Gene co-expression networks in peripheral blood capture dimensional measures of emotional and behavioral problems from the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL).

The U.S. National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) introduced the research domain criteria (RDoC) initiative to promote the integration of information across multiple units of analysis (i.e., brain circuits, physiology, behavior, self-reports) to better understand the basic dimensions of behavior and cognitive functioning underlying normal and abnormal mental conditions. Along those lines, this study examined the association between peripheral blood gene expression levels and emotional and behavioral problems in school-age children. Children were chosen from two age- and sex-matched groups: those with or without parental reports of any prior or current psychiatric diagnosis. RNA-sequencing was performed on whole blood from 96 probands aged 6-12 years who were medication-free at the time of assessment. Module eigengenes were derived using weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA). Associations were tested between module eigengene expression levels and eight syndrome scales from parent ratings on the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL). Nine out of the 36 modules were significantly associated with at least one syndrome scale measured by the CBCL (i.e., aggression, social problems, attention problems, and/or thought problems) after accounting for covariates and correcting for multiple testing. Our study demonstrates that variation in peripheral blood gene expression relates to emotional and behavioral profiles in children. If replicated and validated, our results may help in identifying problem or at-risk behavior in pediatric populations, and in elucidating the biological pathways that modulate complex human behavior.

Initial Responsiveness to Reward Attainment and Psychopathology in Children and Adults: An RDoC Study.

The Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) initiative of the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) established a dimensional framework for understanding psychiatric constructs. Initial Responsiveness to Reward Attainment (IRRA) was identified as a dimensional construct relevant to several psychiatric disorders. The current study aimed to (1) examine IRRA as a predictor of psychopathology and impairment in children and their parents, and (2) examine the potential effects of sex and ancestry on the relationship between IRRA and psychopathology. Participants included 1127 children ages 6 to 12, and 1018 of their parents. Parents and children completed self-report measures of IRRA. Psychopathology and impairment were measured using self-report for adults, and parent-report and semi-structured interview for children. In adults, IRRA was significantly, but modestly, related to adaptive functioning. In children, IRRA was significantly, but modestly, related to overall, school, spare time, home, and peer functioning. Findings suggest IRRA may be a helpful construct for understanding adaptive functioning in adults and children, however it may be less helpful for understanding specific dimensions of psychopathology. Additionally, ancestry should be taken into consideration when examining how IRRA relates to psychopathology and functioning.

Personal and relationship challenges of adults with type 1 diabetes: a qualitative focus group study.

OBJECTIVE: Little is known about the psychosocial challenges of adults living with type 1 diabetes or its impact on partner relationships. This qualitative study was undertaken to gain better understanding of these issues. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: Four focus groups were held, two with adult type 1 diabetic patients (n = 16) and two with partners (n = 14). Two broad questions were posed: "What are the emotional and interpersonal challenges you have experienced because you have (your partner has) type 1 diabetes?" and "How does the fact that you have (your partner has) type 1 diabetes affect your relationship with your partner, positively and/or negatively?" Sessions were recorded and transcribed, and analyzed by a team of four researchers, using constant comparative methods to identify core domains and concepts. RESULTS: Four main domains were identified: 1) impact of diabetes on the relationship, including level of partner involvement, emotional impact of diabetes on the relationship, and concerns about child-rearing; 2) understanding the impact of hypoglycemia; 3) stress of potential complications; and 4) benefits of technology. Themes suggest that, although partner involvement varies (very little to significant), there exists significant anxiety about hypoglycemia and future complications and sources of conflict that may increase relationship stress. Partner support is highly valued, and technology has a positive influence. CONCLUSIONS: Adults with type 1 diabetes face unique emotional and interpersonal challenges. Future research should focus on gaining a better understanding of how they cope and the effect of psychosocial stressors and coping on adherence, quality of life, and glycemic control.