavior of the animals, which animals were most active, especially at night. Anyway, there was no improvement or reduction of the performance with the use of different lighting programs for finishing pigs.

Ferramentas capazes de melhorar a produtividade são essenciais para a competitividade no mercado da carne suinícola. Cada vez mais, o mercado consumidor exige informações sobre as tecnologias aplicadas na produção, principalmente sob a ótica do bem-estar animal. Desse modo, objetivou-se avaliar a influência da iluminação sobre características de desempenho, comportamentais e fisiológicas de suínos em fase de terminação. Para isso, foram utilizados 36 suínos distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente ao acaso em três tratamentos com seis repetições. Os animais foram submetidos a três programas de luz: luz natural (LN), 16 horas de luz e oito horas de escuro (16L:8E) e 23 horas de luz e uma de escuro (23L:1E), durante 28 dias. Foi observado consumo de ração diário (CRD), ganho de peso diário (GPD) e conversão alimentar (CA). Os parâmetros fisiológicos avaliados foram temperatura retal (TR), frequência respiratória (FR) e temperatura superficial (TS). Os padrões comportamentais observados foram: em pé, deitado, comendo, bebendo, fuçando, interagindo, sentado, urinando e defecando. Os programas de iluminação utilizados não influenciaram o desempenho dos animais. Entretanto, os suínos que receberam 23L:1E, apresentaram, no período da tarde, maior TS. O fornecimento de luz suplementar promoveu a elevação da FR, também no período da tarde. A TR não foi influenciada pelos tratamentos. Os programas de iluminação estendida alteraram o comportamento dos animais, que ficaram mais ativos, principalmente durante a noite. De toda forma, não se verificou benefício ou malefício no uso de programas de luz quanto ao desempenho de suínos em terminação.