[Endonasal tubes as cause of pressure ulcers in the critical patient]. / Sondas endonasales como causa de las úlceras por presión en el paciente crítico.

INTRODUCTION: One of the risks of using endonasal tubes (ET) is the appearance of pressure ulcers (PU). OBJECTIVE: To ascertain the proportion of patients with nasal PU, study the risk factors of appearance, and find predictive variables. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A six-month prospective, observational study of intensive care unit patients with ET. VARIABLES: Variable response: "the appearance of pu as a result of the use of ET". Explanatory variables: age, duration of stay, length of time with ET, gender, sedation, norepinephrine perfusion, mechanical ventilation, anemia, nutritional state. ANALYSIS: multivariate statistical techniques (multiple logistical regression). Statistics program g-stat 2.0. Significance level p < 0.05. RESULTS: Sample of 48 patients. Proportion of patients with PU: 29.2%. Those patients with PU had similar ages, duration of stay and longer length of time with ET. Results of the Logistic Regression model: only the variable "time with ET" was statistically significant (p = 0.03; odds ratio: 1.047). CONCLUSIONS: The length of time the patient is using an ET influences the appearance of nasal PU (risk increases 1.047 for each day with ET). None of the variables dealt with could be used as a predictive factor in the appearance of PU.

Sondas endonasales como causa de las úlceras por presión en el paciente crítico / Endonasal tubes as cause of pressure ulcers in the critical patien

Introducción. Uno de los riesgos del uso de sondas endonasales (SE) es la aparición deúlceras por presión (UPP).Objetivo. Averiguar la proporción de pacientes con UPP nasales, estudiar factores deriesgo de aparición y encontrar variables predictivas.Material y métodos. Estudio de seis meses, observacional prospectivo realizado en pacientesingresados en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos con SE.Variables. Variable respuesta: “aparición de UPP por SE”. Variables explicativas: edad,tiempo de estancia, tiempo con SE, sexo, sedación, perfusión de noradrenalina, ventilaciónmecánica, anemia, estado de nutrición.Análisis. Técnicas estadísticas multivariantes (regresión logística múltiple). Programaestadístico G-Stat 2.0. Nivel de signifi cación p < 0,05.Resultados. Muestra de 48 pacientes. Proporción de pacientes con UPP: 29,2%. Los pacientescon UPP presentaron una edad similar, tiempo de estancia y permanencia con SEmayores. En el modelo de regresión logística resultante sólo la variable “tiempo con SE”fue estadísticamente signifi cativa (p = 0,03; odds ratio = 1,047).Conclusiones. El tiempo que el paciente permanece con SE infl uye en que aparezcan lasUPP nasales (el riesgo aumenta 1,047 por día de permanencia con la SE). Ninguna delas variables manejadas nos serviría como factor predictor de aparición de UPP(AU)

Introduction. One of the risks of using endonasal tubes (ET) is the appearance of pressureulcers (PU).Objective. To ascertain the proportion of patients with nasal PU, study the risk factors ofappearance, and fi nd predictive variables.Material and methods. A six-month prospective, observational study of intensive careunit patients with ET.Variables. Variable response: „the appearance of pu as a result of the use of ET“.Explanatory variables: age, duration of stay, length of time with ET, gender, sedation,norepinephrine perfusion, mechanical ventilation, anemia, nutritional state.Analysis. multivariate statistical techniques (multiple logistical regression). Statisticsprogram g-stat 2.0. Signifi cance level p < 0.05.Results. Sample of 48 patients. Proportion of patients with PU: 29.2%. Those patientswith PU had similar ages, duration of stay and longer length of time with ET. Results ofthe Logistic Regression model: only the variable „time with ET” was statistically signifi cant(p = 0.03; odds ratio: 1.047).Conclusions. The length of time the patient is using an ET infl uences the appearance ofnasal PU (risk increases 1.047 for each day with ET).None of the variables dealt with could be used as a predictive factor in the appearanceof PU(AU)

Comparison of palladium-magnesium nitrate and ammonium dihydrogenphosphate modifiers for cadmium determination in honey samples by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry.

The occurrence of certain trace elements, such as cadmium, in honey bee can be considered as an indication of environmental pollution. In the present work, two methods for Cd determination in honey by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry, using palladium-magnesium nitrate and ammonium dihydrogenphosphate as chemical modifiers, have been developed. In none of these cases honey samples required pretreatment. Honey was diluted in water (20% w/v), and hydrogen peroxide, nitric acid, and Triton X-100 were added to minimize the matrix effect. For the first method, 21.6 microg of palladium and 4.5 microg of magnesium were added as chemical modifier; for the second method, 60 microg of ammonium dihydrogenphosphate were employed. The limits of detection obtained were 0.32 ng g(-1) for ammonium dihydrogenphosphate method and 0.54 ng g(-1) for palladium-magnesium nitrate method. The characteristic mass was 0.7 and 1.0 pg for ammonium dihydrogenphosphate and palladium-magnesium nitrate methods, respectively. The relative standard deviation (<10%) and the analytical recovery (98-105%) were comparable in both methods. The optimised methods were applied to the determination of the cadmium content in unpolluted Galician honey samples. Cd has been detected the analysed samples in the range (n.d.-4.3 ng g(-1)).